Index
NNR 72.129 Alejandro Jose Atocha's comments on reports of his dealings with Mexico
NNR 72.131 Maj. Luther Giddings' official report of a battle near Cerralvo while he was accompanying a wagon train from Monterey to Camargo
NNR 72.131 Lt. Charles G. Hunter's official report on Alvarado
NNR 72.131 squadron that sailed to take Alvarado
NNR 72.132 Ohio volunteers fend off Mexican lancers at Agua Frio
NNR 72.132 account of the battle of Sacramento
NNR 72.132 Samuel Houston's comments on conducting the war
NNR 72.132 terms of capitulation of Alvarado
NNR 72.132 list of killed and wounded at Veracruz
NNR 72.133 operations in California
NNR 72.133-72.134 Com. Robert Field Stockton's report of suppression
of rebellion in California
NNR 72.134 letter of Jose Maria Flores seeking arrangement of a truce in California
72.134-72.135 California items
NNR 72.136 account of the road from Veracruz to the city of Mexico, distances along the route
NNR 72.136 health statistics of Veracruz
NNR 72.136 the Mexican evacuation of Veracruz
NNR 72.136 description of Jalapa
NNR 72.136 Gen. Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna's address to the Army on quitting San Luis Potosi for the capital
NNR 72.136 President Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna's address on the fall of Veracruz
NNR 72.136-72.137 Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna's inaugural address as president of Mexico
NNR 72.137 Gen. David Emanuel Twiggs' division quits Veracruz for Jalapa, arrival of Col. Bankhead
NNR 72.141-72.143 general orders, dispositions for marching to the interior, &c.
NNR 72.144 reports of sickness
among troops at Veracruz
72.144 the Army advances, ascertain that Gen. Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna
is at Cerro Gordo
NNR 72.144 Gen. William Jenkins Worth appoints Lt. Col. Henry Wilson governor of Veracruz, Worth joins the Army
NNR 72.144 squadron sails to attack Tuxpan
NNR 72.144 Mexican account of the seizure of Chihuahua
NNR 72.145 additional troops to be sent from New York to California
NNR 72.146 list of the companies of the ten new regiments of regulars en route to Mexico
NNR 72.146 Com. David Conner's orders for landing at Veracruz
NNR 72.146 manner of taking possession of San Juan de Ulloa
NNR 72.146 assurances of the "Union" that sufficient forces will be in time for Gen. Winfield Scott and Gen. Zachary Taylor, requisition for 6,000 additional volunteers
NNR 72.146 Lt. Charles G. Hunter said to have been court-martialed for his attack on Alvarado
NNR 72.146 Saint Mary's sails for Veracruz
NNR 72.147 pronunciation of Mexican names
NNR 72.149-72.150 Mexican narrative of events at Veracruz
NNR 72.150 Gen. Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna's orders found on the Buena Vista battlefield
NNR 72.150 Gen. Winfield Scott's proclamation to the people of Mexico
NNR 72.151 Gen. Zachary Taylor's official report on efforts to re-open communications with Camargo
NNR 72.151 rumor of Gen. Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna in force between Veracruz and Jalapa
NNR 72.151 plot discovered among Mexicans at Tampico
NNR 72.151 cleaning of San Juan de Ulloa
NNR 72.151-72.152 breaking up of general headquarters at Veracruz
NNR 72.152 Gen. Zachary Taylor's proclamation to the inhabitants of Tamaulipas, Nueva Leon, and Coahuila about losses by banditti
NNR 72.152 order exempting foreign goods to be re-shipped to Mexico from the American tariff
NNR 72.152-72.153 American plan to demand a right of way across Mexico from ocean to ocean
NNR 72.155-72.158 campaign of Gen. John Ellis Wool's command, actions at the Battle of Buena Vista
NNR 72.158 capture of Veracruz
NNR 72.159 order No. 94 relative to transportation, &c.
NNR 72.159 official list of killed and wounded at Veracruz
NNR 72.160 account of the victory of Cerro Gordo
NNR 72.160 position of Gen. Zachary Taylor's forces
NNR 72.160 official reports received from Col. Alexander William Doniphan
NNR 72.161 Scourge (formerly the Bangor) purchased, its voyage to Cuba
NNR 72.162 illuminations for victories
NNR 72.162 hospitals at Veracruz full, but few deaths, numerous discharges to permit a change of climate
NNR 72.162 Alejandro Jose Atocha's peace proposals to the Mexican government
NNR 72.162-72.163 British notions about the position of American forces at Veracruz
NNR 72.163-72.164 Jalapa taken
NNR 72.164 scenes witnessed on the route from Cerro Gordo
NNR 72.164 effects at the capital of the news of the defeat of Gen. Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna
NNR 72.165 expectation that Gen. Winfield Scott will cut himself off from Veracruz to approach Mexico City
NNR 72.165 rumors in Mexico City about offer of British mediation with the United States
NNR 72.165 account of the troops stationed at Saltillo and Buena Vista
NNR 72.165 Gen. Zachary Taylor's preparations for advancing on San Luis Potosi, Indian rubber bags for water requested, term of volunteers expiring, &c.
NNR 72.165 Gen. Jose Mariano de Salas summons a council of war, defense by small parties expected
NNR 72.167 orders issued before the battle at Cerro Gordo, Gen. Winfield Scott's official report of the battle
NNR 72.168 Gen. Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna's address on quitting the capital to encounter Gen. Winfield Scott
NNR 72.168 feud between parties in Mexico suppressed after departure of Gen. Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna from the capital, vice-presidency suppressed, Don Pedro Maria Anaya elected substitute president
NNR 72.168 Mexican clergy bind themselves to contribute to the government
NNR 72.168 inaugural address of Pedro Maria Anaya as substitute president of Mexico
NNR 72.168-72.169 address of Senor Gamboa on defense of the Mexican capital
NNR 72.169 decrees and appeals addressed to the Mexican people about carrying on the war with the United States
NNR 72.169-72.170 Capt. George Wurtz Hughes' account of the Battle of Cerro Gordo
NNR 72.170 list of Mexican officers taken at Cerro Gordo
NNR 72.170-72.171 letters from Gen. Stephen Watts Kearny in California
NNR 72.171-72.172 letters of Col. Alexander William Doniphan on his operations, capture of Chihuahua
NNR 72.172-72.173 trials for treason in New Mexico
NNR 72.175 Maj. Meriwether Lewis Clark's official report on action at Sacramento
NNR 72.176 Mexican orders for fortifications around the capital
NNR 72.176 killed and wounded at Cerro Gordo
NNR 72.177 Mexican notice of the appointment of Alejandro Jose Atocha as emissary from the United States to Mexico
NNR 72.177 number of enlistments in the Army
NNR 72.177 assurances of the "Union" that Gen. Winfield Scott will be reinforced by end of May, equal to the number of volunteers that leave
NNR 72.177 letter on the war from Thomas Corwin
NNR 72.179 government declines tender of an additional brigade from Maryland
NNR 72.181 paymaster to leave Saint Louis with gold for the Army in New Mexico
NNR 72.182-72.183 George Wilkins Kendall's account of the Battle of Cerro Gordo
NNR 72.183 account of some of the prisoners taken at Cerro Gordo
NNR 72.183 the storming and capture of the strong works at Cerro Gordo
NNR 72.183 Maj. William Turnbull's account of Cerro Gordo, other accounts of the battle
NNR 72.184 diminution of Gen. Zachary Taylor's forces, &c.
NNR 72.184 Gen. Jose Antonio Mejia's son captured at Cerro Gordo
NNR 72.184 Mexicans massacred, threat of retribution
NNR 72.184 conquest of Mexico urged by various journals
NNR 72.184-72.185 occupation of Mexico necessary, estimate of proceeds of the tariff on Mexico
NNR 72.185 report that a deputation
from the capital had met Gen. Winfield Scott inviting him to advance and take
possession
NNR 72.185 guerrilla warfare on the route from Jalapa to Veracruz
NNR 72.185 deputation from Puebla promising not to resist occupation
NNR 72.185 reductions in the force under Gen. Winfield Scott
NNR 72.185 Gen. Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna's whereabouts, rumors and incidents
NNR 72.185 proclamations for guerrilla regiments
NNR 72.185 Mexican prisoners at Veracruz
NNR 72.185 Gen. Jose Mariano de Salas' guerrilla proclamation
NNR 72.185 supplies provided by Mexicans at Jalapa, impossibility of maintaining contact with Veracruz
NNR 72.185 various rumors about fortifications at Mexico City
NNR 72.185 Yankeeizing of Veracruz
NNR 72.185 naval expedition to the south
NNR 72.185 mediation by the British government suggested by the Mexicans
NNR 72.185-72.186 position of the Catholic Church in Mexico with regard to the war
NNR 72.186 Gen. William Jenkins Worth gathering up grain
NNR 72.186 Gen. Winfield Scott's design to relinquish the line of communication
NNR 72.186 Mexican account of the Battle of Cerro Gordo
NNR 72.186-72.187 Gen. Winfield Scott's official report on the Battle of Cerro Gordo
NNR 72.187 communication of Gen. Ethan Allen Hitchcock on operations at Cerro Gordo
NNR 72.187 letter about the capture of Tuxpan
NNR 72.188 arrangements for pay to soldiers and volunteers in the west
NNR 72.189-72.190 trial and reprimand of Lt. Charles G. Hunter for his actions at Alvarado and Fla-ca-Talpam
NNR 72.192 list of volunteer corps whose time expires, promise of the "Union" that troops will be adequate
NNR 72.192 Col. Sterling Price at Santa Fe
NNR 72.192 Maj. Campbell's expedition from Chihuahua to New Orleans
NNR 72.192 Col. Alexander William Doniphan's uncertainty on how to proceed in the absence of instructions
NNR 72.192 Nicholas Philip Trist reaches New Orleans for Veracruz
NNR 72.193 Marines employed in land service
NNR 72.194 "conquering a peace"
NNR 72.194 Portsmouth captures ports in lower California
NNR 72.194-72.195 Massachusetts resolutions on the Mexican war, the extension of slavery, and thanks to Gen. Zachary Taylor, proceedings thereon
NNR 72.197 excitement about the appearance of the vomito at Veracruz
NNR 72.197-72.198 declaration of martial law in Mexico City, address to the citizens of the Federal District
NNR 72.198 Mexicans evacuate Puebla
NNR 72.198 Gen. Winfield Scott's advance corps quits Jalapa for Puebla, a large train with supplies for which he had been waiting quits Veracruz same day
NNR 72.198 Gen. Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna appointed commander of the Mexican Army, fear that he will attack the supply train
NNR 72.198 Capt. Samuel Hamilton Walker's dragoons arrive at Veracruz
NNR 72.198 Nicholas Philip Trist reaches Veracruz and proceeds to headquarters
NNR 72.198 barbarities committed on the road from Veracruz
NNR 72.198 departure of volunteer
regiments from the Army in Mexico
NNR 72.198 Gen. Winfield Scott's forces reduced to 6,000 men
NNR 72.198 apprehensions subsiding over the vomito and a Mexican attack
NNR 72.198 foray upon Santa Fe (Mexico) by Mexican guerrillas
NNR 72.198 Gen. Winfield Scott's general order on advancing from Jalapa
NNR 72.198 terrible retribution visited by Texians upon Mexican banditti, vengeance for another murder
NNR 72.198-72.199 Thomas Simons murdered by Mexicans
NNR 72.199 Gen. Juan Morales' statement about the alleged warning before the bombardment of Veracruz
NNR 72.199 Gen. Antonio Canales' proclamation of no quarter
NNR 72.199 Comanche depredations
NNR 72.199 an account of the Battle of Cerro Gordo
NNR 72.199-72.200 Gen. David Emanuel Twiggs' official report on Cerro Gordo
NNR 72.200 reports of Gen. Robert Patterson on the actions of his volunteer division at Cerro Gordo
72.200-72.201 reports of Gen. Edward Dickinson Baker on the operations of the third brigade during the action at Cerro Gordo
NNR 72.201 Gen. William Jenkins Worth takes Perote
NNR 72.201 report of Capt. Francis Taylor on the actions of his battery at Cerro Gordo
NNR 72.201 Col. Ethan Allen Hitchcock's report on paroles of captured Mexicans, comment on operations at Cerro Gordo
NNR 72.201-72.202 list of killed and wounded at Cerro Gordo
NNR 72.202 Gen. Zachary Taylor's official report on Maj. Mike Chevallie's expedition
NNR 72.202 Gen. Zachary Taylor's letter transmitting minor reports from the Battle of Buena Vista
NNR 72.202-72.204 Gen. John Ellis Wool's official report on Buena Vista
NNR 72.204 extract from a letter of Gen. John Ellis Wool about Buena Vista
NNR 72.204 troops engaged, killed, and wounded at Buena Vista
NNR 72.204-72.205 Com. Robert Field Stockton's difference with Gen. Stephen Watts Kearny
NNR 72.205 high prices of provisions in California
NNR 72.205 news from Santa
Fe by Lt. William Guy Peck, account of his journey
NNR 72.205 Capt. John Charles Fremont arrives at Angels, notice of the situation
in California
NR 72.205 letter about the need for a military force in New Mexico
NNR 72.206 letter from Secretary of War William Learned Marcy to Missouri Gov. John C. Edwards about requisition for volunteers
NNR 72.208 Jalapa hospitals filled with sick
NNR 72.208 Mexican colors reach Washington
NNR 72.208 Maj. Solon Borland,
Maj. John Pollard Gaines, Capt. Cassius Marcellus Clay, Midshipman Robert
Clay Rogers, &c., prisoners set at liberty in Mexico
NNR 72.208 anarchy in the Mexican capital, states talk of separation
NNR 72.208 half of Gen. Zachary Taylor's dragoons ordered to Veracruz to reinforce Gen. Winfield Scott
NNR 72.209 Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna's pass, New York "Sun"
NNR 72.209 steamer New Orleans purchased
NNR 72.209 Lt. G.W. Harrison's gallant act in cutting out an enemy brig
NNR 72.209-72.210 comments on the Mexican tariff
NNR 72.210 Samuel Houston's explanation for declining commission as major-general with the Army invading Mexico
NNR 72.210 comments on Gen. Winfield Scott's proclamation
NNR 72.214 Gen. Winfield Scott's proclamation to the Mexican nation
NNR 72.215 letter from Maj. John Pollard Gaines in Mexico, his account of the civil war in Mexico City and its suppression by Gen. Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna
NNR 72.214-72.215 statement of Col. James H. Lane on the actions of the Indiana volunteers at Buena Vista
NNR 72.215-72.216 Gen. Gideon Johnson Pillow's report on Cerro Gordo
NNR 72.216 Col. William Selby Harney's report on Cerro Gordo
NNR 72.216-72.217 Col. Thomas Childs' report on Cerro Gordo
NNR 72.217 Maj. H.H. Loring's report on Cerro Gordo
NNR 72.217 Capt. Thompson Morris' report on Cerro Gordo
NNR 72.217-72.218 Col. Bennet Riley's report on Cerro Gordo
NNR 72.218 Col. Joseph Plympton's report on Cerro Gordo
NNR 72.218 report on the actions of Maj. John L. Gardner's artillery regiment at Cerro Gordo
NNR 72.218-72.219 Maj. George Henry Talcott's report on Cerro Gordo
NNR 72.219 Capt. Edmund Brooke Alexander's report on Cerro Gordo
NNR 72.219 arrival of the storeship Lexington in California, disposition of forces there, erection of fortifications
NNR 72.219 report by Gen. Jose Maria Jarero on the Battle of Cerro Gordo
NNR 72.219 Com. William Branford Shubrick's order partially suspending the tariff on Mexican ports in California
NNR 72.219-72.220 affairs in California
NNR 72.220 Thomas Hart Benton's card about Gen. Stephen Watts Kearny and Col. John Charles Fremont
NNR 72.222-72.223 Thomas Hart Benton's remarks on the settlement of the northwest boundary dispute, the annexation of Texas, the war with Mexico, and anti-slavery propaganda
NNR 72.224 Mexican privateer Unico captures the Carmelita
NNR
72.224 Capt. Mayo captures Talascoya
72.224 Com. Matthew Calbraith Perry sails south
72.224 Nantla taken by the Germantown, re-taken by the Mexicans
72.224 Maj. Justin Dimick returns to Veracruz, posted at the National Bridge
72.224 retreat of a train of muleteers after capture of their train
NNR 72.224 Gen. William Jenkins Worth takes Puebla
NNR 72.224 Gen. David Emanuel Twiggs' division to start from Jalapa for Puebla,
Col. Thomas Childs to command at Jalapa
NNR 72.224 rumor that Gen. Gabriel Valencia is between Puebla and Mexico
City with 15,000 men
NNR 72.224 reports from Gen. William Jenkins Worth
NNR 72.224 rumor that Jose Joaquin Herrera had been chosen president, maneuvering
of Gen. Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna
NNR 72.224 Mexican preparations for defense, difficulty of Gen. Winfield
Scott in advancing with only 6,000 men
NNR 72.225"Union"'s authorized statement on conjectures about the "views and purposes" of the administration
NNR 72.226 account of the Pueblo Indians in the fight at Taos
NNR 72.230 complaints about the tariff imposed on Mexico, revenues received under it, order concerning foreign goods shipped from the United States
NNR 72.230 notice of operations in government funds, transfers of specie to New Orleans
NNR 72.230 general orders establishing military departments, assigning
personnel, ordering Mexican officers on parole to report, and prohibiting
gambling
NNR 72.230 Georgia, Alabama, and some Tennessee troops to return home
NNR 72.230-72.231 letter repelling complaints against the Palmetto
Regiment
NNR 72.231 letter of an officer of the Palmetto Regiment
NNR 72.231-72.232 address of the second regiment of Tennessee volunteers about Cerro Gordo
NNR 72.232-72.234 official reports of officers of the light artillery on their actions at Buena Vista
NNR 72.234-72.235 report from Col. Charles Augustus May on actions of the dragoons at Buena Vista
NNR 72.235 official report of Gen. Joseph Lane on action at Buena Vista
NNR 72.235-72.236 accounts on the situation at Santa Fe, news of Col. Alexander William Doniphan's expedition
NNR 72.240 Jalapa stage attacked
NNR 72.240 Mexican proposal to release American prisoners at Tampico
NNR 72.240 Com. Matthew Calbraith Perry's cruise putting the tariff into effect
NNR 72.240 cases of yellow fever, vomito at Veracruz
NNR 72.240 recovery of Veracruz from the effects of the siege
NNR 72.240 denunciation of Gen. Winfield Scott's proclamation to the Mexican people
NNR 72.240 Gen. Antonio Lopez
de Santa Anna returns to Mexico City, is stoned
NNR 72.240 Mexican fortifications
NNR 72.240 Pacific squadron threatens Mazatlan and San Blas
NNR 72.240 expectation that
Gen. Zachary Taylor will advance to San Luis Potosi
NNR 72.240 fatal duel between lieutenants in the Virginia volunteers
NNR 72.240 reduction in the force under Gen. Zachary Taylor through return
of volunteers
NNR 72.240 Gen. Caleb Cushing ordered to join Gen. Zachary Taylor
NNR 72.240 indignation of Matamoros traders over the Mexican tariff
NNR 72.240 movement of the "American Star" from Jalapa to Puebla
NNR 72.240 Tennessee volunteers return to New Orleans
NNR 72.241 disruption of finance and trade at New Orleans because of the government's mode of handling disbursements for the war
NNR 72.241 production of bombshells at Saint Louis
NNR 72.242 modification of the tariff on Mexico
NNR 72.244 prompt response in Illinois to War Department requisition for additional troops
NNR 72.244 return of Mississippi volunteers from Mexico to New Orleans
NNR 72.244 notice of Army troop movements
NNR 72.244 return of Tennessee volunteers to Nashville
NNR 72.244 return of Louisville Legion from Mexico
NNR 72.245 Gov. Jared W. Williams of New Hampshire on the war
NNR 72.246 new regiment of Texas six months' men in service
NNR 72.248 shipment of over two million in specie to the south
NNR 72.249 rumors of Jose Joaquin Herrera's election premature, Gen. Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna still at Mexico and in the presidential chair
NNR 72.249 recruitment of reinforcements to replace the twelve months' volunteers in Mexico
NNR 72.249 vomito prevailing at Veracruz
NNR 72.249 Col. Sowers with dispatches for Gen. Winfield Scott massacred and the dispatches captured
NNR 72.249 several Mexican robbers taken and tried, robbery of Mexicans by their countrymen
NNR 72.249 Mexicans fortifying Rio Frio Pass
NNR 72.249 rumors of insurrection at Puebla
NNR 72.249 Gen. Winfield Scott advances; Gen. David Emanuel Twiggs enters Puebla
NNR 72.249 rumor of a Mexican advance on Puebla
NNR 72.250 Gen. Winfield Scott between Puebla and Perote
NNR 72.250 prisoners at liberty
NNR 72.250 Jose Joaquin de Herrera elected president of Mexico, clergy favor peace
NNR 72.250 sickness at Veracruz
NNR 72.250 rumors of a change in military command in Mexico, progress of the peace party
NNR 72.250 arrival of a train at Jalapa, Capt. Samuel Hamilton Walker's skirmishes with lancers
NNR 72.250 troops at Veracruz waiting to start for the interior
NNR 72.250 George Wilkins Kendall states Gen. Winfield Scott's aggregate available force at 9,000 men
NNR 72.250 election of Massachusetts officers, departure from Matamoros
NNR 72.250 Col. Jack Hays at Palo Alto with his Rangers
NNR 72.250 troops at Saltillo anticipating an advance to San Luis
NNR 72.250 third dragoons ordered to join Gen. Winfield Scott
NNR 72.250 Gen. Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna resigns executive power (not accepted)
NNR 72.250 condition of the city and country
NNR 72.250 Gen. Caleb Cushing to be governor of New Leon
NNR 72.251 term of volunteers under Gen. Zachary Taylor expires
NNR 72.251 steamboats lost on the Rio Grande
NNR 72.251 further discussion of reinforcements for Gen. Zachary Taylor
NNR 72.251 address of the clergy of San Luis Potosi to the people of Mexico
NNR 72.251-72.252 Lt. William H. Shover's official report on the Battle of Buena Vista
NNR 72.252 dismal picture of affairs at Santa Fe
NNR 72.252 Col. Alexander William Doniphan's advance corps reaches Saltillo, affairs on the route
NNR 72.252 a march from Camargo to Monterey
NNR 72.252 Col. Philip Saint
George Cooke with Mormon battalion reaches San Diego
NNR 72.252 Mormon detachment near San Diego
NNR 72.256 Nicholas Philip Trist said to be clothed with full power to conclude a treaty
NNR 72.257 discharge of the Baltimore Battalion at Tampico
NNR 72.258 Mexican privateers in the Mediterranean
NNR 72.258 remarks on case of Lt. Charles G. Hunter
NNR
72.264 intense heat at Veracruz, fever on the increase
NNR 72.264 train under Col. James Simmons McIntosh to leave Veracruz
NNR 72.264 discussion of the forces under Gens. Winfield Scott and Zachary Taylor, their proposed operations
NNR 72.264-72.265 remarks on amount of Gen. Zachary Taylor's forces, unpublished letter from Gen. Zachary Taylor, reinforcements
NNR 72.265 communications to Gen. Zachary Taylor from San Luis Potosi, expectation of an advance on San Luis and Mexico City
NNR 72.265 general orders of War Department commending conduct at Veracruz
NNR 72.265 communication of Secretary of War William Learned Marcy on the success at Buena Vista
NNR 72.265 Gen. Zachary Taylor's announcement of Gen. Winfield Scott's victory at Cerro Gordo
NNR 72.265 number of Mexican cannon captured so far in the war
NNR 72.265-72.266 Gen. Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna's official notice of Gen. Winfield Scott's proclamation
NNR 72.266 Gen. Zachary Taylor's farewell to the Mississippi regiment
NNR 72.266 Col. Alexander William Doniphan's command passes down the Rio Grande, reaches New Orleans
NNR 72.266 arrival of gentlemen from Santa Fe
NNR 72.129 May 1, 1847 ALEJANDRO JOSE ATOCHA'S COMMENTS ON REPORTS OF HIS DEALING WITH MEXICO
The Washington correspondent of the New York Journal of Commerce says: Senor Atocha remarks upon the sketch of his correspondence with Senor Rejon, the Mexican minister of foreign afairs, as copied or translated fromthe Diario del Gobierno, that is incorrect in some particulars. He denies having representing himself as authorized to negotiate for peace or the preliminaries necessary thereto. He also asserts that he could not have made the proposition stated respecting the [ . . . ] parallel of latitude as the boundary, as it would have been at variance with the wishes and contrary of the orders of his government. Senor Atocha further states that the whole of his correspondence with Senor Rejon, and others in authority, will hereafter be published. When the correspondence shall appear it will be communicated probably to the next congress. [MSM]
NNR 72.131, May 1, 1847 Maj. Luther Giddings' official report of a battle near Cerralvo while he was accompanying a wagon train from Monterey to Camargo
We are indebted to a friend of Major Giddings for a copy of his official report to Col. Mitchell, detailing the particulars of the fight with the Mexicans at Seralvo. Major G. with his brief experience in the field was more that a match in tactics, for "three Mexican generals," having a force six times greater than his own! These men behaved nobly through all the discouragements under watch they fought, and the fact that they were ultimately successful, proves the skill and presight of their commander, as well as their own [ ]. [MSM]
Upon receipt of this note, Capt. Keneally had requested an interview with Colonel Langberg, and demanded of him one hour to consult me--which time, and permission to visit me, was politely granted by my rear. Captain Keneally was furthermore kindly informed that the enemy's force amounted to 1,600 men and three generals.
I immediately returned to General Romaro, a brief reply, and desired that the parley might be terminated.
Soon after, I dispatched Capt. Bradley, with the force previously designated, to communicate with the rear, and assist in bringing up the wagons, which had thus far been successfully defended by Captain Keneally. Capt. Bradley cut through the enemy's line in the most gallant manner,--his volleys were responded to by the artillery and musketry of the rear guard, and in a few minutes I had the satisfaction of seeing my little band again united around 100 of the wagons which he had succeeded in saving.--In the absence of Capt. Bradley on his duty--a parley was sounded by the enemy still in force between us and the town, and which portion of his troops Gen. Urrea commanded, in person. They reiterated their demand for a surrender, and desired to know, why I had fired upon the general in chief whilst a truce existed. To their first demand I sent the same reply that had been previously communicated to Gen. Romaro; and also that during the time my fire was continued in front, I was ignorant of the parley existing in the rear.
Towards night the enemy drew off towards the town; in which direction I also continued my march, with little progress however, as the wagons closed in mass were much impeded by the thickets skirting the road. It soon became quite dark and supposing that the enemy would oppose my entrance into the town, I deemed it best to await until daylight before making the attack. As my men were suffering exceedingly for water, I found it necessary during the night drive off a party of lancers stationed near to the stream, distant from us about half a mile. At dawn on the 8th inst. I took possession of Seralvo without opposition,--the enemy having evacuated it during the night. Discovering that there were but ten or twelve rounds of ammunition remaining in the cartridge boxes, I was detained at Seralvo until the arrival of Col. Curtis' command on the 12th instant. Obtaining from him the necessary supplies, I proceeded on my march and arrived at this post on the 15th instant.
There were killed in the affair at Seralvo, on the 7th inst. Two privates of Capt Bradley's company F, 1st rig. Ohio volunteers, and 15 teamsters. I was informed that the Mexican loss in the engagement, amounted to 45 killed and wounded--which number I believe to be nearly correct.
I take great pleasure in stating that the officers and
men of my command, met the overwhelming force by which they were surrounded,
with the greatest coolness and gallantry. Lieut. A. McCarter and Sergeant
Wm. Howell, did good service with the artillery--firing with great rapidity
and accuracy.--Lieuts. Jas. P Fytte and James Moore of my staff, performed
the many duties with which they were entrusted, with promptness and gallantry.
L. GIDDINGS
Major 1st reg. O.V. com' de detachment
[WFF]
NNR 72.131 May 1, 1847 LT.CHARLES G. HUNTERS OFFICIAL REPORT ON ALVARADO
I wrote you from Havana, and gave you the reasons of our determination at this place. That detention deprived us from sharing in the glory at Vera Cruz, for on the very day of our arrival Vera Cruz was evacuated by the Mexicans, and possession was taken by Gen. Scott and Com. Perry. THe whole of the naval forces having been called to Vera Cruz to fight off this place blockading, the commodore ordered this vessel down for that purpose, not dreaming that she would venture to attack the great Alvarado, but we had lost too much at Vera Cruz , so our gallant commander, Charles G. Hunter, at all risks, determined to make an attempt. The city, after two attacks, surrendered to the Scourage. I wish I had time to give you all concerning the affair, but its impossible. The Scourage was sent to Alvarado to blockade, and Com. Perry had made all arrangements to attack Alvarado with a large force by sea, while Gen. Quitman was to enter by hand, but the squadron and the troops got here too late, the Scourage had done all. This force to make the attack. When it came off the port, the American colors was seen hoisted on the forts. This caused the greatest disappointment in the squadron. The commander immediately arrested out gallant commander for having attacked Alvarado without his orders, and commander Hunter is, therefore, to be tried by a court martial for taking this place. Our gallant commander also captured the city of Tlacotalpan, a city of about 7,000 inhabitants. [MSM]
NNR 72.131 May 1, 1847 THE CAPTURE OF ALVARADO.
United States steamer Scourge,
Alvarado, April 3, 1847.
I wrote you from Havana, and gave you the reasons of our detention at this place.That detention deprived us from sharing in the glory at Vera Cruz, for on the very day of our arrival Vera Cruz was evacuated by the Mexicans, and possession was taken by Gen. Scott and Com. Perry.
The whole of the naval forces having been called to Vera Cruz to fight the great battle, and finding that no vessel was off this place blockading, the commodore ordered this vessel down for that purpose, not dreaming that she would venture to attack the great Alvarado, but we had lost too much at Vera Cruz, so our gallant commander, Charles G. Hunter, at all risks, determined to make an attempt.
The city, after two attacks, surrendered to the Scourge.I wish I had time to give you all concerning the affair, but 'tis impossible.
The Scourge was sent to Alvarado to blockade, and Com. Perry had made all arrangements to attack Alvarado with a large force by sea, while Gen. Quitman was to enter by land, but the squadron and the troops got here too late, the Scourge had done all.
Com. Perry arrived off Alvarado with the following vessels:
Steamer Mississippi,
Frigate Potomac,
Steamer Vixen,
Do Spitfire,
Schooner Reefer,
DoTampico,
Do Bonita
Ship Germantown,
Do St. Mary's
Brig Porpoise,
Ship Albany,
Schooner Petrel,
Do Falcon.
This force to make the attack. When it came off the port, the American colors was seen hoisted on the forts.This caused the greatest disappointment in the squadron. The commodore immediately arrested our gallant commander for having attacked Alvarado without his orders, and commander Hunter is, therefore, to be tried by a court martial for taking this place.
Our gallant commander also captured the city of Tlacotalpan, a city of about 7,000 inhabitants.[ANP]
NNR 72.132 May 1, 1847 OHIO VOLUNTEERS FEND OFF MEXICAN LANCERS AT AGUA FRIO
We have not yet seen the particulars of the battle which has been frequently referred to as having taken place between Col. Morgan, of the 2d regiment of Ohio volunteers, and Gen. Urreah's lancers. The following extract from a letter from an esteemed correspondent of Saltillo, will in some degree supply this vacuum:
Part of the 2d Ohio, hastening to the relief of Gen. Taylor, from Cerralvo, in all 212, under Col. Morgan, fought with over a thousand lancers, until artillery came to their and from Monterey. Lieut. Stewart, of company C, of that regiment, merits the highest praise for his daring bravery in riding through the Mexican lines to ask reinforcements. The American force, drawn up in a hollow square repulsed charge after charge of the horse, sustaining a heavy fire from the chaparral. Capt. Latham with his riflemen, was about charging into the chaparral for a hand-to hand fight, but was recalled, as it appeared evidently the design of the enemy to both break the square and induce the men to charge into the sides of the road, where singly they would both be able to meet horsemen. There was every reason to believe that men were in ambuscade, ready to rake, at a single volley, and small body of men opposed to them. And so it afterwards appeared; for, on the first fire from the cannon into one of these suspected places, nearly thirty of the enemy were killed. After fifteen minutes' fight with the cannon, the lancers fled in every direction. Leaving more than a hundred on the field. We lost but four killed and a few wounded. The enemy kept up a heavy fire from escopetas, but generally overshot us. Capt Graham quartermaster at Cerralvo, was shot through the heart, in the beginning of the fight, and died instantly. Colonel Morgan was himself cool, brave, and determined, with the heart of youth, and head of age, as a young man but old Texan will always feel in battle.
The word now passes along the line-"San Luis in six weeks." As soon as the rainy reason commences, ho, for San Luis! And judging from what has happened-catching a prophetie gleam of the future by the reflection from the past-we can well concur in the rude but truth sentiment of a wounded volunteer-"Taylor will take it like a d--n!" [MSM]
NNR 72.132 May 1, 1847 Account of the battle of Sacramento
THE BATTLE OF SACRAMENTO.
We have no account as yet from the division under Col. DONIPHAN, (of the Missouri volunteers) nor of this affair, except what reaches us through Mexican papers.The furnish a despatch of the Mexican General Heredia, dated the 2d March, the material part of which is as follows:
At 12 o'clock on the 28th the enemy was seen by my advance guard, and at 2 o'clock P.M. he appeared in sight of my camp.I instantly drew up three columns of infantry under the orders of Gen. Garcia Conde, and posted my artillery in the most suitable manner; but as the enemy changed his route, and marched to the right in order to turn my position, I was obliged to change my whole plan, and ordered Gen. Garcia Conde with the cavalry to oppose the passage of the enemy, while I supported him with the remainder of my forces-The enemy halted when the cavalry came in front of him, and I, with the greatest despatch and all possible order, was arranging to form the infantry and artillery into battle on the right of the cavalry, and was already placing the pieces of artillery, when the enemy opened with his cannon on the cavalry, and at the third fire I had the mortification to see it completely dispersed.My artillery returned the enemy's fire, and kept firing with activity while I was trying to form the infantry, which had been thrown into confusion by the cavalry; and, owing to my great exertions and those of Capt. Don Angel Trius, Don Francisco Padillo, and Don Cayetano Justiniani, we succeeded in again forming the infantry, and collecting nearly all the cavalry which was stationed in my former encampment, it being necessary to establish a line with the new position, which was accomplished in the midst of the firing, all the infantry and artillery falling back without leaving in the other camp even a cannon that had been dismounted, and bringing away all the dead and wounded.
Being by this time established at Sacramento with all my forces, the enemy attacked us with a heavy fire of artillery, and a charge which his cavalry made on a redoubt was most chivalrously beaten off by fifty men of the 7th infantry and thirty men of the Durango squadron, under the command of the valiant captain cazadores, D. Rafael Gonzales, who fell victim to his bravery, he receivinga wound of which he died in a few moments.At the same time fell Lieut. D. Augustus Quintana, and several men of both companies.While they were thus defending the redoubt, the cavalry which I had sent to its assistance fled, and dispersed completely, carrying confusion into the ranks of the infantry.-In this critical situation I withdrew the artillery to an elevation in the vicinity, and succeeded in collecting 200 infantry, and there I maintained myself until, without having the power to prevent it, I was completely abandoned, except by Cols. D. Francisco Padilla and D. Cayetano Justininiani, Capt. Salvado Santa Maria, of the artillery of the National Guard, and the veteran Lieut. D. Manuel Fiores, and Lieut. Col. D. Matias Conde, the commander of he artillery, who with a new men of the artillery maintained the fire for nearly half an hour.Under these disastrous circumstances Col. D. Angel Trias, and the commander of a battalion. D. Vicente Sanchez, used the utmost efforts to reorganize the infantry, assisted by Cols. Padilla and Justiniani, whom I had sent for the same purpose; but it was in vain: they could not collect twenty men.The rest fled to the mountains terrified, following the example of the cavalry, of which only the first squadron of Durango made any resistance; their commander, Don Manuel Aponte, having ordered tem to dismount in order to extricate them from the confusion in which they were involved.Abandoned even by their (illegible), the officers of artillery already mentioned were forced to retire.Having lost all hope of regaining the day, I was obliged to retreat with bitter grief, as all in the camp remained in the possession of the enemy, nothing being saved except eight rounds of ammunition , which a servant of Col. Padilla hid in the mountains.In my retread I endeavored to collect some infantry to lead them to Chihuahua, but all my efforts were useless.
"On account of the complete dispersion it is impossible to give an exact detail of the number of killed and wounded; but I can assure your excellency that they cannot be less than eighty to a hundred." [ANP]
Vol. 72.132 May 1, 1847 GENERAL HOUSTON-THE MEXICAN WAR.
Gen. Houston was at San Augustine, Texas, on his way home from Washington, on the 19 ult.-During the few hours he harried, he delivered a short address to the people. Alluding to his speech, the San Augustine Shield observes:
He stated that the commission of major-general in the army invading Mexico was tendered to himself and his colleague, (Gen. Rusk) but both had declined its acceptance-his own reason for doing so was that he differed in opinion as to the proper plan of carrying on the war with the officers who would have been his seniors in rank, and he would not assist in carrying out measures directly antagonistic to his own judgment.His own experience in fighting Mexicans, which he believed to be greater than that of any of the generals who would have been above him did not approve the idea of marching to Mexico with such a cumbrous train of wagons, and such an immense quantity of hay as Gen Scott required-he did not wish to be encumbered with all the splendor and pomp with which that general was attended.He preferred invading Mexico with Texans, who required but one mule to a mess, and could lay all night with but one blanket around them, and with their rifles hugged close to their bosoms ready to fight at a moment's warning.Whenever his country called him and he was allowed an independent command of any, who, like Texans, were inured to toil, and could feed their horses on grass, and themselves on jerked beef, if necessary, he was then ready to take his life in one hand and his sword in the other, and go as far as his county's good required.n [ANP]
Vol. 72.132 May 1, 1847 THE TERMS OF CAPTITULATION.
Town of Tla Co-Talpan, 1st April 1847-2 o'clock P.M. Present, the constitutional alcalde and citizens, who compose this illustrious council on the one side, and on the other Capt. C G. Hunter, of the U.S. steamer Scourge accompanied by the second lieutenant of that vessel, M.C. Marin; the object being to enter into such negotiations as shall be suitable for the welfare of the inhabitants, and better understanding with that nation, the terms expressed I the following articles were agreed to by both parties:
1st. The town Tla-co-Talpam hereby declares its perfect neutrality towards the forces of the United States, and also its entire submission to them as long as existing circumstances continue.
2d. In consideration of this, the said captain, in the name of the government, whose commission he holds binds himself that the rights of individuals shall be respected as also their persons and private property, likewise the Catholic religion, and the free exercise of its forms of worship.
And for the fulfilment and faithful observance of this compact, both the
contracting partis hereby bind themselves by all the forms usual ; and in
tesimony of the same, they have hereby subscribed their names to two copies
of this contract each of the same tenor and date.Done by the alcalde, presiding
officer of this council, and the before-named second lieutenant, who assisted
in arranging this negotiation, nd who is commissioned to sign for the before-mentioned
Capt. Charles G. Hunter.
(signed) PEDRO ATALPICO.
M.C. MARIN, Lieut. U.S.N.
The town of Alvarado having been left defenceless, surrenders itself to the United States steamer Scourge, Capt. C.G. Hunter, on the following conditions;
1st.That the forces of the United States sill respect and protect the Roman Catholic religion.
2d.That they solemnly guarantee complete and entire protection to the inhabitants
of this town, and all species of property, it being distinctly understood
that no public edifice or private house shall be taken or used by the United
States' forces, unless some previous arrangement shall have been made with
the owners.
JOSE RUIZ PARRA,
President of the council.
M.C. MARIN,
Alvarado, 31st March, 1847. Lt. U.S. navy.
[ANP]
NNR 72.132 May 1, 1847 list of killed and wounded at Veracruz
Killed and wounded at Vera Cruz.
The "American Eagle," a new Americo-Mexican paper, started in Vera Cruz by Messrs. People, Barnard & Jewell, of the 6th says: "The following is the list of those who were killed and wounded in the attack upon this place, as reported officially to headquarters. We have, in the kindest manner, been permitted to copy them, and whilst we deplore the loss of those who have fallen, we must congratulate the army upon the success that has attended them with so little loss. Of the army it will be perceived that there were 10 killed and 47 wounded.
"Of the navy, we understand that one officer (Midshipman Shubrick) and 7 sailors and marines were killed and wounded, but were regret that it is not in our power to give them names."
Under Col. Harney.
Killed.-James M. Nicholson, corporal of company F, in action of Puente de Moreno, March, 24;-Hopkins, private, company H. 3d Artillery, same place and time.
Wounded-Lewis Neill, 2d lieut. Adjutant; Joseph Marhsall, private, company B,-James, do., 2 nd dragoons, severely; Hugh Gavin private, Capt. Cheatham's 1st Tennesseeans, slightly; M. Foy, W. Ailes privates, company A.D. Vann, co., company C.G. Woodley do., company H. 2d Tennesseeans, slightly Thos. Young, guide, slightly; W.T. Gillespie, company B, Lewis Geisle, company C, John Smith company, K, privates, 2d, dragoons, slightly.
All of the above, with the exception of Lieut. Neil who was wounded at or near the village of Medellum met with their mishaps at Puente de Moreno, March 25th.
Under Gen. Worth.
Killed-J.B. Vinton, captain 3d Artillery, on the 22d March; John Hetner, private, company B, 2d. do., 26th March; Nicholas Burns, private, company (undecipherable text)… Emile Voltarat. Privates, company B. 2d Artillery 24th March. Slightly; Adolphe Malhe, John Golding and Wm. Henderson, privates, company D. 2d Artillery, 22d March-the two last named slightly, the other left arm shot off; Ernest Krunse. Owen Boate, Wm. Carthage, Joseph S. Hayden and Archibald , privates, company F. 2d Artillery-the first on the 20th and remainder on the 24th March slightly Martin Dignant, private company G. 2d Artillery, 22d March, slightly; S. D. Shuetzenback, private, company A, and Edw. Fleming, private, company I, 8th Infantry, 23d March, slightly.
Under Gen. Twiggs.
Killed-Wm. Alburtis, brevet captain, 2d Infantry. March 1th, by a cannon ball; W. R. Blake, sergeant, company F, 4th Artillery, March 15th;--Robert T. Cunningham, private, company A, mounted rifleman, march 11th.
Wounded.-W.B. Lane and Edward Harris, sergeants, company D. mounted rifleman, March 24th, severely; John Teluna, private, company E, mounted riflemen, March 24th, severely. Frederick Warren, private, company C. mounted riflemen, March 24th, slightly, Henry Neill, slightly, and Thomas Weller, severely, privates, company B, mounted riflemen, March 11th, severely; James Stephen, private, company F. 4th Artillery, March 14th severely; Spencer, corporal, company D. 2d infantry, March 11th severely.
Under Gen. Patterson.
Killed-John Miller and Gothlet Reip, privates, company G, 1st regiment Pensylvania volunteers-the first on the 17th and the latter on the 24th March.
Wounded-Lieut. Col. J. P. Dickinson, South Carolina regiment, severely; Private Ballad, do. do., severely; Privates Coke, D. Phillips and Hickey, do., do., slightly Q. M. Serg, B. P. McDonald, Georgia regiment, severely; Serg. Jos. King, do. do., slightly; Private T.J. Scott, do. do., severely; Private Henry Lanebeck, do. do., slightly; Private John G. Enbank, do. do., severely-all on the 11th March: Serg. John Henson, company E, 1st Pennsylvania regiment, March 9, severely; Privates O. C. Burden, Wm. Vanderbark and Andrew Keamer, company I, do. do., March 11, slightly; Private Theo. Heisss, company F, do. do; Private Jas, Stevens, company J. do. do.; Private Fry, company D. 2d Pennsylvania regiment-all on the 11th March, slightly; Private Mark Fose, company A, 2d Tennessee regiment, 11th March, slightly; Private John Hubard, company A, 1st Tennessee regiment, during bombardment, slightly; Serg. R. Williamson, company C. 1st Pennsylvania regiment, 11th March, slightly; Private Daniel Harkins, company A. do. do., (on piquet) slightly. [ANP]
NNR 72.133 May 1, 1847 OPERATIONS
IN CALIFORNIA
NNR 72.133-134 May 1, 1847 COM. ROBERTS FIELD STOCKTON'S REPORT OF SUPPRESSION
OF REBELLION IN CALIFORNIA
SIR: I have the honor to inform you that it has pleased God to crown our poor efforts, to put down the rebellion and to retrieve the credit of our arms, with the most complete success. The insurgents determined, with them whole force, to meet us on our march from San Diego to this place, and to decide the fate of the territory by a general battle.
Having made the best participation I could, in the face of a boasting and vigilant enemy, we left San Diego on the 29th day of December, (that portion of the insurgent army who had been watching and annoying us, having left to join in the main body,) with about six hundred fighting men, composed of detachments from the ships Congress, Svannah, Portsmouth, and Cyane, aided by General Kearny, with a detachment of sixty men on foot, from the regiment of United States Dragoons, and by Capt. Gillispie, with sixty mounted riflemen.
We marched nearly one hundred and forty miles in ten days, and found the rebels on the 8th day of January in a strong position, on the high bank of the “Rio San Gabriel,” with six hundred mounted men and four pieces of artillery, prepared to dispute our passage across the river.
We waded through the water dragging our guns after us against the galling fire of the enemy, without exchanging a shot until we reached the opposite shore; when the fight became general, and out troops having repelled a charge of the enemy, charged up the bank in a most gallant manner, and gained a complete victory over the insurgent army.
The next day, on our march across the plains of the “Mesa” to this place, the insurgents made another desperate effort to save the capital and their own necks; they were concealed with their artillery in a ravine until came within gun shot, when they opened a brisk fire from their field pieces on our right flank, and at the same time charged both on our front and rear. We soon silenced their guns, and replied the charge, when they fled, and permitted us the next morning to march into town without any further opposition.
We have rescued the country from the hands of the insurgents, but I fear that the absence of Col. Freemont’s battalion of mounted riflemen will enable most of the Mexican officers, who have broken their parole to escape to Senora.
I am happy to say that our loss in killed and wounded does not exceed twenty, whilst we are informed that the enemy has lost between seventy and eighty.
This dispatch must of immediately, and I will [ ] another opportunity to furnish you with the details of these two battles, and the gallant conduct of the officers and men under my command, with their names.
Faithfully your obedient servant. R.F. Stockton
[MSM]
NNR 72.134 May 1, 1847 LETTER OF JOSE MARIA FLORES SEEKING ARRANGEMENT OF A TRUCE IN CALIFORNIA
Enclosed I have the honor to send to you a translation of the letter handled to me by the commissioners mentioned in another part of this despatch, sent by Jose Ma. Flores, to negotiate a peace honorable to both nations. The verbal answer, stated in another page of this letter, was sent to this renowned general and commander in chief. He had violated his honor, and I would not treat with him nor write to him. [MSM]
NNR 72.136 May 1, 1847 account of the road from Veracruz to the city of Mexico, distances along the route
The Road From Vera Cruz to the city of Mexico, is one of the best Macadamized roads on this continent. C.J. Folsom, of N. York, in a book published in 1842 furnishes the following account of the route:
"The first part of the route, leading through the village of Santa Fe, is low and sandy, over which a calzada or paved causeway was thrown, forming a part of the great road to the capital; but his is now in a ruinous condition, owing, in a great measure, to the want of repairs, which are rendered necessary by the destructive operation of the mountain torrents during the rainy season. Two fine bridges remain on this part of the route, which communicated with the causeway; one of these, called puente del Rey, or King's bridge, crosses the river Antigua 15 leagues from Vera Cruz, and is admirably built with massive stone arches. The other is thrown over a rapid stream at Plan del Rio, and consists of a single arch of very large dimensions. Plan del Rio is a small village 21 leagues from Vera Cruz, where the ascent of the tables may be said to commence. In the six leagues that intervene between that village and another called Encerro, the traveler attains the height of 3,043 feet above the level of the sea, which is sufficient to give an entirely new character to the climate and preductions. A farther ascent of 1,292 feet, within a distance of about eight miles, over a rugged and dangerous road, brings him to Jalapa, or Xalapa, where he enters on a portion of the old paved road, leading through fields of maize and gardens filled with a profusion of flowers. 'Here,' says Hum---, the --- merchants of Vera Cruz have --- ---- in which they enjoy a cool and agreeable retreat, while the coast is almost uninhabitable from the mosquitoes, the great heat and the yellow fever."
"The distance from Tampico to --- is 312 miles. The road leads over precipitous ----, and is unfit for carriages. A traveller who passed over this route in 1822, describes the country as level for 48 miles from Tampico, with a rich beach soil, few trees, except palms, and thinly inhabited. This was followed by a broken and hilly region for a distance of nearly 100 miles, possessing a deep soil, but destitute of water during the greater part of the year.-The traveller now encountered a steep and rugged mountain, belonging to the great chain of Sierra de Madre. The ascent was difficult and fatiguing, and occasionally frightfully precipices showed themselves at the feet of his mule." [ANP]
NNR 72.136 May 1, 1847 Health statistics of Vera Cruz
VERA CRUZ-HEALTH STATISTICS.-From Brantz Mayer's Mexico as it was and is we learn that-In the year 1841, the number of baptisms in the city was 454, whilst the deaths in the same time amounted to 1,017, say about one-sixth of the whole population!Of these by vomito 155, small pox 142, phthisis and diarrhea 212, fevers 142, dysentery 29.
Mr. Mayer says: "In 1842. I am told that near two thousand died of vomito at Vera Cruz.This however, was owing to the number of raw troops sent there from the interior, to be embarked for Yucatan." [ANP]
NNR 72.136 May 1, 1847 the Mexican evacuation of Veracruz
The evacuation of Vera Cruz.-A late letter of Me. Kendall to the Picayune says-
"I have said but little about the evacuation of this place by the Mexicans, on the 29th ultimo, because I have had little time. It reminded me more of the Departure of the Israelites than ought else I can compare it to; the long procession of soldiers, national militia, and people of all classes and sexes, as they poured our of the walls of a city set off as this is with huge antique-looking domes and other architectural ornaments. As at Monterey, there was the same throng of camp women, carrying every conceivable implement of ornament and use, especially of the former, to say nothing of the innumerable parrots, poodle dogs, and other absurdities of a kindred nature. It is a singular fact the poorer the people in every country the greater the number of dogs they must have about them; but in no nation does the half starved population affect the animal to the same extent as this.
"The weather continues hot -insupportable hot in the middle of the day; but all my inquiries would induce me to have that as yet there is little sickness among the troops. The report that the dreaded vomito had broken out was certainly premature.-All think, however, hat the sickness must appear in the course of a week or two, but probably not until Gen. Scott has moved onward with the main portion of the army. If all Santa Anna's cattle are brought in, or only a portion of his immense herds, it will accelerate movements greatly." [ANP]
MAY 1, 1847,72.136 DESCRIPTION OF JALAPA
Jaylapa, or Zulapa, the capital of the state of Vera Cruz is a pleasant town situated 89 miles from the city of Vera Cruz, on a steep declivity of the table land, 4,340 feet above the level of the sea. It contains eight churches, a good school for drawing, and 13,000 inhabitants. The principal merchants of the city of Vera Cruz reside at Jalapa, and only visit the [ ] city occasionally. An annual fair is held at Jalapa, and much frequented.
The Havana Diario de la Marina, of the 9th April, publishes the following: “on the 31st of March was published in Mexico the capitulation of Vera Cruz. President Santa Anna issued an address to his countrymen in which, among other things, he says:
“Mexicans, Vera Cruz is in the power of the enemy. It has fallen, not before the valor of the Americans or the influence of their good fortune. We ourselves, to our shame be it said, have brought this fatal distance upon our arms by our [illegible] I am resolved to go and meet the enemy *******]. Chance may decree that the proud American host shall talk the capital of the Aztec empire; I shall not behold that disaster, for I shall first lay down my life in the struggle. ******
Yet the nation shall not perish. I swear that a sincere and unanimous effort. A thousand times fortunate for us will prove the disaster of Vera Cruz, of the fall of that city shall awaken in the breasts of the Mexicans the enthusiasm, the dignity and generous ardor of a true patriotism. It will undoubtedly prove the salvation of the country.”
“On the 27th of March, were already assembled some troops at the National bridge under command of Gen. La Vega and of the govenor of the state, Don Juan de Soto. Between the 27th and 30th two brigades of infantry and one of cavalry marched from the capital in the direction of the bridge, with their corresponding batteries, amounting in all to 2,000 men.
“On the 1st of April, Gen. Santa Anna in person would set out from Mexico, with 2,000 more, to direct the military operations in the state of Vera Cruz, resolved, as he saved, to dispute the ground inch by inch, and die before he will consent to a peace-his own words, as we find them both in letters and in printed documents. Enrelment of troops is going on at various points. “The army of the north has returned to San Luis Potosi, where it remained at the date of the latest advice.” [MSM]
NNR 72.136, May 1, 1847 description of Jalapa
City of Jalapa - This city stand on a very elevated ground, yet for many miles the ascent is quite gradual. From the city, Vera Cruz is visible, as is also the sea, 90 miles distant. The city itself is upon a high hill - highest in the centre, so that the streets incline considerably; so much so that no wheeled vehicle can pass along any of them except the main street road, which has considerable rise and descent. The city is surrounded by a wall and has a strongly built church near the western gate, which could be converted into a citadel. The streets are paved. The houses, as in other Mexican towns, are of stone, with flat roofs and iron barred windows. - Opposite the city, on the left of the road, is a hill from which the road might be annoyed, and shells thrown into the town. For the distance of six or seven miles before reaching the town the road is a handsome and substantial structure of chequered pavement, and must have been very costly. [WFF]
NNR 72.136 May 1, 1847 ADDRESS OF SANTA ANNA TO HIS ARMY, ON QUITTING SAN LUIS POTOSI FOR THE CAPITAL.
Companions in arms!-Devoted entirely to the service of the country, I marched to assume the reins of government, in doing which I make the most costly sacrifice, acting contrary to my cherished desires and fixed intentions.But this course will put an end to the civil war which is destroying our beautiful capital; it will give unity to our defences and impulse to the righteous struggle in which we are engaged with the perfidious invaders, and in which you have fought with such bravery and decision in the field of La Angostura.
My friends-I will never forget your glorious actions on that field of battle, your sufferings in the desert, to which you submitted with heroic patience, and, above all, that I had the honor of commanding you.The nation owes you a recompense, and you shall shortly receive it through my exertions, although this is not the consideration which stimulates you to bear yourselves as worth sons of Mexico.
Soldiers-You are the hope of your country, her best defenders.You duty then is to guard all parts; and on this account I have disposed that two brigades of infantry and one of cavalry, with their corresponding batteries, shall march to the defence of the state of Vera Cruz, the rest of the army defending this frontier.
Everywhere you will conduct yourselves as you have done hitherto, and you will ever deserve the illustrious name you have acquired.I am going to procure whatever is necessary to consummate the great work which is committed to you, and be assure that in the hour of danger you will again find in the midst of you your general. [ANP]
NNR 72.136 May 1, 1847 Santa Anna address on the fall of Vera Cruz
Jalapa, or Zalapa, the capital of the state of Vera Cruz, is a pleasant town situated 89 miles from the city of Vera Cruz, on a steep declivity of the table land, 4,340 feet above the level of the sea. It contains eight churches, a good school for drawing, and 13,000 inhabitants. The principal merchants of the city of Vera Cruz reside at Jalapa, and only visit the sickly city occasionally. An annual fair is held at Jalapa, and much frequented.
The Havana Diario de la Marina, of the 9th April, publishes the following;
"On the 31st of March was published in Mexico the capitulation of Vera Cruz.President Santa Anna issued an address to his countrymen in which, among other things, he says:
"Mexicans, Vera Cruz is in the power of the enemy.It has fallen, not before the valor of the Americans or the influence of their good fortune.We ourselves, to our shame be it said, have brought this fatal disgrace upon our arms by our interminable discussions. * * * * I am resolved to go and meet the enemy. * * * * Chance may decree that the proud American host shall take the capital of the Aztec empire; I shall not behold that disaster for I shall first lay down my life in the struggle.*** Yet the Nation shall not perish.I swear that Mexico shall triumph if my wishes are seconded by a sincere and unanimous effort.A thousand times fortunate for us will prove the disaster of Vera Cruz, if the fall of that city shall awaken in the breasts of the Mexicans the enthusiasm, the dignity and generous ardor of true patriotism.It will undoubtedly prove the salvation of the country.
"On the 27th of March, we're already assembled some troops at the National bridge, under command of Gen. La Vega and of the governor of the state, Don Juan de Soto.Between the 27th and 30th two brigades of infantry and one of cavalry marched from the capital in the direction of the bridge, with their corresponding batteries, amounting in all to 2,000 men.
"On the 1st of April, Gen. Santa Anna in person would set out from Mexico, with 2,000 more, to direct the military operations in the state of Vera Cruz, resolved, as he says, to dispute the ground inch by inch, and die before he will consent to a peace-his own words, as we find them both in letters and in printed documents.Enrolment of troops is going on a various points.
"The army of the north has returned to San Luis Potosi, where it remained at the date of the latest advices."[ANP]
NNR 72.136-137 May 1, 1847 Santa Anna's inaugural address
Santa Anna's Inaugural address.
Senores deputies: I have just taken the oath which the law prescribes, and in doing so ought to accompany it with a manifestation of my sentiments and the motives of my conduct to this respectable committee of the legislative body.
The events which have taken place in the capital are known, and are of such a character as to bind me to give them a speedy and pacific termination.-Surrounded by difficulties of all kinds, interested in what is the most important and essential to the whole nation, as is the sustaining of a strong and decisive struggle with a foreign power, in which nothing less is involved than the existence of the nation, it would be the last of evils to enter into a contest with those who ought to unite in repelling the eommon enemy.These discords ought to disappear at the imperious voice of patriotism which calls upon the sons of the country to have but one will and aim.The moments have been urgent-I have seen the forward steps of he enemy-I have rushed to the field to repel them, and even at the moment of doing so, I have been forced to leave a victorious army, and to come hither to assume a power which I have repeatedly said was repugnant to my feelings, and which I had determined never to undertake.
That which has been and ought to be an object of aspiration and desire, is for me an enormous sacrifice.But I am all for my country, and shall ever serve it, without thinking what it may cost me to do that which the nation desires I should do.I have entered upon the supreme magistracy because I have seen that it was the sole legal means of terminating the disturbances of this capital, because I believe I shall thus be able to facilitate the prosecution of the war, and to save the honor and independence of Mexico, which I wish to present unsullied and brilliant to the world which is beholding us.I have before me the committee of the sovereign congress, of that august body whose decisions I respected and shall constantly continue to respect.Its decisions will be my invariable guide, and I have firmly resolved to preserve a pure union with the legislative body, which union will give us a final victory and the re-establishment of internal and external peace on which the happiness of our country depends, and to which we all aspire.The nation has proclaimed the political principles which ought to be the basis of the administration which I wish to establish.
Thus I understand that its strength will be secured for defending itself, and its rights for which its sons have those guarantees which belong to all men, and which civilization claims, and which has been my aim since my return to the country.This will not be denied, and the nation shall still see me obedient to its wishes without my having any other rule of conduct than its decisions.As a Mexican and a soldier, I shall always take the same road as the nation, and I aspire to no other title than that of a good citizen, and in speaking of me that it should be said that I always loved my country-that I served it with zeal, and that I sacrificed myself for its good. [ANP]
NNR 72.137 May 1, 1847 Gen. David Emanuel Twiggs' division quits Veracruz for Jalapa, arrival of Col. Bankhead
Latest From Vera Cruz.-The New Orleans Picayune of the 21st says-Our advices by the 'Iona' are up to the 8th inst. Gen. Twiggs, with a division of the army, left Vera Cruz on the morning of that day for Jalapa. There was the same doubt in the army as to whether there would be any more fighting as has always prevailed amongst our troops after a battle with the enemy.
The remaining divisions were to proceed rapidly in the direction of the city of Mexico. Although the opinion was quite current at Vera Cruz that the Mexicans would not make a stand between that city and the capital, yet there were some who regarded future collision as certain. Amongst these was Col. Kenney, who had recently been as far into the interior as Mango de Clava, Santa Anna's hacienda.
It was distinctly understood at Vera Cruz that the Puente Nacional had been abandoned. This was the point at which the first resistance to the march of the American forces upon the city of Mexico would be made; but though the defence of this point was given up, it was by no means certain that the progress of our army into the interior would not be disputed at others.
Indeed it was asserted hat the forces destined to defend the National bridge (Puente Nacional) had fallen back a few leagues in the direction of Jalapa, to a stronger position, where preparations were being made for a stout defence. An intelligent officer, just from Vera Cruz, thinks it quite probable that a battle may have occurred about the 14th inst.
Rumors from the city of Mexico represented Santa Anna as more intently bent upon war than ever.-The reports are not the best authority, in so far as the wishes of Santa Anna are concerned; but they indicate the temper of the public mind, which is as good an index of his purposes as any other.
The New Orleans Evening Mercury of the 21st instant says-Col. Bankhead, bearer of despatches from Gen. Scott, and having in charge the trophies of war taken at Vera Cruz, arrived this morning on the ship Elizabeth Dennison, on his way to Washington. The E.D. left Vera Cruz on the same as the schooner Iona which arrived yesterday, and therefore brings no later news. [ANP]
NNR 72.141-143 May 1, 1847 GENERAL ORDERS, DISPOSITIONS FOR MARCHING TO THE INTERIOR, &C.
1. The first infantry, and the two volunteer companies temporarily attached to the first division of regulars, will, upon the march of the army hence, remain to garrison this city and the army hence, Jaun de Ulloa, when Brevet Col. Wilson, assigned to duty according to his [ ], will become the governor and commanding officer of these places. In the mean time that officer, by arrangement with the present governor and commander, may wish his regiment, relieve so much of the actual garrisons as shall be found desirable. Accordingly, he will report in person to receive orders for his regiment.
2. With a view to a march into the interior, the baggage of all corps and officers will be in the next two days, reduced to the smallest compass and weight. Not more that three common tents principally for arms and the sick, can be allowed for the present, to the officers and men of any company; and general officers, general staff and field officers, will limit themselves in proportion. All surplus baggage, public and private, will, accordingly, be properly packed, marked, and turned over to the quartermaster's department for storage.
3. Requisitions for means of land transportation (wagons, pack , and draught animals) will be made upon the chief quartermaster, by division and by the chiefs of the other branches of the general staff, subject to the serverest revision; and notice is now given that any excess of baggage. Public or private, will be rejected and thrown aside by the quartermasters and their agents, at the time of loading up, or at any time on the march that such excess may be detected.
4. It is absolutely necessary for an early march that all public means of transportation-wagons, carts, horses, and mules, with their harness, saddles, bridles, halters, and pack saddles-[ ] in the use of the corps, or in the hands of individual officers and men, should, without delay, be turned over to the quartermaster's department, which has instructions to re-loan three or four horses, in as many extreme cases, for a very short time longer. This order includes all such animals as may be held, under the pretence of capture, or purchase since the army landed near the city. Captured properly is always held for the benefit of the service generally, and no purchase can be respected unless witnessed and approved at the time by a general officer or commander of a brigade-masmuch as if the property be stolen by the seller, it will certainly be restored or paid for by the United States, on demand and proof on the part of the rightful owner.
5. If the foregoing directions be not complied with, fully, before tomorrow
night, measures, will be taken, however reluctantly, to seize every object
designated above, and throw the burden of providing a just private title,
upon the possessor of the property. By command of Major General Scott. H.
L. Scott, A. A. A. General
[MSM]
NNR 72.144 May 1, 1847 REPORTS OF SICKNESS AT VERACRUZ, SANTA ANNA AT CERRO GORDO
ARMY OF INVASION.
An arrival at New York from Havana, brought startling reports which reached there by the British steamer Vesuvius, of the fever having attacked our army at Vera Cruz.
The arrival of the United States steamer Mississippi at New Orleans on the 22d, relieves the anxiety which this report could not but awaken.The Mississippi left Vera Cruz five days later than the Vesuvius, and furnishes Vera Cruz dates to the 134th, Tampico to the 12th, and city of Mexico to the 3d of April.
The most of the letters and publications that mention the health of the army at all represent it to be good, in the general; The Vera Cruz Eagle,(a paper just issued by our printers,) of yhe 13th has the following.
The hospital. "Many of our gallant soldiers are now prostrated by disease and the hospitals are filled to overflowingwith them.The disease most prevalent is diarrhea, in many cases it has proven fatal."
It is manifest that Gen. Scott had been making every possible effort to expedite the movement of the army to a more healthy position.The whole army was en route for Jalapa-except perhaps about 2000 men including the garrison of the town, and Quitman's brigade, at the time the Mississippi left Vera Cruz.
The advance corps 2,500 to 2,700 choice men under Gen. Twiggs, marched on the 8th.
Shields' and Pillow's brigades followed.On the 9th Gen. Patter-on had so far recovered as to be able to leave Vera Cruz with the view of joining them and taking command.
General Worth's brigade took up the line of march on the morning of the 13th. The General himself was detained by a sudden indisposition from accompanying them.About one o'clock an express reached him, with the important information that the column under Gen. Twiggs had fallen in with a large fore of the enemy at Cerro Gordo, a strong position beyond Puente Nacional, and that a skirmish had taken place between Twiggs' advance guard and the enemy, in which Capt. Johnson, topographical engineer, was severely wounded, and several others. In a half an hour after the reception of this news General Worth had mounted his horse and was off.
On the 11th, General Scott addressed a proclamation to the Mexicans, from headquarters, announcing the advance of his army on the capital and of that of General Taylor upon San Luis Potosi,- "assures them that Americans are not their enemies, but their friends-and the friends of their holy religion, its hierarchy and its priesthood, -that for the church and the unoffending inhabitants, and their property "I have from the first, done everything to place them under safeguard of marital law against the few bad men in this army.My orders, to that effect, known to all, are precise and rigorous.Under them, several Americans have already been punished , by time, for the benefit of Mexicans, besides imprisonment, and one for a rape, has been hung by the neck."
With these assurances he invites the Mexicans to bring in horses, mules, cattle; beef, and other supplies-and threatens to punish them with rigor if they molest the trains of wagons or teams of mules, &c.-concluding with assurances of a speedy peace.Another general order of the same date regulating the supplies for and order of march of the residue of the forces was issued. [ANP]
NNR 72.144 May 1, 1847 Gen. William Jenkins Worth appoints Lt. Col. Henry Wilson governor of Veracruz, Worth joins the Army
General Worth's brigade took up the line of march on the morning of the 13th. The General himself was detained by a sudden indisposition from accompanying them. About one o'clock an express reached him, with the important information that the column under Gen. Twiggs had fallen in with a large force of the enemy at Cerro Gordo, a strong position beyond Puente Nacional, and that a skirmish had taken place between Twiggs' advance guard and the enemy, in which Capt. Johnson, topographical engineer, was severely wounded, and several others, In half an hour after the reception of this news General Worth had mounted his horse and was off. [ANP]
NNR 72.144 May 1, 1847 SQUADRON SAILS TO ATTACK TUXPAN
THE SQUADRON, under Commodore Perry, left Vera Cruz anchorage on the 12th of the purpose of attacking Tuspan, at which place Gen. Cos was said to be posted with sixty pieces of cannon. [MSM]
NNR 72.144 May 1, 1847 Mexican accounts of the seizure of Chihuahua
FROM CHIHUAHUA.The Mexican accounts from Chihuahua were to the 5th March. The loss of the battle of the 28th February by the Mexicans, is attributed to the cowardice of the Mexican cavalry.-The forces of the Americans are stated to have been 1100, and 8 pieces of artillery; whilst those of the Mexicans were 2000 men, and 10 pieces of artillery.The Americans took possession of Chihuahua on the 2d March, and nearly all the Mexican families were abandoning the city.[ANP]
NNR 72.145 May 8, 1847 ADDITIONAL TROOPS TO BE SENT FROM NEW YORK TO CALIFORNIA
A New York letter in the Philadelphia Inquirer says, "Capt. Turner, of the California expedition, now is this city, whither he came some time since the despatched from Col. Stevenson and the American consul at Rio de Janeiro, had received orders from the war department to recruit a sufficient complement of men to make that regiment amount to one thousand. As soon as the recruits are raised he will proceed with them to California." [MSM]
NNR 72.146 May 8, 1847 LIST OF THE COMPANIES OF THE TEN NEW REGIMENTS OF REGULARS EN ROUTE TO MEXICO
The Union of the 26th publishes a statement furnished by the
adjutant general, from which we learn that of the ten new regiments of the
regular army, the following companies are now en route for the army
in Mexico.
COMP'S
9th Inf-Col. T. B. Ramsen
1
10th Inf-Col. R. E. Temple
5
11th Inf-Col. A. C. Ramsey
7
13th Inf-Col. R. M. Echols
1
14th Inf-Col. Wm. Trousdale
1
15th Inf-Col. G.W. Morgan, (now in Mexico),
Lieut. Col.. Joshua Howard, superintending. 4
16th Inf-Col. J. W. Tibbatts
10
Voltigeurs-Col. T.P. Andrews
6
3rd dragoons-Col. E. G. W. Butler
6
Total. 41
[MSM]
NNR 72.146 May 8, 1847 Com. David Conner's orders for landing at Veracruz
"General Order" from Com. Conner.
"When the men of war and other vessels having troops on board get underway for the place of debarcation, each vessel will display one or other of the following signals to designate the line to which she belongs.
1. Those men of war that belong to same line will arrange themselves around their superior officer; and the other troop-vessels, as the Massachusetts, Alabama, Virginia, Endora and Edith, and the vessels having on board Capt. Taylor's and Lieut. Talcott's field batteries, will range themselves around the men of war belonging to the same line with themselves.-In this order, the three squadrons will proceed to the place of debarcation; line No. 1 loading, and the others following in succession.
2. In distributing the surf-boats to the several men of war, care will be taken to assign them boats marked for their respective lines."
[ANP]
NNR 72.146 May 8, 1847 MANNER OF TAKING POSSESSION OF SAN JUAN DE ULLOA
The boats of the Ohio, proceeded to Vera Cruz took thence Gen. Worth's division and landed at the castle.
Capt. Stringham carried the flag of his ship to him, and the stars and strips which once floated to the mizen of the line of the battle ship Ohio now waivering over the castle of San Juan de Ulloa. [MSM]
NNR 72.146 May 8, 1847 ASSURANCES OF THE "UNION" THAT SUFFICIENT FROCES BE IN TIME FOR GEN. WINFIELD SCOTT AND GEN. ZACHARY TAYLOR, REQUISITION FOR 6,000 ADDITIONAL VOLUNTEERS
The Washington Union of the 24th April announces the president had called upon the authorities of certain states for 6,000 additional volunteers, and adds-
"We understand that reinforcements are about to be thrown into both our armies (under Scott and Taylor) and if Mexico should continue besotted, blind to her true interests, infatuated by her ridiculous pride, we must put forth our powerful arms in more vigorous prosecution of the war.
Subsequently the Union Stated, that about 2,000 of these 6,000 volunteers were designed for Oregon and Santa Fe-which of course would leave 4,000 to be divided between Gen. Scott and Taylor.
We have met with no general official announcements yet, of how the requisition for these 8,000 volunteers has been apportioned amongst the states. From local papers we ascertain that Pennsylvania, Virginia and Maryland, are each required to furnish two companies, New Jersey 5 companies, Ohio and Indiana one regiment each.
The District of Columbia is called upon to furnish three companies, which, with the two companies from Maryland, are to compose a distant battalion, under command of Lieut. Col. CHARLES LEE JONES. [MSM]
NNR 72.146 May 8, 1847 LT. CHARLES G. HUNTER SAID TO HAVE BEEN COURT-MARTIALED FOR HIS ATTACK ON ALVARADO
The New York Journal of Commerce says: "We learn from the authentic source that the trial had been had, that Lieut. Hunter has been found guilty of disobedience of orders in attacking Alvarado we presume and sentenced to be reprimanded at the quarter-deck of every ship in the squadron." We doubt it. [MSM]
NNR 72.146 May 8, 1847 Saint Mary's sails for Veracruz
The sloop-of-war St. Mary's, Com. Saunders, this morning had her signal for a pilot, and is in full sail, with a fair wind, down the bay. She has received an outfit her together with some new spars. The fatigue and exertion of her officers and crew have been incessant-constantly at sea for over two years, without intermission. Many of her officers and men, to us their own words, "are nearly worn out." On her arrival here she sent eighty men tot he hospital, and yesterday there were some thirty sufficiently recruited in health to take their former places on board the ship. The St. Mary's in bound for Vera Cruz, and carries the latest instructions from Washington to the navy and army on that station. [ANP]
NNR 72.147 May 8, 1847 PRONUNCIATION OF MEXICAN NAMES
| La Resaca de la Palma | Lah Ray-sah-kah day lah Pal-mah | Surf Palm |
| Palo Alto | Pah-lo Ahl-to | Tall tree |
| Santiago | San-te ah-go | St. James |
| Rio del Norte | Ree-o del Nortay | North river |
| Chaparral | Chah-pahr-rahl | Clump of bushes |
| Ranchero | Rahn cahy-ro | Rancher |
| Rancho | Rahn-cho | Small farm |
| Hacienda | Hah-ce-en-dha | Plantation |
| Pelon | Pay-lone | Greaser |
| Monterey | mon-ta-ray | The king of the mountain |
| Plaza | Plah-sah | Public square |
| Rinconado | Rin-co-nah-dho | Inside corner |
| Los muertos | Lohs Mwer-dhos | and of the dead |
| Saltillo | Sawl-te-yo Side | hill or fall of table land |
| Buena Vista | Bwey-na Veestah | Pleasant view |
| Las Incantadas | Lahs In can-tah-dhas | Enchanted ground |
| Estanque | Es-than-ke | Artificial pond of water |
| Agua | ag-wah | Water |
| Novia | No-vee-ah | Well, the water of which is drawn out by machinery |
| Agua Nueva | Ag-wah New-ay-vah | New Water |
| San Luis Potosi | San-Lew-is Pto-see | |
| Lobos, (island) | Lobus | Wolf |
| Cerralvo | Sa-rahl-vo | |
| Sierra | See-er-rah | Mountain range |
| San Juan de Ulua | San Whahn da Oo-loo-ah | |
| Vera Cruz | Vay-rah Crooz | True Cross |
| Alvarado | Al-vah-rah-dho | |
| Anton Lizardo | An-ton Lee-sar-dho | Lizard Point |
| Jalapa | hah-lah-pah | Jalap |
| Mexico | May-hee-co | |
| Sacrificios | Sac-ree-feeseohs | Place of Sacrifice |
| Bonita | Bo-nee-tah | Pretty |
| La Vega | Lah- vay-gah | |
| Ampudia | Am-poo-dhe-ah | |
| Mejia | may-hee-ah | |
| Canales | Cah-nah-les | |
| Paredes | Pah-ray-dhes | |
| Gomez Farias | Go-mez Fa-ree-ass |
NNR 72.149 May 8, 1847 Mexican narrative of events at Veracruz
Mexican Narrative of Events at the Heroic City of Vera Cruz, While Besieged
by the American Army.
-Published at Jalapa, 1847.
How horrible is the scene we are attempting briefly to describe! What sympathizing heart can behold it without his eyes filling with the bitterest tears of grief? We would rejoice to conceal from Mexico this event with the origin of our melancholy abandonment, and the causes of such serious and lamentable misfortunes to the country-but we are compelled to announce to the entire world, what was our true position, during those days of barbarous conflict, without any relief, which this city sustained, and her disastrous end.
This description shall explain the cause of this result: the true language the Bulletin ahs issued, which has been the true expression of the sublime sentiments, animating the hearts of the defenders of ill fated Vera Cruz.
Animated and decided, we awaited the enemies of our nationality, after the beautiful youths of Vera Cruz had devoted many months to the daily practice of fire arms, considering themselves capable of repelling the attack and announced assault, which this city was expected to receive, united with the arms of the valiant veterans we possessed, all studied the best plan of defending our walls, which surrounded our own national and constant hearts, sworn never to surrender them with life. When the squadron of the enemy appeared, bearing the invading army, all our points of defence were at once covered with our veterans and the National Guard. From this first moment, the service was constant, with the greatest vigilance-citizens excused by the law, ran to the common defence, and few were found without their gun, to assist; all worked and ate their ration in the line, momently expecting the assault, and, agreeably to their oath, resolved, at he cost of their lives, to defend their families and their country.
But days and dark nights passed, and the enemy did not approach our walls; remaining concealed behind his works, he was not anxious to measure arms with us-nor venture upon an uncertain deed of arms, selecting as was most agreeable to him, and most in accordance with his character, the barbarous manner of assassinating the unoffending and defenceless citizens, by a barbarous bombardment of the city in the most horrible manner, throwing into it 4100 bombs, and an innumerable number of balls of the largest size, during nights and days, directing his first shots to the powder magazine, to the quarter of hospitals of charity, to the hospitals for wounded, and to the points he set afire, where it was believed the public authorities would assemble with persons to put it out; to the bakers' houses designated by their chimnies, and during the night raining over the entire city bombs, whose height was perfectly graduated with the time of explosion, that they might unite in falling, and thus cause the maximum destruction-but such infamous proceedings indicated from the first day the cowardice of the enemy. His first victims were women and children, followed by whole families perishing from the effects of the explosion, or under the ruins of their dwellings. In short time the hospitals were crowded with the wounded, the dead being simultaneously buried-with the exception of those unknown, who could not be taken from under the ruins. The bombs entered the walls of the church of Santo Domingo, killing the unfortunate wounded, frightening away the nurses and doctors; who after arriving with haste and risk at the church of San Francisco and the chapel of the third order, encountered the same dismal fate; as well as at the hospitals of Belen and or Loretto, where it is well ascertained one bomb assassinate nineteen innocent persons. In all quarters perished unfortunate persons, seeking a shelter from this frightful desolation, while the wounded, retaining strength enough to raise themselves, were flying as cripple and sprinkling the streets with their blood.
At the second day of the bombardment, we were without bread or meat, reduced to a ration of beans eaten at midnight beneath a shower of fire, and the light issuing from the projectiles. The citizens had progressively removed to the claleta side, where up to this time less destruction had happened, taking shelter in the streets and entries, in such numbers that there was only room to stand on their feet.-But the third day the enemy alternately scattered their shot, and now every spot was a place of danger. This was the actual condition of the desolate families, suffering so much anguish, without advice, hope, sleep or food, solely engaged in preserving their lives, yet more aggravated by the reflection of the uncertain fate of their sons and brothers, remaining on the fortifications, who in return sympathized with this condition of ther parents, known to be subjected to the explosion of every bomb upon their own habitation. Most of the families whose houses had been destroyed, had lost every thing, all the property remaining to them was the clothes on their backs, because what the flames did not consume, was buried under the ruins. Hndreds of persons, as well as fathers of numerous families of children, heretofore relying upon certain incomes, to-day find themselves without a bed ot lie upon, without covering or clothing to shelter them, and without any victuals.
The principal bake houses no longer existed, no provisions could be had, and we were without any retail shops-the garrison and part of the population feeding upon rice and beans collected by the municipal authorities!!! Let it be remembered that we had been blockaded one year, causing general poverty; that our rich and benevolent men, who could have consoled many and relieved more, were absent, and our real situation can be best ascertained by all those knowing Vera Cruz to live on her commerce, which had been already dead so many months. In the midst of such a multitude of horrors, desolation and sorrow, with the hospitals full of wounded without attendants; the dwellings filled with unburied dead corpses, no food, breaches in the walls, the damage of the strongest and best defended works, with an expiring stack of cannon cartridges, from the constant reply of them for the enemy, the commanding general surrounded with such appeals and misfortunes, felt his courage stimulated, and declared his resolution to defend the post, so long as there remained alive the men to the accomplishment of this object-the officers of the line and the municipal authorities assembled for consultation, and the majority judged it proper to save the lives of the innocent citizens assailed by the enemy, whose death did not improve their condition.
We are yet ignorant of the exact number of our killed and wounded; but by the best data we have obtained, estimate both at not less than one thousand persons. The damage done to dwellings and edifices is five or six millions of dollars, which cannot be repaired for many years.
The French consuls and neutral persons, present against their consent to witness such desolating scenes, eulogize the valor and actions of our defenders and the heroic conduct of this population, suffering so many calamities in a war, so furious, so savage, so atrocious, in which positions of our men confronted death, without fear, suffering without the power of defence or vengeance, witnessing at their sides the destruction of their sons, hearing the shrieks of our wounded and the noise of such destructive fires, without moving from their position. These recollections fill the heart with bitterness, and the details, which we omit, will excite horror when published by better pens. Having been a target during five entire days for six thousand or more projectiles, which separated when they exploded, forming, without counting the stones and rabbish, thrown up, other elements of destruction, to the amount of 2,500,000 shots.
After sustaining this attack, we remain reduced to the most frightful misery, without any one knowing how to-morrow to feed his family.
The good treatment of our illustrious municipality will always be engraved upon our grateful hearts, as well as the noble and generous conduct of the Spanish consul, who sheltered and fed in his house a multitude of suffering women and children, for whose fate and safety he and others have shown the most zealous interest.
On the 26th, the authorities of Vera Cruz hoped that she would merit a conclusion to this work filled with horror, to save from certain death so many sick, wounded and old persons of women and children whose sacrifice, as well as that of the lives of the garrison, was now useless, without increasing the defence, and without postponing the result equally painful, besides augmenting our troubles and our increasing destruction, with the 60 pieces more already prepared by the enemy. But the entire world will be shocked with contempt when they hear, that without our asking any that we had not a right to, and which honor could but concede, the enemy ignobly not only refused to grant what we merited, but desired to force upon us vile conditions, leaving us but a few hours to decide, between disgrace and death, declaring he would destroy that city, and that none of the inhabitants should escape (not event he neutrals) not event he sick and wounded: Incredible declaration on the part of those making it, who at he same time classed us as brave men. What would have been the fate then of cowards?
Thus and thus only were they able to conquer us. Our selection could not be doubtful; death was a thousand times preferable to be encountered I passing before his lines, to join the garrison within Ulloa. A furious norther which stopped all communication with the Castle, allowed the reflection although surmounting these difficulties, our families would remain as a target to these demons of the extermination of our race.
Existing and succeeding nations, after ascertaining the truth of our statements, will do us justice;-and hyena North Americans receive the chastisement and execration of all christians. Such is the belief of my heart, at the time of writing these lines, at 3 o'clock at daylight, the 27th, in the body of the guards at the point we are defending; and within three hours of that death which they have threatened to begin at 6 o'clock in the morning, as a voluntary sacrifice of our lives in defence of our country and national decorum.
To morrow we may not exist to write; but from our graves will arise the spirit of resistance and independence, which is so imperative, and which it seems does not exist in Mexico.
Our blood shall cry for vengeance, on the infamous assassinations maliciously perpetrated on our people. The month of March fixes the epoch of scorn, decay and dissolution of North America; this mixed and prostituted people neglecting the counsels and forgetting the virtues of the immortal George Washington, have sowed with their ambition the seed of their future ruin, by an action beneath the dignity of a civilized people.
We believe the representatives of European nations anticipated our decision: foreseeing the conduct of the enemy, they humanely and generously visited his camp, to demand the rights of humanity, seeing us all at our posts, resolved that the women, children, old people and neutrals should depart from the city before we would yield; leaving us a heap of dead bodies in lieu of Vera Cruz! And- who will credit it?-Scott, in imitation of the wild savage, refused that they should save even the lives of the yet living and foreign neutrals. In despite of the cry of reason, of virtue, of honor, he constructed new batteries. Finally, these consuls undertook to communicate to the captains of the neutrals vessels of war, lying at Sacrificios; but their application under the federal flag was not listened to. Commodore Perry giving orders to "fire on."
These men turned a deaf ear to everything; their conduct was cowardly and infamous; their navy affected to approach to fight to fortifications, flying from the fire of the castle and the battery of Santiago. They did not fight; they only desired to destroy by advantage.
The 27th hardly arrived, when the entire population of women, with children in their arms, and some strangers, waited before the dwellings of the French and Spanish consuls, who by their flags, saved the lives of so many innocents.
In the streets were heard only the sights of grief and the moans of the most affliction: mixed with this multitude were most respectable ladies, asking with tears in their eyes, if it were near 6 o'clock, because the city clock had been destroyed by a bomb; all were anxious to know how soon the time would arrive to save them, all asking aid, to allow them to go out on foot to those ardent sands; in the meantime the ferocious Scott brutally smiled, ridiculing the magnanimity of said consuls, the only representatives of their nations, deprived of all communication with their ministers in Mexico.
The negotiations for an agreement to end these horrors in the meanwhile continued, the commissioners making a great sacrifice of "amour propre," so as to bring the business to such a point as it would be accepted by the garrison; but it was already nine in the morning and nothing was known, and the people moved from the centre streets, loaded with bundles of clothes, feeble, and without nourishment, seeking a gate by which to go out. Some got on board of boats f proceed to neutral vessels of war, and were driven back by the enemy. The civil authorities offered to put themselves at the head of this female squad, and present themselves, unarmed, for Scott to rife upon, or else too permit them to go to the mountains, since he denied honor to men, and life to women.
Now in this situation, everything fell into a chaos of confusion. Mothers ran to the lines, and found their sons: Gen. Morales refusing to sign the capitulation, and not to bear arms, retired in a boat, with the Major of the National Guards, leaving the command to Gen. Landero. The withdrawal of these chieftains increased the confusion, and the turn of this spectacle was to yield to the power of necessity, because it became known the National Guard would not give up their arms, and would yield life rather than do so, disbanding, as was partly the case the preceding night, so soon as the capitulation was talked of. On the morning of the 26th, everything was completed by the commissioners, and ratified by Landero and Scott. The sun of this day was but the lamp of a sepulchre. All we speak of and desire is, to get out of the hateful sight of the Yankees.
[Vera Cruz, 28th March, 1847, at 10 o'clock in the day, at the time of leaving the works where for 12 days we desired to end our lives for our beloved country.] [ANP]
NNR 72.150 May 8, 1847 Gen. Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna's orders found on the Buena Vista battlefield
Order of Gen. Santa Anna.
The following is a translation of a Mexican order found on the battle field of Buena Vista. It is interesting as conveying an accurate idea of Santa Anna's preliminary dispositions.
Several orders of the 20th to the 21st Feb. 1847.
Gen. officer of the day, Don Rafael Vasquez; aids, Col Jose M. Bermudes and lieut. Col. Don Florencio Aspeitia. And for to-morrow, Don Francisco Mejia, general officer of the day; Col. Don Carlos Barito and Lieut. Col. Don Gregoria Elati, aids.
In the morning the army will continue its march, which will commence at 11 o'clock precisely, in the following order:
The 1st, 2d, 3d, and 4th battalions of the light infantry will take the lead, under the order of Gen. Ampudia, so that he may be able to avail himself of all the advantages that the circumstances may require. Immediately after the battalion of sappers, and in its rear, and at the head of the division of infantry of the van, under the orders of General Pacheco, will be placed the company of Sharp Shooters and three pieces of 16's, with their respective artillerists and reserve-as likewise the ammunition, composed of 100 round shot and 100 grape for each piece, and 80 boxes musket ammunition, each containing 9,600 cartridges. Division of infantry of the centre, commanded by Gen. Manuel M. Lombardini, will follow; at the head of this column there will be five 12's, as above named and ammunitioned, and also 80 boxes of musket ammunition. At the head of the division of the rear, commanded by Gen. Ortega, there will be five pieces of 8's, supplied with men and ammunition as above, and also its 80 boxes of musket ammunition, each containing 9,600 cartridges.
The division of cavalry of the rear will follow closely on the last of the infantry, having at their head the "Hussars" and in their rear the general ammunition train, escorted by the brigade of horse artillery. After the ammunition train all the camp followers of all classes, with the baggage of all kinds, laundresses, cooks, &c. it being distinctly understood that no woman will be allowed to mix with the column. The chief in charge of the commissary department is Don Pedro Ravejel, who is also in charge of the baggage train.
His excellency, the general in chief, furthermore orders that he different corps shall to-day receive from the commissary three days' rations for the 21st, 22d and 23d, and that they require the necessary meat this afternoon for the first meal to-morrow morning, which the troops are directed to eat one hour before taking up the line of march; and the second will be taken in their haversacks, to be eaten in the night, wherever they may halt. This last will consist of meat, two biscuits, and half a cake of brown sugar (piloncello), for each man; for on the night of the 21st there will be no fires permitted, neither will there be signal made by any military instruments of music-the movement at early day break on the morning of the 22d having to be made in the most profound silence.
The troops will drink all the water they can before marching, and will take with them, in their canteens or other vessels, all they possibly can carry; they will economize the water all they can, for we shall encamp at night without water, and shall not arrive at it until 12 o'clock on the following day. The chiefs of corps will pay much-much-attention to this last instruction.
Each mule belonging to the ammunition train, and the horses of officers, will receive two rations of corn, which they will take with them, and these will be fed to them to-morrow night at dusk and on the following morning at daybreak. The horses' girts will only be slackened, and the mules will not be unharnessed while they are eating. The light brigade will likewise obey this order on the night of the 21st -only loosing their saddles a little. The horse and mules will all be taken to water before commencing the march.
Each division will take with it its respective medical staff, hospital attendant, medicines, as regulated by the medical inspector general.
The chaplain I chief will provide each division with its chaplain. He will also, as to morrow is a Feast Day, order mass to be said at 5 o'clock in front of the position occupied by the van guard; at 7 o'clock in front of the centre; at 8 o'clock in front of the rear guard; and at 9 o'clock in front of the division of cavalry.
Gen. Don Francisco Perez is ordered to be recognized as second in command to Gen. Lombardini, and Gen. Don Luis Guzman as second to General Ortega.
To facilitate the duties of the conductor general of the baggage train, the cavalry of Celaza and all the presidial troops are hereby placed under his command.
His excellency the general in chief recommends to every officer punctual compliance with and obedience to each and every part of this his general order
By order of his excellency,
Manuel Micheltorena,
Chief of the general staff.
Translated literally from the order book of the 8th company of the permanent regular Cuirassiers, found on the battle ground of Buena Vista, February 23, 1847 by
Chas. W. Davis,Capt. And A. Q. M. U.S.A.
[We know not the poetizer that thus condenses the report of Santa Anna to the Mexican minister of war the battle of Buena Vista.]Your excellency, we've won the day,
My "heroes" fought amid the fray,
And whipped the Yankees without pay,
And then - we ran away.]
NNR 72.150 May 8, 1847 Gen. Winfield Scott's proclamation to the people of Mexico
MAJOR GENERAL SCOTT'S PROCLAMATION.
Headquarters of the army, Vera Cruz, April 11, 1847.
Major Gen. Scott, general in chief of the armies of the United States of America, to the good people of Mexico:
Mexicans!--At the head of a powerful army, soon to be doubled-a part of which is advancing upon your capital-and with another army with Major Gen. Taylor, in march from Saltillo towards San Luis Potosi-I think myself called upon to address you.
Mexicans--Americans are not your enemies, but the enemies, for a time, of those men who, a year ago, misgoverned you, and brought about this unnatural war between two great republics.We are the friends of the peaceful inhabitants of the country we occupy, and the friends of your holy religion, its hierarchy and its priesthood.The same church is found in all parts of our own country, crowded with devout Catholics, and respected by our government, laws and people.
For the church of Mexico, the unoffending inhabitants of the country, and their property, I have from the first done everything in my power to place them under the safeguard of martial law against the few bad men in this army.
My orders, to that effect, known to all, are precise and rigorous.Under them, several Americans have already been punished, by fine, for the benefit of Mexicans, besides imprisonment, and one, for a rape has been hung by the neck.
Is this not a proof of good faith and energetic discipline?Other proofs shall be given as often as injuries to Mexicans may be detected.
On the other hand, injuries committed by individuals, or parties of Mexico, not belonging to the public forces, upon individuals, small parties, trains of wagons and teams, or of pack mules; or any other person or property belonging to this army, contrary to the laws of war-shall be punished with rigor; or if the particular offenders be not delivered up by Mexican authorities, the punishment shall fall upon entire cities, towns or neighborhoods.
Let, then, all good Mexicans remain at home, or at their peaceful occupation, but they are invited to bring in, for sale, horses, mules, beef, cattle, corn, barley, wheat, flour for bread, and vegetables.Cash will be paid for every thing this army may take and purchase, and protection will be given to all sellers.The Americans are strong enough to offer these insurances-which, should Mexicans wisely accept this war may soon be happily ended, to the honor and advantage of both belligerents.Then the Americans, having converted enemies into friends, will be happy to take leave of Mexico and return to their own country.
WINFIELD SCOTT.
[ANP]
NNR 72.151 May 8, 1847 A Picnic at Tampico
A correspondent of the Spirit of the Times says: "On the 4th ult. a party was given by some officers as a slight return for the pleasure they had experienced at the delightful party given them by the amiable lady of the German consul. It was deemed extremely doubtful whether the Mexican ladies could be prevailed to join us. A gentleman well acquainted with them, kindly took the matter in hand, and reported that he believed the affair perfectly practicable. It was decided that it should be a steamboat excursion up the Panuco. The United States steamer Mary Summers was kindly placed at their disposal, and every thing that could possibly be desired was placed on board of her by the energy and taste of the accomplished Captain M----, of the 1st artillery. Just consider the neat little steamboat lying at the wharf, steam up, and tastefully decorated with flags.
At 3 o'clock the ladies and their gentlemen friends commenced assembling. In a very short time we had twenty-five ladies ---with one exception they were either foreigners or Mexicans, and all ladies. The band of the 2d artillery accompanied us. Great anxiety was expressed about the arrival of General S. who was one of the principal persons in getting up the affair; it was his popularity combined with all of the principal families, which induced so many to honor us. The hour arrived- but no Gen. S. Some little anxiety was manifested by our fair friends - the boat was detained. At last much to our regret, apologies had to be made, and we took our departure.
The company had assembled on the hurricane deck-a crowd had collected on the wharf - and, as we shoved off, the band struck p a lively air. I then had time to look around me and take a peep at our fair and trusting visitors. Delicacy forbids that I should individualize, but there was one dark eyed Senora, with true Mexican complexion who attracted universal attention. Her soft drooping black eyes, fine contour of features, and stately form were the subject of admiration. Our interesting her was increased when we were told that she was destined to early widowhood. Her husband, poor fellow, was fast dying with consumption. But few of the ladies could talk English, and I was therefore afraid the affair would go out stiffly.
Before we had gone five miles, partners were called for a quadrille. The ice was broken; the magic of happiness which ever hangs o'er the movements of dance, immediately communicated itself to our fair guests. Eyes that were dull now sparkled- the [illegible] were assured- and all seemed to say, "we have come for amusement, and whether with enemies or friends, we are determined to have it." The graceful waltz took the place of the quadrille. I sat in the stern if the boat and contemplated the scene; it was one that could not but be viewed with the greatest interest. Here we were in the enemy's country- the fair Mexicans confiding in our honor, were unhesitatingly trusting themselves in the waltz with officers commanding troops opposed to their countrymen. A lady expressed herself to me, "that when it was proposed she had not the remotest idea that it would come[illegible]" This pleasant reunion cannot but have a happy effect socially and politically; it brings us together, and it is only by association that we can be known; they will see that we are not the "barbarian," as represented, but, like themselves are gay and light hearted, and even dance to the "merry castanet."
Stately and rapidly moved the steamer- the graceful and happy couples whirled away in the waltz-the music stole softly o'er the broad and placid rubber, and the deep green woods re-echoed sounds of happiness. I was lost in the quiet tranquil beauty of the scene- was reflecting how soon these graceful arms which now supported beauty, those manly forms might "bite the dust," when my dream was disturbed by the cry of the, "brick yard!" Sure enough there it was, in the elbow of the river. We had sailed 22 miles, scarcely being aware of it.
We soon reached there, and the boat was fastened at the landing, It had been arranged we should sail to the brick yard, and there complete the frolic by dancing at the house of the hospitable owner, who, by the way, was an American. Just as we were going on the shore, a canoe shoved out from the landing, and was paddled up the stream. Seated in it under a cover of raw hides, was a mother and two beautiful girls. They had left the city in the morning, and were on their way to some village of the Panuco.- All explained-"Stop them, and have them join in the festivities!" Every effort was made, but without success.
We all disembarked, and promenaded around the gentlemen's garden, and then betook ourselves to the house; it was quite capacious. With M's usual energy and management, a room was soon prepared for our dancing; our empty bottles served as candlesticks. Having had the precaution o bring a box of candles, the room was brilliantly illuminated. By this time we were on the nest kind of terms with all, and the dance commenced with renewed glee. Few quadrilles were dances- they are devoted to the waltz and the contre dance, which is a happy combination of the two; the figures of the latter dance are beautiful; even the polka was danced. For the first time in five years I waltzed the whole evening. There is no such thing as an appropriate or monopoly of the belle. During the waltz, if a gentleman wishes to waltz with any particular lady, he signifies his wish, and his partner immediately resigns her. You waltz with her two or three times round, and then return her to her partner. It is a delightful and sensible custom, and, id only introduced into the states, might be conductive to much more sociability and kindness of feeling and prune off a little selfishness of the monopoly of a belle by a few, to the exclusion of many, and probably more ardent admirers.
At eight o'clock a most excellent supper was set on board the boat, to which the ladies were ushered by a march. Sociability, happiness, and confidence reigned throughout, and amidst the exhilaration of champagne we returned to the dance. Whether bright eyes were really brighter, and fair forms fairer, I knew not; but yet they seemed so, as with renewed joy the dance commenced.
Amid a happy dance the steamboat bell tolled the hour of return; we embarked upon the placid river, and, to the sound of music, glided rapidly to the city. The moon, most unfortunately, had been obscured, but she deigned one smile upon us, as if in approbation of the scene. We landed at the wharf, with the band playing, at 12 o'clock; and our fair guests retired to their homes, apparently gratified with their trip. It is to be hoped no matter where the fortunes of war carry is, that the memory of the Brick Yard Pick Nic, given by the American officers to the ladies of Tampico, will ever be fresh. So much for picnics. [KAM]
NNR 72.151 May 8, 1847 Gen. Zachary Taylor's official report on efforts to re-open communications with Camargo
OFFICIAL. Letters have just been received at the war department from General Taylor.The last bears date on the 28th of March.A previous letter runs as follows; and it pays the proper tribute to the gallant conduct of Col. Morgan, of the Ohio volunteers;
Headquarters of the Army, Camp near Monterey, March 22, 1847.
SIR: I deem it my duty to report somewhat more I detail the occurrences attending the interruption of our line of communication with Camargo, and the service recently rendered by troops on that line.
Pursuant to previous orders, issued before the advance of the enemy upon Saltillo became known, the 2d Ohio regiment had occupied three points of the line--Col. Morgan, with--companies, taking post at Seralvo, Lieut. Colonel Irvin, with three at Marin, and Major Wall with--at Punta Aguada. On the 21st of February, Col. Morgan was ordered to concentrate his regiment, and move forward to Monterey.The enemy had already begun to infest the road, but Col. Morgan, who received the order on the night of the 23d, was able to bring up Major Wall's command and march the next morning.
On the road he was advised that a train on its way from Monterey had been attacked that day (24th) near Ramas, and the escort and drivers, with a few exceptions, killed or made prisoners.On the morning of the 25th, Colonel Morgan was joined by twenty-five drivers and wagon masters, who had fled into the hills and escaped the fate of their companions.--[On reaching the scene of the disasters, he found the drivers horribly mutilated, and several bodies thrown into the flames of the burning wagons.] Finding no wounded, the march was continued to Marin, which was fond to be almost deserted. The enemy's cavalry, underGen. Urrea, had been before Marin for two days, and several skirmishes had taken place between them and Lieut. Col. Irvin's command. The arrival from Monterey of a reinforcement of infantry nd two field pieces under Maj. Shepard, (1st Kentucky regiment) had been surrounded and captured.
At 12 o'clock at night Col. Morgan resumed his march and met the enemy near Agua Fria. Forming his command in square, and marching in that order he continued to San Francisco, hving on the road several encounters with the enemy, who attempted to break his formation. From San Francisco a messenger was dispatched to Lieut. Col. Irvin, then encamped at this place, who promptly took up the march, and, with two pieces of artillery, joined Col. Morgan at 11 o'clock, a.m. The enemy, who had in the meantime continued his attacks, now made a final effort, but after a sharp action of a few minutes was driven back, and retreated from the field.
The loss of Col. Morgan'scommand in these affairs was three Americans and one friendly Mexican killed, one wagoner mortally, and one soldier slightly wounded. The enemy is supposed to have sustained a considerable loss, but from the nature of the engagement, its amont could not be ascertained.We have to lament the fall of Captain B. F. Graham, assistant quartermaster in the volunteer service, who was killed in the action after behaving in the most gallant manner.
I would recommend to particular notice the gallant conduct and energy of Col. Morgan throughout these operations. Lieut. Col. Irvin, Major Wall, and Adjutant Joline, 2d Ohio regiment, and Maj. Shepherd, are also entitled to notice for good conduct and valuable services.
I am, sir, very respectfully, your obedient servant,
Z. TAYLOR,
Major Gen. U.S. army commanding.
The adjt. Gen. of the army, Washington, D. C.
[ANP]
NNR 72.151 May 8, 1847 rumor of Gen. Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna in force between Veracruz and Jalapa
From the Vera Cruz Eagle of the 13 April.
Santa Anna-Again must we appear before our readers without having any positive information as to the doings and whereabouts of the enemy. Rumor, in the meantime, is rife with news, and we must, perforce, set down to her account many things, which, however much we may believe them, we dare not give to the public as veritable. One of the most important outgivings up to this time, is, that Santa Anna , seconded by La Vega, and a force of near 12,000 strong, has taken a position between this and Jalapa, which is said by those familiar with the country, to be very strong.
This report we find very generally believed by many officers of the army, and by the citizens of the place. [ANP]
NNR 72.151 May 8, 1847 Plot discovered among Mexicans at Tampico
Some day last week a number of Mexicans were discovered in the act of inciting the citizens of Tampico to revolt and drive the Americans from the place. We are not advised of the particulars, but learn that Col. Gates banished them from the city, forbidding their return under penalty of death. [KAM]
NNR 72.151 May 8, 1847 Cleaning of San Juan de Ulloa
The castle of San Juan de Uloa has undergone a thorough cleansing throughout, making it approach much nearer a place in which an American soldier ought to reside. We are informed that a more filthy place could scarcely be imagined at the time our troops took possession. [KAM]
NNR 72.151-72.152 May 8 , 1847 breaking up of general headquarters at Veracruz
Breaking up of general headquarters. Yesterday evening at five o'clock, Gen. Scott and his staff left their quarters in the Plaza, and started for Jalapas. They were , and will probably be up with Gen. Twiggs, of the advance, in two or three days. [ANP]
NNR 72.152 May 8, 1847 Alvarado Opened
The port of Alvarado, which has been closed for several months, is now open to our commerce, and to all the neutral vessels not having on board articles contraband of war.
-It appears that there was at Alvarado when the place surrendered to Lieut. Hunter, sixty pieces of heavy cannon; all serviceable and in fine order except three. [KAM]
NNR 72.152 May 8, 1847 Gen. Zachary Taylor's proclamation to the inhabitants of Tamaulipas, Nueva Leon, and Coahuila about losses by banditti
GEN. TAYLOR-MEXICAN BANDITTI.
The general in chief of the American forces to the inhabitants of Tamualipas, Nueva Leon, and Coahuila
When the American troops first crossed the frontier and entered the above states, it was with the intention, and publicly declared to you, of making war, not upon the peaceful citizens of the soil, but upon the central government of the republic, with aview to obtain an early and honorable peace.
The undersigned was authorized by his government to levy contributions upon the people for the support of his army; but, unwilling to throw the heavy burden of war upon those who, with few exceptions, manifested a neutral disposition, he has continued first to pay punctually and liberally for all supplies drawn from the country for the support of his troops.
He has used every effort to cause the war to bear lightly upon the people of these states, and he had hoped by this means, to retain their confidence and to assure their neutrality in the strife between his government and their neutrality in the strife between his government and that of Mexico; but he regrets to say that his kindness has not been appreciated but has been met by acts of hostility and plunder.The citizens of the country, instead of pursuing their avocations quietly at home, have, in armed bands, waylaid roads and under the direction and with the support of government troops, have destroyed trains and murdered drivers under circumstances of atrocity which disgrace humanity.
The lives of those who were thus wantonly put to death cannot be restored; but the undersigned requires from the people of the country an identification for the loss sustained by the destruction of the - (Illegible); and the pillage of their contents.To that end an estimate will be made by the proper officers of the entire loss, and this loss must made good, either in money or in the products of the country by the community at large, of the states of Tamaulipas, New Leon, and Coahuila each district of juzgado paying its just proportion.
It is expected that the rich will bear their full share.-And the undersigned calls upon all good citizens to remain absolutiely neutral, and to give no countenance to the bands which infest the country for the purpose of murder and pillage.It is his anxious desire to continue the same policy as heretofore, and he trusts that he course of the citizens will enable him to do so.
Z. TAYLOR, Major Gen. U.S. Army.
Headquarters at Monterey, March 31, 1847.
[ANP]
NNR 72.152 May 8, 1847 Order exempting foreign goods to be re-shipped to Mexico from the American tariff
Denis Prieur, collector of customs at New Orleans, has received instructions from Washington to allow all merchandise liable to foreign duties to be shipped to the Mexican ports occupied to our troops without paying the foreign duties under our tariff. [KAM]
NNR 72.152-153 May 8, 1847 American Plan to demand a right of way across Mexico from ocean to ocean
The secretary of the treasury proposes that the United States should require Mexico the right to cross the Mexican Isthmus from the Gulf of the Pacific.- In this connection, it is said, that the steamer Polk has sailed from Norfolk for Huassacualo, in the bay of Campeachy . She takes out an armament for the purpose of taking occupation of that port. She is to make a complete survey of the coast in the neighborhood of the Isthmus, with a view to its occupation, preparatory to the opening if a ship canal across to Tehuantepee. [KAM]
NNR 72.155-72.158 May 8, 1847 campaign of Gen. John Ellis Wool's command, actions at the Battle of Buena Vista
The Campaign of Gen. Wool,
And the Battle of Buena Vista.
We remarked at the commencement of the war with Mexico, that the incidents of no war of the same extent since the world has been peopled, ever have been so accurately and so universally known as those of this war would be. The reason is obvious;-nearly every soldier in the ranks of our army is capable of writing an account of what he sees, hears, or does-and we have spread over the Union, a newspaper for every platoon of which the army is composed to speed to the four winds of heaven whatever is written.
The following rapid and truly graphic description of the march of General Wool's division of the army, and his junction with General Taylor, and of the subsequent battle of Buena Vista, written by a person who belongs to the 2d Illinois regiment of volunteers, under General Wool-is as vivid and distinct a picture as was ever sketched by the pen of a historian.
The reference which the writer of the letter makes to his associate and fellow private in the ranks of the Illinois regiment, Alexander Konze, the accomplished young German whose character is sketched in such simple unaffected language, furnishes proof at once of the character of the individuals that contribute largely to compose an army from this republic. The elite, the inspired of all lands, seek a home in ours. Konze came from Wisconsin to join the Illinois regiment at Alton, says his friend, "that he might serve the country whose constitution he respected before all other systems of government, and to gratify his curiosity in a new mode of life, by seeing Mexico, and observing, as he did with a philosophic eye, the character of her people and institutions." Such men amalgamated at once with the mass of kindred spirits here, bringing with them and diffusing their own acquirements and tastes in exchange for ours. His fate is told. Who can read it without deploring,-and the sigh deepens at the reflection, that many as brave, as timable a man, felt amongst the dead of that battle field, whose taste will never be told. Whose moments History will neglect to rear. "While awaiting upon the field," says the writer, "on the night of the twenty-third o February, the renewal of the attack by Santa Anna, the thought was most consolatory to several of his comrades, that death on the next day might make them companions of Miltiades, of Socrates, and of Konze." "Such is the language, without the least appearance of affection, of a private soldier speaking of a group of soldiers around the camp fire a t the close of a terrific conflict which had lasted all day, and which the next days' dawn, it was expected, would renew.-These soldiers, with hearts saddened by the loss of a beloved comrade, yet glowing with a sublime patriotism which placed them in communion with the heroic spirits of antiquity, could speak of death, and await it, not only with composure, but with a serene satisfaction, because of the noble fellowship it proffered them in another world."
From the correspondent of the Boston Evening Post.
Camp at Buena Vista, Coahuila, Mexico,
March 22, 1847.
I seize the first opportunity afforded since the battle of Buena Vista, of writing you from the field, an account of the more recent operations of General Taylor's army, including that of General Wool heretofore known as the centre division. The official details of the battle are, I suppose, already published in the states and made familiar to you; but you must be ignorant of many occurrences of great interest, precedent and subsequent to that memorable event.
General Wool landed from the gulf on the 2d of August last, at La Vaca, Texas, with the first and second regiments of Illinois foot, commanded Cols. John J. Hardin and Wm. H. Bissell, and soon after took up the march for San Antonio de Bexar, one hundred and fifty miles to the north. Here he was joined by Col. Yell's mounted regiment from Arkansas, and by that of Col. Marshall, of Kentucky; by Capt. Washington's well drilled company of flying artillery, eight pieces, from Carlisle in Pennsylvania and by major Bounneville's battalion of regular infantry. Col. Harney, with four companies of dragoons, was also attached to this division. General Wool displayed great activity in organizing his army and putting the commissariat in the finest possible condition. Sugar and coffee of the best quality have always been a part of his soldier's daily diet. No army was ever better provided that this with all the munitions and appliances of war, if we except the quality of the powder which the government, by some most culpable agents furnished to us, the infantry, for the day of battle,-an article far inferior to that of English manufacture, used by the Mexican soldiers. The tow months passed in this delightful region, were well spent in drilling for active service. On the 26th of September, two days after the capitulation of Monterey, the advance under Colonel Harney marched for the Rio Grande followed soon after by General Wool, who left Colonel Churchill, the inspector, and Colonel Bissell to bring up the rear, as they began to do on the 14th of October. The whole army, at this time, was two thousand six hundred strong. We of the advance, marched to the Rio Grande, two hundred miles in twelve days, resting one, for General Wool to join us.
As I can only approximate to accuracy, I shall use round numbers in mentioning distances and the population of towns. Crossing the present boundary between our country and Mexico, on the 12th day of October, we set foot on the soil of the enemy.-Thence we marched a distance of four hundred miles to the city of Parras, on the southwestern confines of this state and near to a lake of the same name, passing through and taking peaceable posession in our circuitous route of the cities of Presidio del Rio Grande, Nava, San Fernando, Santa Rosa, Monclova, the ancient capital of this state and Parras, which we reached on the 6th December ult. These cities contain, each, a population of from five to fifteen thousand should, except Nava, which numbers about two thousand. Monclova and Parras are quite wealthy and exhibit fine specimens of Spanish art and refinement. We spent some time at nearly all of them, with pleasure and profit, viewing much of Mexican manners and customs and enjoying an apparently cordial intercourse with the citizens. Our line of march carried us through a great variety of scenery, marked after three days progress in Mexico, by high and barren mountains to the south and west, covered with traces of rich ores; by sterile plains and table lands, scantily supplied, in the dry season, with water; and in the interior by beautiful fertile valleys embosoming the quiet Mexican cities, towns, and haciendas, and surrounded in the hazy distance by clout capt mountains, covered with cedar. You are acquainted with Illinois, and can form some idea of Mexico, as I saw it for six hundred miles, by imagining the Prairie state elevated 50 thousand feet, and made somewhat more broken and undulating with craggy rocky mountains covering from one to two thousand feet above the plains, taking the place of the groves and intersecting the face of the country in all directions. But it is only by actual vision that you can adequately estimate the grand though uninviting picture of lonely desolation; the inhospitable sterility that met the wearied eye of the soldier in his toilsome, thirsty marches, and often made him wish, in his vexation, that an earthquake had sunk the country which he was sent to conquer.
The country bordering the Rio Grande where we crossed it, and for a considerable distance into Mexico, west and south, is low, level, very fertile and well watered by streams or irrigating canals. It already supports a large population, and contains the cities of Presidio, Nava, and San Fernando; the last two, situated forty and fifty miles west of the river, struck me as quite flourishing.
The land between the Nueces and the Rio Grande, for nearly a hundred miles, except a few fertile prairies, is divided into sandy deserts and marshychaparrals, almost as difficult of access as the jungles of India. It will be the haunt only of savages and wild beasts for many generations, if not forever. Personal observation satisfied me that senator Benton was right when he pronounced the Nueces, the most profitable western boundary of Texas. Of the country east of this river, of which I saw much, I must say, as of Texas generally, with her rolling prairies, and crystal streams, that here I beheld the future France of America-a land destined to bloom with "the olive and myrtle, the cedar and vine," and to flow even in our own time with mile and honey.
The effect of our long marching, of the strict discipline enforced by our general, and of the exercise taken in drill was most salutary upon the health of the army. After a professional and sedentary life in the bilious atmosphere of the Mississippi, the campaigning had a most renovating effect. The army lay encamped at Monclaova three weeks, during which period our rear came up, and Gen. Wool was ordered to co-operate with General Taylor at Monterey, instead of marching upon Chihuahua, which up to this time had been our destination. Eleven days brought us to Parras, two hundred miles farther into the country, where supplies were abundant.-Here we lay in camp eleven days, in friendly intercourse with the people, of whom many are snot destitute of moral worth and intelligence. The American sharpers among them, soi-distant gentlemen, engaged in trade and marrying fortunes, struck me with more disgust than the most degraded Mexicans. Many of the better classes of natives commanded my highest esteem. One Don Manuel Yvarra, who was educated in the United States, found some old friends in the army, and treated us with a hospitality commensurate with his great wealth. His position was fixed in neutrality, by his intelligence, his prudence, by respect for American character and institutions, sympathy with his countrymen, and by an unleigned aversion from his own rulers, the demagogues in the city of Mexico. Santa Anna has assessed his contribution for the army at sixty dollars per week. His reply was, "come with your army and take it." But these halycon days soon passed over our heads, and more stirring scenes were at hand. General Worth, who lay at Saltillo, one hundred and twenty miles north of east from us, with a thousand regulars, on the 16th of December received intelligence which he credited, that Santa Anna was within three days' march of him with 30,000 men, and was advancing. He despatched expresses to Monterey and Parras for aid, promising to hold out one day against any force, and requesting us to reinforce him on the fourth day. General Taylor had gone to Victoria, but General Lane hastened to Saltillo with two regiments. General Wool received the news in the evening of the 17th, and in less than two hours the whole army was on the march. On the 21st we reinforced Worth but no enemy was present. For three nights i succession on this march, which we accomplished in three days and a half, the army was roused at one o'clock in the morning to resume the advance. The cavalry and artillery called us the sleep-walkers, and complained that we were killing off their horses. The spirit displayed by the men, their alacrity, cheerfulness, and patience, were most admirable. Expecting, as they did, to meet the enemy every hour, their demeanor inspired the staff and all other officers with confidence in the result. Volunteers as they were, and, as compared with regulars, but imperfectly disciplined, they suddenly assumed a bearing and readiness in obeying orders, nor altogether unworthy the old guard of Napoleon. This march was a fitting prelude to the battle of Buena Vista. On the 21st of December, we sat down at Agua Nueva, a small rancho or town, twenty-one miles south of Saltillo, and near the great pass in the mountain leading to San Luis Potosi, the seat of the Mexican power. Here we pased Chritmas, watchign the appearance of the enemy in this pass and two smaller ones, a few miles distant on each side of us.-New year's day was spent at Encantada nine miles nearer to Saltillo; we still watching however, and enjoying the luxury of frequent false alarms.-We soon after took up our fighting position at the Rancho, or Ranch, of Buena Vista, five miles from the city, and prepared to defend the pass two miles in advance of our camp. It is said that Colonel Hardin is entitled to the honor of having first suggested this strong position for a stand against the enemy.
In the meantime, General Taylor had hastened back to Monterey, and was concentrating all the forces at his command, either to receive the attack or to make it himself. General Scott, however, chose that he should receive it. Early in January, General Worth was detached, with his division, from Taylor, and joined to Scott at Tampico. Not content with taking this and General Patterson's command at Matamoros, Scott, broke into our division, the marching column, and drew off to himself Colonel Harney, with two companies of dragoons, and Major Bonneville's battalion of four companies, leaving Wool an army of volunteers, exclusively, if you except Captain Washington's battery, which last, even he had the modesty to request for his own use.
I should have stated before that General Shields, with a body guard, left us at Monclova, in great disgust with matters and things in the "sleeping division," saying we should see no enemy, and that the "old man would deep us gathering up provisions." I am informed that he sent off his aid, G. T. M. Davis, to Monterey, and thence to Washington with despatches, which were mentioned in the papers as coming from General Wool, but of which General Wool denies all knowledge; also, that he was very desirous of supplanting the old man in this command; of all which I have not he least doubt. Wool had alienated many good officers from him, by his 'curst' manner towards them, which was rougher with officers even than with privates.-Among these was Colonel Harney and Major Bonneville, who doubtless received with joy the order sending them to Scott. General Shields thought he saw in these bickerings alone the road between the chief and his colleagues, a fine opportunity to become chief himself, and fanned the flame of mischief with Machiavellian art. We saw him depart without regret, disgusted as most of us were at his fulsome electioneering with the rank and file, and his vain, self-seeking, unscrupulous ambition.
Of Wool, the best language that can be used is his own conduct at Queenston Heights and Buena Vista, and I shall let it speak for him; with the simple remark that his worst faults lean to the side of rigid discipline, and proceeding from the head, have no place in the heart, which is sound to the core.
Our general was encamped on the 5th ult., with Colonel Bissell and Captain Washington, on the heights above and to the south of Saltillo, the rest of the army being distributed through the valley, still watching the passes to San Luis, when he who is called by his devoted soldiers Old Rough and Ready, came up with Bragg's and Sherman's batteries and Colonel Davis' Mississippi regiment. He expressed great satisfaction and pleasure with our discipline and the manner in which General Wool had "brought us up." By command of General Worth, Gen. Lane with his Indianians, and Lieut. Kingsbury, had built a very good fort on the heights of Saltillo, and in it Capt. Webster's two twenty-four pound howitzers, with smaller pieces, were place and commanded every building in the city below as well as the whole plain from mountain to mountain, east and west.
On the 8th of February, the whole army with General Taylor, except four companies of Illinois, left to guard the town, lay in camp at Agua Nueva, and here our generals patiently awaited the arrival of new levies, which they hoped would make their forces ten thousand strong, and forty days' provisions, to enable us to march for Santa Anna's stronghold, San Luis Potosi, three hundred miles south of Saltillo. General Taylor expected to be ready for the march on the first of April. But for a long time the signs had been thickening, that he Mexican dictator was aiming a blow at us, the Voluntarios, as composed of more conquerable stuff than the regulars under Scott. On the 22d of January, Majors Borland and Gaines, Capt. C. M. Clay and Lieut. Davidson with eighty men, were at Incarnacion, sixty miles from Saltillo, on the San Luis road, scouting, when they were suddenly surrounded in the night by three thousand lancers under General Minion, taken prisoners in the morning, and marched off for the city of Mexico. Soon after this, Capt. Eddy, of Kentucky with seventeen men on picket guard, was captured in the same manner-a manner little creditable to soldiers.
Our pickets wer several times driven in, and the enemy's cavalry frequently hovered around us on the south and east, to cut off small parties. Many of the citizens suddenly became sullen over the Americanos, who had scattered money among them with so lavish a hand. Three men wer mising out of the Arkansas regiment, one of whom was found on the 9th ult., near the camp, dead, with a lasso around his neck, and presenting a horrid spectacle. For this act of an unknown criminal, a few comrades of the deceased, on the next day, took a frantic and senseless revenge, by shooting down in cold blood about thirty unarmed Mexicans, who, with their families, had abandoned the Ranch, and were living in the mountains under cover of trees and bushes to cut wood as they said, for sale in our camp. Some Illinois infantry saved the greater part of these poor people from massacre. Generals Taylor and Wool were greatly enraged at the act, and branded it in general orders as a cruel and cowardly outrage.-Meanwhile a black cloud was gathering up from San Luis, soon to burst upon our heads in storm and thunder. On the 20th ult. Colonel May, Captain Howard, and Lieutenant O'Brien, with a scouting party at Idionda, twenty-five miles southeast, took a Mexican, who said that Santa Anna was advancing upon us from Incarnacion. They came into camp early on the morning of the 21st, with this intelligence, which many things conspired to stamp with truth. Having breakfasted, the army leisurely retreated to Buena Vista, fourteen miles, and there took position. All the infantry except Colonel Hardin, who remained in the centre of our line at the pass of Buena Vista, encamped at the Ranch, whither our wagons, which had returned to Agua Nueva for the rest of our provisions in camp, came back in the night with hot haste. Colonel Yell, by order of General Taylor, had remained there until near night, when he was attacked by the advanced guard of the enemy. Destroying such provisions and wagons as he could not carry off, he retired to our position. On the next day the birth day of Washington, in the morning, Colonels Bissell and McKee, with their respective regiments, and Gen. Lane with his brigade, marched out to meet ht enemy. We left our tents standing, and our baggage and provisions, which were in the Ranch, unguarded, except by teamsters, and one man more, Major Roman, commissary. Our force on the field varied little from four thousand, as all concur in stating. The mountains on each side of our position stand two miles apart, and are high and difficult of ascent. Our flanks rested upon them. The centre occupied the road, with Washington's battery behind a slight breastwork of earth; above, a little on the left and in advance of which, Colonel Hardin was posted, on a high conical hill, behind a low breastwork of stone. His office was to guard this battery on the road below. On a level with this hill to the left was an elevated plain or table land, terminating at the road in high bluffs, and cut up in front and rear of our line, as well as on its right, by very deep, wide ravines, dry, with sloping sides, and running for the most part at right angles with the mountain, and parallel with our line of battle. Here was our left wing. Our right was posted on a low alluvion, cut up in nearly all directions by deep precipitous ravines, now dry, which in the rainy season receive and convey the mountain torrents. This low ground was commanded as far as the mountain, and could be swept by our cannon on the rod. Near to and out parallel with the mountain of the right, a creek with high and perpendicular banks ran to the north, between which and the mountain, the Kentuckians of Colonel McKee, with two of Bragg's cannon, were posted on the 22d, and remained there till the morning of the 23d, when, finding nothing to do on the right, they abandoned this position and rushed into the battle, then raging on our left.
It became evident on the 22d, that the high plain was to be the principal field of battle. Most of that day was spent by Santa Anna in throwing a large force of infantry, under General Ampudia, to the mountain to our left, for the purpose of gaining our rear. At four o'clock P.M. of the 22d the battle began, with a cannonade on our right and centre, followed soon after by a sharp engagement in the mountain to our left, between Kentucky riflemen from Col. Marshall's mounted regiment, and the flankers of Ampudia, at least three thousand strong. The mountain sides to the top seemed alive with the enemy, whose bright English muskets glistened in the rays of the setting sun.
Night came and all was still, save the hum of voices from the two opposing armies bivouacked within musket shot of each other. Had our forces been a little larger, that night would have seen the destruction of Santa Anna's army. But our only safety lay in an obstinate defence of our position.-Early in the morning of the 23d the ball opened.-The 2d of Illinois, Colonel Bissell, occupied the right of the plain, his right resting on the head of a ravine, and well guarded by Brigg's and Sherman's artillery. On his left were O'Brian's three pieces, detached from Washington's battery, and still further to our left, next to the mountain, stood the 2d of Indiana, Colonel Bowles, with General Lane and his staff. The 3d of Indiana, Colonel Lane and Colonel Davis' well tried Mississippians, were held in reserve. Behind our line and sheltered by a ravine from the heavy artillery of the enemy, (much heavier than ours,) was our cavalry. The battle today was opened by our riflemen in the mountains, who renewed the attack which they commenced the evening before. To their assistance was soon sent the rifle battalion of the 2d Illinois, three companies under Maj. Trail. Here the blows of our men were soon felt by the enemy who stood at bay, at a respectful distance from their rifles.
The main force of Santa Anna soon advanced against us on the plain, while their artillery played upon our ranks on the left. The infantry came on in admirable order, crossing one deep ravine after another in our front, and deploying out of them into line, with a regularity that excited our admiration, and must have struck the fancy of our two regular generals. Their eight columns of regiments, advancing in line, looked formidable indeed. As the enemy rose our of the first ravine in our front, they opened their fire upon us of the 2d Illinois, which we received some time without returning, and advanced a short way in it; but which, when we did return it, quickly slackened. The ranks immediately before us soon staggered under our fire, and were ripe for each charge of bayonets by us, when the 2d Indiana, on our left, was seen in base, inglorious flight. General Lane and his aid, Mr. Robinson, strove in vain to rally them. The general had, just before this disgraceful rout, replied to an officer who suggested a retreat,-"Retreat! No; I will charge them with the bayonet." Many of this "flying infantry" ran to the Ranch, many to town, and some, the bearers of ill tidings, may have run, for ought I know, to the United States. The enemy now charged O'Brian's guns, of which they took one, and our left being turned, were concentrating their fire upon our single regiment with destructive effect. By command of Col. Churchill, Col. Bissell ordered his ranks to cease firing and retreat to the ravine in our rear, which order was several times repeated amidst the rattling volleys before it could be heard and obeyed. Rallying out of the ravine to the right behind the artillery, which was now ploughing through the advancing columns of the enemy, we quickly joined the Kenuckians under Col. McKee, and with them drove back the enemy's left with slaughter into the ravines, where many of them were killed and wounded. But on our left the enemy were citorious, and were fast pushing into our rear. Their flankers in the mountain rushed forward to surround our riflemen, and the swarms of lancers driving before them the Arkansas cavalry, whom Col. Yell in vain called upon that adjured to follow him to the charge.
Our brave skirmishers from the mountains were on the point of being exterminated, when Cols Yell and Marshall, with a few companies and the dragoons of Captain Stern's squadron, slightly checked the career of the lancers, and enabled the greater part of our riflemen to retreat to the Ranch. About this time, Captain Stern was struck with a grape shot and compelled to retire. The gallant and good old captain was greatly missed throughout the day. Here, with many others, fell Lieut. Price of Illinois, seventy two years old. Capt. Conner of the rifles, was attacked by three lancers, and saved himself by his skill with the sword.
The lancers still made head against our cavalry and drove them to Buena Vista, where they were finally repulsed, after charging and dispersing the Arkansas regiment, with the loss of its noble colonel. May, with the dragoons, now came up, and with our riflemen and two pieces of artillery, soon drove back the main body of the lancers. But in the meantime, a large brigade of Mexican infantry had gained our rear, and a large force of lancers had gone by our left to attack Saltillo, in conjunction with General Minion on the north. These last were quickly repelled by our cannon in the front and were chased considerable distance back, by infantry from the town with a small cannon. The Mississippi infantry now marched to attack that of the enemy in our rear, drawn up along the base of the mountain, and gave them battle with a gallantry and steadiness worthy of veterans. They were soon joined by the third of Indiana, and a large part of the tarnished 2d, who had rallied and returned to the conflict. Gen. Lane was in command here, though wounded early in the morning. The battle was bloody, obstinate, and long continued. Two pieces of artillery, with our rallied riflemen under Major Wall, came up to the left, and attacked the right of the Mexican line with great effect. With this squad, for a short time was Gen. Wool, cool and collected, directing the fire of the artillery and men, and placing them in the best positions. The battle on the plain, meanwhile, was confined to artillery, of which the enemy had planted a battery on our left, and along side of which was the main body of the infantry. On the flanks of our artillery, opposed to that of the enemy, were Cols. Hardin, Bissell, and McKee, ready to repel and expected charge of the Mexican infantry, and in full view of he splendid contest going on in our rear.-Col. Hardin on finding that all the attacks by lancers on Washington's battery were feints, and that the stream of battle flowed only on our side of the field, left his hill and came with a portion of his regiment to the plain. With us was young Clay, whose firm set countenance and eye of fire, called up in memory his eloquent father in the height of an oratorical triumph.
At length, about three o'clock, p.m., we saw the Mexican force in our rear begin to falter and retrace their steps, under the well directed shot of our ranks of marksmen, and the artillery still pouring its iron death bolts into their right. Their lancers, who had taken refuge behind their infantry, and there watched the progress of the fight, made one desperate charge to turn the fortune of the day by breaking the line of Indiana and Mississippi. But the cool, steady volunteers sent them with carnage and confusion to Santa Anna on the plain above, with the report that our reserve was five thousand strong, and filled all the ravines in our rear. The retreat of their infantry, which passed for a moment, was now hastened by the repulse of the lancer, but still under a galling fire. They marched back in excellent order. While making their toilsome and bloody way back, with their men falling at every step, Santa Anna practiced a ruse, to which any French or English officer would have scorned to resort. He exhibited a flag of truce, and sent it across the plain to our right, here stood our generals. The heralds first asked what troops we were, and one officer, a volunteer too, had the folly to say we were regulars, "troupos de tigne." They then asked Gen'l Taylor what terms he had to propose, 'I demand that Gen. Santa Anna surrender himself and his whole army prisoners of war; I will release them on parole'-was his reply. In the morning Santa Anna had summoned Taylor to surrender, representing the folly of resistance with volunteers against his overwhelming force of regulars. The old hero then replied, "we are here, come and get us." The tables were now turning. The bearers of the flag asked what time they could have to consider these terms-"An hour?" "Not half that time." Take 30 minutes, said our chief. The flag returned to the Mexican army, accompanied by General Wool. By this time the detachment in our rear, to save which the flag was exhibited, had nearly gained the plain, still, however, under the fire of Gen. Lane, who did not intermit for a moment his terrible blows upon the retreating enemy. At length they joined the main army. The cannonade had recommenced on the side of the enemy against us, with the return of the flag, and was quickly answered by our "mortal engines." Soon afterwards their whole army commenced an orderly retreat along the base of the mountains. Now came a disastrous movement.-Colonel Hardin called his men to a charge on the retiring enemy. Colonels McKee and Bissell, under the influence of his example, and willing to share his fate, seconded the movement and marched with their men against ten times our numbers. Our batteries took a nearer position and continued their fire. O'Brien with his two remaining guns on our left, accompanied us to the middle of the plain, where he opened on the enemy. We continued to advance, when the Mexicans, wheeling into this, poured upon us, not yet formed into line, a fire such as no ranks ever withstood. At the same time their lancers, in immense squadrons, attacked our right, while their whole line of infantry advanced upon us in rapid, regular march. Their discipline is wonderfully perfect. Had they been less eager to kill and plunder our wounded, and had their officers known the value of minutes, and how to improve them, the day had been lost to us in blood and horror; for they gave no quarter. Lieut. Robbins surrendered and was stabbed dead, with his own sword. The same fate befell Lieut. Leanhart in the morning, and many others during the day.-We retreated fighting to the head of a ravine far to the right of our batteries, and in advance of our line in the morning. O'Brian's batteries and most of his gunners were gone. We made a short stand at the head of this ravine where McKee, Hardin, and Clay fell, and then ran a gauntlet through it, of three quarters of a mile, in the midst of shot from other sides, to the road where Washington's battery stopped the pursuit and saved many. I, with a few others, went down a shorter ravine, leading into the road nearer the battery, and climbing Hardin's hill, we were soon greeted with the appearance of Col. Bissell, safe and unhurt. Meantime General Lane with Cols. Davis and Lane and the Monterey heroes of Mississippi, the gallant Indianians and the Illinois Pioneers under their Sergeant McFarland, rose upon the plain, from their victory in the rear, and in full view of our route, with their scathing volleys called off the vultures from the massacre and plunder of the fallen. Following these up, with the American yell, so terrifying to Mexican hearts, they quickly put their discipline to a severe proof to save their own army from a total rout. They formed, however, rapidly, and renewed the battle; when General Lane off to our left to protect our artillery, whose borders, above all other sounds, incessantly and without pause continued to drown the groans of the wounded, and to chant the requiem of the dead, carrying death upon their bolts through the solid ranks of Santa Anna.
As soon as I had found a breathing place, the shrill voice of Gen'l Wool was heard, calling in trumpet tones, "Illinois, Illinois, to the rescue; out my brave boys, out and defend our batteries." So complete had been our rout, and the dispersion of the 2d of Illinois, which, with six companies, had in the morning, kept her iron tanks against the whole Mexican line, that now, only four men of the regiment were within hearing of this appeal, who answered it by rallying instantly, with a few Kentuckians and Illinoians of the first, to repel with General Lane, a threatened charge. These four men were, private Herman Busch, Corporal Charles Gooding, a lieutenant, and Colonel Bissell. I mention the last with greater pleasure, because he is a true man, a good officer, a native of your state and my colonel. Our force augmented swiftly with the rallying fugitives; but Santa Anna judged it prudent not to make this charge, and thus to save a part of his army for other fields. Had he made it, I cannot bring myself to doubt as to the result, when I consider the exasperated mind of every survivor among us, inflamed to the highest and bitterest resentment for the wanton murders of the wounded and vanquished, committed under our eyes throughout the day. We had now determined to conquer or to die.
Santa Anna resumed his retreat. Still under the fire of our artillery and in good order he recrossed the ravines, out of which he had marched upon us in the morning. His bivouack was a little in advance of our position till about midnight, when he retired to Agua Neueva, and thence on the 26th ult., marched for San Luis Potosi. He admitted his loss to have been four thousand killed, wounded and missing, of whom, certainly, not half were deserters.-We exchanged his prisoners for C.M. Clay and the others taken in January, whom he promised to send to Vera Cruz. Our killed and wounded were seven hundred. The dispatches have already informed you who they are. The letter is now so long that I must close with a brief notice of a few of the dead, reserving the most recent events for another epistle.
Captain Lincoln, so distinguished at Palo Alto and Resaca de la Palma, was shot through he head early in the day, while rallying us, and fell from his horse, near me, into the arms of Captain Raith. He was a gallant New Englander, and stood high in the esteem of all. He was adjutant to Gen. Wool.
Colonel Hardin was slain by lancers, near where, and soon after McKee and Clay were shot. He was an excellent officer, a good lawyer, and was a man of talent. His character and late bear a strong similitude to that of Colonel Davies, who fell at Tippecanoe.
Colonel McKee, whom I did not know, is much regretted in the army, and his character spoken of, universally, in the most exalted terms.
It was never my fortune to know a more kind hearted, chivalric and accomplished gentleman than Col. as. He fell with Capt. Porter, with lancers, but feebly knew with but to love him; none named him but to praise.
Lieutenant William Price, of our Illinois rifle battalion, was slain by lancers while retreating from the mountains, after our left was turned in the morning. The frost of seventy two winters had silvered his hairs, and he had left a home of affluence and ease, with the expressed wish to die in the service of his country, and, if need be, on the field of battle. "They cannot cheat me out of many years," said he.-When ordered with the battalion, like a forlorn hope, to the trying contest in the mountains, he exclaimed with a look of joy, as he drew his sword: "Now boys, this looks like doing something." The enemy triumphed over his fall, supposing hi to be General Wool, and some prisoners taken soon after said that General Taylor alone was left to save us. They judged erroneously of us from themselves, and would have found us an army still, though deprived of our three generals.
Lieutenant Colonel Henry Clay, jr., was much lamented. His manners, voice, and features reminded the observer strongly of his father. You saw the suavity, ease, and dignity of his carriage and deportment in them both. The statesman of Kentucky will say with old Siward:
"My son has paid a soldier's debt,
In the unshrinking station where he fought.
Had I as many sons as I heirs,
I would not wish them a fairer death:
And so his knell is knolled.
In the same part of the field, and about the same time with Clay, McKee, and Hardin, another fell, pierced by a lance, whose name is worthy of a place in the rolls of fame-Private Alexander Konze, of company H, 2d regiment of Illinois. The writer was honored with his friendship, and had an opportunity of knowing him well, being a member of the same company and his tent mate. His conduct on the field was most soldierly, cool, calm, deliberate, and prompt in obeying orders. His courage was conspicuous, even in the moment of his death, when he refused to surrender. Except a brother in South America, he left no relatives on this continent. His widowed mother lives in Bueckenburg, in Hanover, near to his native city-Hamburg. He received a splendid education at the universities of Jena and Goettingen. He had been but a year in the United States when he joined our regiment in Alton, whither he had come to volunteer, from Wisconsin. His motives in taking this step were, that he might serve the country, whose constitution he respected before all other systems of government, and gratify his curiosity in a new mode of life, by seeing Mexico, and observing as he did with a philosophic eye, the character of her people and institutions. The writer promised much pleasure to himself in travelling with him through this country. He was twenty seven years of age, and probably the most learned man in the army. His knowledge of philology was accurate and profound. Such was his familiarity with the Latin, that by one day's examination of a Spanish grammar he was able to read this cognate language with facility. Many pleasant hours have we sent together in rambling over the plains and mountains of Mexico, while he filled his haversack with new plants to send to Germany, and which his knowledge of botany often enabled him to class in their several genera and species.
A better or a braver heart than his never beat its last on a field of battle. While awaiting upon the field, on the night of the 23d of February, the renewal of the attack by Santa Anna, the thought was most consolatory to several of his comrades, that death on the next day, might make them companions of Militates, of Socrates, and of Kunze. This man died for a country of which he was not a citizen; shall it be said that he, the republican son of Germany, was not a true American? May his example animate the hearts of those whom alone he would acknowledge as countrymen-the good and the true of every clime and country.
Respectfully, Nath'l Niles.
[ANP]
NNR 72.158 May 8, 1847 Capture of Vera Cruz
SIR: I have the honor to inform you that, in obedience to the orders of Major General Scott, I proceeded yesterday with Captain Thorton's squadron of dragoons, under the immediate command of Maj. Sumner, and fifty dismounted men under Capt. Ker, towards the Madeline river, it being reported that a considerable mounted force was in that direction, and in our neighborhood. I moved without opposition until I came near the stone bridge of Morena, which is skirted by a dense chaparral, and which I determined to reconnoiter before advancing any farther, as I learned that it was fortified, and guarded by 2,000 men and two pieces of artillery, and small parties of lancers were seen near the thicket of my approach. The enemy was prepared, and when I came within sixty yards of the bridge, he opened a heavy fire on my dismounted, skirmishers, and notwithstanding the utmost precaution, one corporal was killed, and two men severely wounded. Seeing the bridge was fortified, and the enemy in force to dispute the passage, I fell back and sent a request for two pieces of cannon, with the aid of which I felt convinced I could drive him from the bridge, and put him to rout. In the meantime Capt. Hardee, who was engaged in disembarking his horses, hearing that I was engaged with the enemy, collected all the footmen he had on shore and all he could find in cam, numbering more than forty, and came to my assistance. I was also joined by a company of the 1st Tennessee regiment commanded by Captain Cheetham, and part of four companies of the 2nd Tennessee regiment, under the orders of Colonel Haskell. Soon after this Lieutenant Judd, 3rd artillery, arrived with two pieces of artillery, and I immediately made my dispositions for attack. Capt. Ker, with the dismounted dragoons, was placed on the left of the road leading to the bridge, the volunteers on the right, while Capt. Hardee, with Lieut. Hill, was directed to keep near the artillery to support it, if necessary, and to be in readiness to charge on the bridge. Major Sumner, with the mounted men, was held in reserve. Lieutenant Judd was directed to move down the road with caution, as it was circuitous, and the bridge not visible until within fifty yards of the fortification. He did so with great judgment; but he was no sooner seen than the whole fire of the Mexicans was concentrated on his party. Hoping to divert their fire, I ordered the volunteers to commence firing on the right, and Capt. Hardee to extend his men to the left and fire also; but Lieut. Judd, nothing daunted, opened upon the fortification, and after six or eight well-directed rounds, the heads of the enemy were no longer seen above the parapet. At this moment I ordered a charge upon the bridge; and the volunteers, headed by Colonel Haskell and Captain Cheatam, and the dragoons under Captain Hardee, rushed upon it with fearless intrepidity. The fortification opposed no obstacle. It was immediately leaped; but by this time the enemy had fallen back, and reformed beyond the bridge. I then ordered the bridge cleared, and sent for Major Sumner's command, which came up in gallant style, and charged upon the enemy. On his approach the footmen fled into the woods, but the lancers were met and completely routed. Lieutenant Lowry and Lieut. Oaks, with three men, pursued a party of about thirty lancers who turned off in a byroad, and all but five were wither sabred or dismounted. Major Sumner and Lieutenant Silby. At the head of first set of fours, had several personal encounters with the enemy, who were, in every instance, either killed or dismounted. The pursuit was continued to the village of Madeline, six miles from the bridge, from which another party of lancers were seen retreating and Lieutenant Neill, my adjutant, being in advance, pursued them with three men.
A party was sent to support him; but his horse being fleeter than the rest, he came first upon the enemy, and two of them closing upon him, he received two severe lance wounds in the breast and arm, in consequence he fell from his horse, but not until he displayed uncommon gallantry in his defence. Hearing this, and believing the enemy in force, I continued the pursuit two miles further; but night coming on, I was reluctantly compelled to desist. I had Lieutenant Neill brought to the village of Madeline, where I halted for three hours to refresh the men and horses, and then I returned to camp with my command, which I reached at 3 o'clock in the morning. After my disposition had been made for the attack, Major General Patterson came up with Colonel Campbell's regiment of 1st Tennessee volunteers. He did not assume command, but rendered important aid by his gallant bearing and demeanor. Colonel Campbell's regiment participated in the attack and assault; and my thanks are due to him. Also to Colonel Haskell and Captain Cheatham, who evinced great zeal and gallantry. Colonel Haskell was the first to leap the parapet. Lieut. Judd's position was perilous, and he exhibited rare judgment, coolness, and intrepidity; and the service of himself and his subaltern, Lieutenant H. Brown were of inestimable value. The steadiness and gallantry displayed in the presence of the enemy by officers and men, both of regulars and volunteer service, merit my highest approbation. As to my own regiment, it would be invidious to particularize where all behaved so nobly. Especial thanks to are due to my staff, Lieut. Lowery, Lieut. Neill, and Dr. Barnes who were active and zealous in the discharge of their respective duties. Neither can I omit to mention the effective service rendered by Brevet Major B.L. Beall and Captain W.J. Hardee, of my regiment. The former, though confined to his bed by sickness, joined my command on the first imitation of engagement. The latter mounted at the commencement of the pursuit, and joined me as one of my staff. In the day's action I lost two men killed and nine wounded, among them my guide Thomas Young, of Texas, who discharged his duty with fidelity and bravery. It is not ascertained precisely what number of the enemy was killed; but it is known that not less than fifty fell in the attack and subsequent pursuit.
I am, sir, very respectfully, your obedient servant,
WM. S. HARNEY,Colonel 2d Dragoons, com'dg
Lieutenant H.L. Scott, A.A.A.G. Camp Washington, before Vera Cruz
[KAM]
NNR 72.159 May 8, 1847 Order No. 94 relative to transportation &c.
Limited means of transportation being in readiness, portions of the army will march as follows:
The second division of regulars on the 8th instant, the division of volunteers (two brigades only twenty-four hours later.
Major General Patterson will leave one of his three brigades in this immediate vicinity for further means of transportation, and also the Tennessee dismounted cavalry until the arrival of their horses. Both of these corps for the time, will be under the immediate orders of the same brigadier general, and the latter, when his division marches, will report to general headquarters for instructions.
The respective chiefs of the general staff will assign to the headquarters of each marching division an engineer, topographical engineer and ordinance officer, an assistant quartermaster, an assistant commissary, and a medical officer.
The chief quartermaster will assign to the second division forty-five wagons, and to the division of volunteers fifty-five, for the entire baggage of the officers of every grade, the regiments and companies.-The interior distribution of wagons will be made at the headquarters of each division.
Taylor's and Talcott's field batteries will march with the second division, and Steptoe's with the division of volunteers.
Col. Harney will detach a squadron of 24? Dragoons with each of these divisions.
A special requisition for transportation will be made for those field batteries and squadrons, and one wagon will be assigned to the medical director of the division for extra medicines and hospital stores.
Every man will take, for his musket or rifle, forty rounds of ammunition, and in his haversack, hard bread for four days and bacon or pork (cooked) for two days. Fresh beef, with rations of salt, will be issued on the march.
The utmost care will always be taken of ammunition and food for the troops.
The chief quartermaster will send in extra wagons, grain for the saddle, artillery, and cavalry horses of each division for four days, and each baggage wagon will take grain for the same number of days for its own team.
He will also turn over to the chief of ordinance ten wagons, and to the chief commissary one hundred wagons, to be loaded by them, respectively, with cartridges for small arms, and subsistence stores.
These extra wagons will be divided between the two divisions, march with and be escorted and guarded like other wagons attached to the division.
The quartermaster's and commissary departments will take prompt measures for the purchase and issue on the march of such forage and subsistence as it may be practicable to obtain, as also for trains and escorts that may be sent back to this depot.
Each general of division will receive a route of march and instruction from general headquarters.
By command of Major General Scott:
H.L. SCOTT, A.A.A. General.
[KAM]
NNR 72.159 May 8, 1847 OFFICIAL LIST OF KILLED AND WOUNDED AT VERACRUZ
Report of killed, wounded, and missing of the army, during the investment and siege of Vera Cruz commencing the 9th and ending the 28th of March, 1847.
KILLED.
First brigade of Regulars.-Capt. J.R. Vinton, 3d artillery; in the trenches, March 22, 1847.Privates John Hafner, company B; of wound received in the trenches, March 24, 1847. Nicholas Burns, company B, 2d artillery; by the explosion of a shell in the trenches, March 24, 1847.Marines-Private-, 2d artillery, March 21st, 1847; every effort made to obtain the name of the marine.
Second brigade of Regulars.-Capt. Wm. Alburtis, 2d infantry; in march while the troops were taking the line of investment, March 11, 1847.Private: Timothy Cunningham, mounted riflemen; by a cannonball, March, 11, 1847.Sergeant Wm. R. Blake, 4th artillery, company F; by a musket ball, March 15, 1847.
Col. Harney's Command-Corporal James H. Nicholson, 2d dragoons, company F; in action at Puente de Moreno, March 25, 1847.Private Henry Hopkins, 3d artillery, company H; in action, at Puente de Moreno, March 25, 1847.
Col. Harney's Command-Privates: John Miller, 1st Pennsylvania, company G; at the navy battery, March 25, 1847.
General Patterson's Volunteers-Privates: John Miller, 1st Pennsylvania, company G; in the affair on the Madellin road, by lancers, March 17, 1847 Gothjib Reip, 1st Pennsylvania, company G; at the navy battery, March 25, 1847.
WOUNDED.
Col. Harney's Command-Second Lieut. Lewis Neill, adjutant 2d dragoons; severely; beyond the village of Madellin, March 25, 1847.Privates; Joseph Marshall, 2d dragoons company B; severely; at Puente de Merino, March 25th, 1847.Edwin A Jones, 3d artillery, company H, severely; at Purnte di Morino, March 25th, 1847.W.T. Gillespie, 2d dragoons, company B, Lewis Geisel, 2d dragoons, company C, John Smith, 2d dragoons, company K; and Thomas young guide, a citizen of Texas, all slightly wounded at Puente de Moriao, March 25th, 1847.
First Brigade of Regulars-Privates: Wheeler B. Hunt, 2d artillery, company B, slightly; in the right shoulder in the trenches, March 24, 1847; Emile Voiturat, 2d artillery, company B, slightly; in the head, in the trenches, March 24th, 1847.Adolph Meihle, 2d artillery, company D; his left arm shot of while serving in the trenches, March 22, 1847.John Golden, 2d artillery, company D, slightly; in the left cheek, while serving in the trenches, March 22, 1847.Wm Henderson, 2d artillery, company D, slightly; in the hip while serving in the trenches, March 22, 1847.Ernest Krimpe, 2d artillery, company F; slightly; in th hip, while on an advanced piquet guard, March 20, 1847.Owen Boate, 2d rtillery, company F; slightly wounded in the face by the bursting of one of the enemy's shells, while serving the mortars in battery No. 3 March 24, 1847.Wm Carthage, 2d artillery, company F, slightly wounded in the face by the bursting of one of the enemy's shells while serving the mortars in battery No. 3, March 24, 1847.Joseph S. Hayden, 2d artillery, company F, slightly wounded it the face by the bursting of one of the enemy's shells, while serving the mortars in battery No. 3, March 24th, 1847.[ANP]
NNR 72.160 May 8, 1847 ACCOUNT OF THE VICTORY AT CERRO GORDO
POSTSCRIPT.
ARMY OF INVSION.
GREAT BATTLE AND VICTORY OF CERRO GORDO.
New Orleans papers of the 29th and 30th ult. furnish us with brief accounts of a bloody battle fought at Cerro Gordo, on the 18th April, in which the American army under Gen. Scot was signally victorious, though not without severe loss on our side.
Gen. Shields was mortally wounded; Gen. Pillow slightly wounded. Major Sumner was shot in the head by a musket ball, but will recover. Capt. Mason of the rifles lost a leg. Lieut. Ewell badly wounded. Lieut. McLane wounded, but not severely-.-Pierson of the 4th, wounded, also Lieuts. Gibbs, Maury, Kervis; Lieut. Davis; Capt. Patton slightly.
The conflict commenced by the advance under Gen. Twiggs, and a severe but not decisive battle ensued.
Shields, with the Wabash and Illinois regiment, went to the aid of Twiggs--the victory was complete.
Cols. Baker, Childs, Harney, Riley, Foreman, Haskell, all behaved beyond all praise.
On the 17th the Mexicans took possession of a hill in front of all their works, from which to dislodge them Gen. Twiggs ordered the rifles under major Sumner, with some detachments of artillery and infantry, including Capt. Williams' company of Kentucky and Capt. Nailor's company of Pennsylvania volunteers, to the charge. It was done in style, but the loss was severe. The Mexican defence was obstinate. The rifle regiment suffered terribly. In Col Haskell's command, Lieut. F.B. Nelson, and Lieut. C.G. Gill, both from Memphis, were killed; Lieut. Col. Cummings, major Farquharson, Adj't Haile, Lieut. Yearwood, Forest, Murray, and Sutherland were wounded. The regiment went into action with less than 400 men, and lost 79 killed and wounded.
This engagement had not been contemplated. Every arrangement had been made by Gen. Scott to commence the attack on the morning of the 18th and orders issued accordingly. The Mexicans were posted in a Gibraltar from which it was necessary to dislodge them.
The attack was made-the victory is complete.
La Vega on the 17th commanded the Cerro Gordo. Ascertaining that night from a deserter, that the main attack was to be made on the right of their line, he changed places with Gen. Vasquez, in order to meet the assault, which was made there by Gen. Pillow.--La Vega defended the post until the Mexican lines were completely turned.
The Mexican loss upon the heights was awful!--the ground in places covered with the dead. Amongst the bodies were found those of General Vasquez, and near him Col. Palacio, mortally wounded. Their loss in the retreat was terribly severe.--Mr. Kendall, who writes the account, says he thinks five hundred will cover our entire loss. Col. Baker who charged on the last fort taken, had forty five men killed or wounded out of but a portion of his regiment. Lieut. Cowardin killed, Lieut. Murphy mortally wounded, Lieut. Johnson wounded three times, thigh amputated, Lieuts. Scott, Freman, and Maltby, wounded.
Santa Anna lost all his valuable personal effects including plate, money, and even his wooden leg. He narrowly escaped by mounting a saddle mule and taking to the chaparral. The dinner prepared for him was left in haste. His coach is taken and appropriated to the use of major Sumner.
Gen. Vega behaved nobly, but is again taken prisoner.His brother, a colonel is mortally wounded.
There were Mexican general and colonels enough taken to command an abstract army.
Gen. La Vega and Jarero, with fourteen other Mexican officers who refused parole, reached Vera Cruz on the 21st undercharge of Capt. G.W. Hughes (Top. Engineers). They will be sent to the U. States. The most of the prisoners will be paroled.
A postscript gives a gleam of hope that General Shields may possible survive. He was wounded leading his brigade to storm one of the enemy's furthest works. Gen. Pillow and all of Col. Haskel's field officers but himself, were wounded in storming the fortification under La Vega.
The rifles, Haskel's Tennessee volunteers, the 1st artillery, the 7th infantry, and Capt Williams' Kentucky volunteers suffered most.
At one o'clock Gen. Twiggs' division, who had been in the hardest of the fight, was pursuing the flying enemy towards Jalapa. Gen. Worth allowed Peirson, who commanded the forts near Plan del Rio, fifteen minutes to consider. He surrendered unconditionally. Gen. Worth's division took up the line of march for Mexico on the morning of the 19th,--Gen. Scott was to follow at noon. [ANP]
NNR 72.160 May 8, 1847 Position of Gen. Zachary Taylor's forces
Our latest dates from Matamoras are to the 18th, and Monterey to the 12th of April.
General Taylor was still encamped at the Walnut Springs, near Monterey. The returning volunteers, it is evident, leave him without an adequate force where with to advance upon Sans Luis, even if his munitions, supplies, and transportations were adequate for penetrating to such a distance, He is waiting for reinforcements.
The 2d regiment of Mississippi volunteers have reached Monterey, all armed as riflemen.
It was rumored at Matamoros that the Massachusetts regiment would be relieved by the 2nd Ohio, and proceed on to Monterey.
The New Orleans Delta, states that the following are the positions and movement of Gen. Taylor's column. According to the last advices:
Gen. Taylor is quartered at Walnut Springs, near Monterey. General Wool in command at Saltillo and Buena Vista. 1st Mississippi, 1st Ohio, 1st Indiana, Bragg's battery, and the squadron of dragoons, the latter now commanded by Col. Fanntleroy, at Monterey. 2nd and 3rd Ohio, 1st and 2nd Illinois, 2nd and 3rd Indiana, 2nd Kentucky, Arkansas cavalry, Washington's battery, Sherman's battery, at Buena Vista. Prentiss' battery, at Saltillo . Kentucky cavalry stationed on the line between Camagro and Monterey. 1st Kentucky, one half at [illegible] of Rio Grande, and the balance on their return march. Virginia and 2nd Mississippi on their march from Camargo to Monterey. North Carolina at Camargo.- Massachusetts at Matamoros.
Our wounded men are doing well. In one hospital, of which Dr. Herrick had charge, one of eighty wounded men of the Illinois regiment, not more than three or four dies-the remainder were fast convalescing. [KAM]
NNR 72.160 May 8, 1847 OFFICAL REPORTS RECEIVED from COL. ALEXANDER WILLIAM DONIPHAN
"ARMY OF THE NORTH."
Government has at last received Col. Doniphan's official report of his operations in New Mexico, including an account of the battle of Sacramento, and his subsequent occupation f Chihuahua.It was evidently a gallant and well conducted affair.
[Anxious to insert the colonel's account at large in this number we made the effort, but find we would lose the mail b the delay required. It is too good an article to attempt to abbreviate.Our officers write as well as fight.[ANP]
NNR 72.161 May 15, 1847 Scourge (formerly the Bangor) purchased, its voyage to Cuba
The Scourge, we ascertain, was the steamer Bangor, built some years since at Wilmington, Del. intended as a regular boat between Boston and Bangor, Maine. Some misfortune happened to her in her first or second trip-and we heard no more of the Bangor, until the Unites States being sadly in want of boats of her daft for the Mexican coast, the Bangor, amongst others was brought up at a round price, refitted at New York, and newly names the Scourge. An officer on board of her, gives the following account, in a letter dated Havana, March 18, 1847:
"I do not know whether you were aware of the prognostications made by many persons previous to our departure from New York; but sir, if you were, certainly, you as well as a large portion of our friends must be desirous to hear from us, for many were the doubtful looks and expressions ventured as to whether she would ever cross the gulf stream. Painful as those expressed doubts were to the friends of those that composed her crew, yet frequently they were repeated, and indeed, some were advised to leave her. But our country called for service, to defend her rights, and although from the ominous look of many an experienced eye in naval affairs, we were disposed to doubt the capacity of the steamer for weathering the storm, yet all were willing to brave the battle and the breeze. And accordingly we sailed from New York on the 4th inst. in company with the steamer Scorpion. The evening of our departure, we left astern our companion, as she could not keep up with us and on the third day we experienced quite severe weather. All on board anxiously watched the movements of the little steamer when the bad weather commenced, and we soon found that all was right, for she mounted the big seas like a duck; and during the greater part of our passage, notwithstanding that the weather was bad, and the sea running pretty high, yet was her quarter deck dry. Of course the wind being generally ahead, our passage has been longer than we had hoped for. We arrived yesterday, making it 13 days passage. The Scorpion is not yet in, but we look for her momentarily.
I had forgotten to say one thing, that is, notwithstanding the doubt, as to the capacity of this vessel for sea service, that nit even a spare sail was put on board for cases of emergency; this omission looks much as if it was thought she would never arrive in port again and therefore not necessary to go to farther expense in fitting her out. The sails are all old; scarcely is there a common croger upon the ocean, that has spare sails. With regard to other matters, they are very delicate-so excuse me.
We sail for Vera Cruz in three or four days-we would leave sooner, but deficiencies must be made up, for we are undergoing repairs in the boilers, we have found them, also in a bad condition, &c. &c.
Com. Perry passed this place some days ago, on his way to the squadron. We shall hope for a pleasant passage to Vera Cruz, and when there, if opportunity happens, I think that our gallant commander, Charles G. Hunter will give a good account in his log to the country.
March 20th.- We are still here, repairing a defect in the boilers, and very anxious to get off. The United States bomb brig Heela has just made her appearance off the harbor. One officer in a boat has come in and after communicating with our consul (General Campbell) will continue on to Vera Cruz.
The letter bag is yet on board, and I have opened this to give you an example of American character. This day four American citizens, mechanies, have volunteered to come on board to-morrow, (Sunday) and assist in putting our boilers in order; this arises from pure motives of patriotism, as they have said that any offer of pay for their services will be looked upon as an insult to them. This is too good to go unmentioned, and I hope that their names will be sent by our generous commander to the navy department." [KAM]
NNR 72.162 May 15, 1847 Illuminations for Victory
The celebration in honor of the victories in Mexico, took place at New York on Friday evening, the 7th inst. It must have been a splendid affair. The public places and many private dwellings were illuminated, transparencies innumerable, fire works, and flags displayed in all directions. The crowd of course was immense; it is estimated that 400,000 people witnessed the spectacle.
The celebration at Washington city took place on Saturday evening the 8th, the anniversary of the first victory- Palo Alto. It was for that community, equally as imposing as that of New York. The details fill over two columns of the National Intelligencer.-A bonfire composed of 100 tar and turpentine barrels and other combustibles, erected into a pillar forty feet high illuminated the space between the capitol and navy yard. [KAM]
NNR 72.162 May 15, 1847 hospitals at Veracruz full, but few deaths, numerous discharges to permit a change of climate
The Hospitals at Vera Cruz.-We were told last evening that there were between a thousand and twelve hundred sick soldiers in the hospital at that place, but that the deaths were comparatively few.-Many of these men are completely prostrated, worn down with disease, and the nature of the climate is such as to make a change absolutely necessary to bring them up again. TO enable them effectually to recover, discharges are given in every case where the certificate of the physician to that effect is given.-Several hundreds have already been sent home, and we notice too that many of the volunteer officers are retiring from service because of ill health.-American Eagle of April 20th. [ANP]
NNR 72.162 May 15, 1847 Alejandro Jose Atocha's peace proposal to the Mexican government
The New York "Courier des Etats Unis" of the 1st May, publishes a letter from Vera Cruz dated the 9th of April. The writer says that, to his own personal knowledge, M. Atocha just before his departure from Mexico, and at three o'clock in the morning, wrote a confidential letter to Rejon, in which he made the following proposition, (in his own name and not officially,) as the basis of a treaty, that, in his opinion and according to his instructions, would be acceptable to both countries:
The adoption as a boundary line between the two countries of the Rio Grande del Norte as far up as parallel of California, which intersects the Rio Gila between the 33d and 34th degrees of latitude. [This line would only include New Mexico, in addition to California; while the 26th parallel would have deprived Mexico of only one-third of her territory.] The United States were also able to pay for these acquisitions $15,000,000 or 20,000,000, and also become responsible for Mexican claims.
The expenses if the war, M. Atocha estimated at 60,000,000. There was also to be a treaty of commerce, and of alliance between the United States and Mexico, offensive and defensive; the former engaging to protect the latter, as well as to refuse to acknowledge the independence of revolting provinces, and also to defend the frontier against the Indians, keeping thereon a force of from five to ten thousand men.
This letter-writer also (continues the Courier) says that these liberal conditions were read, and M. Atocha was charged by the Mexican Cabinet with a reply to the effect that it would open negotiations the moment the American arms were withdrawn from the Mexican soil.
The Courier des Etats Unis, in its comments upon this letter, remarks that M. Atocha defrayed the expense of his own mission, and that he is going again to Vera Cruz in a few days; this time as a simple traveler. His presence there (adds the Courier) may prove beneficial to the cause of peace. [KAM]
NNR 72.162-72.163 May 15, 1847 British notions about the position of American forces at Veracruz
English notions as to the attack on Vera Cruz, and a march to Mexico.-The London Chronicle says-"The attack on Vera Cruz appears still to stand; that is to say if the yellow fever and the Mexicans permit the troops stationed in the north of the province to advance by land through the passes. Our correspondent has estimated the attacking force at seventeen thousand men. We have not the slightest hesitation in saying, that if in any manner the United States can contrive to congregate that number of men in the neighborhood of Vera Cruz, the town must infallibly fall. The American in sheer fighting will knock the Mexicans to pieces-so that there can be no doubt. It would only be on martial prowess that the result could depend, for the United States by sea could keep their army well supplied and vicitualled. The puzzle is, however, to see how much further forward the United States will be even when they have won Vera Cruz. Their plan is, it is said, to advance upon Mexico itself, by Jalapa and Perote; but, unless we are much mistaken, this hope is about as visionary as that of Napoleon upon Moscow. There is but one thing we know of that is more difficult for the United States army than to get to Mexico, and that would be to get back again to Vera Cruz. The expectation of a successful advance is, however, out of the question. Two gaunt spectres,-disease and famine,-stand in the passes between Vera Cruz and Mexico, and waive the invaders back." [ANP]
NNR 72.163-72.164 May 15, 1847 Jalapa Taken
War With Mexico. "Army of Invasion."
Jalapa and Perote Taken.
The U.S. transport ship United States, arrived at New Orleans on the 5th
with Vera Cruz dates to the 29th April.
By this arrival the New Orleans Delta received the following letter
from their correspondent, "Chaparral."
Jalapa, Mexico, April 21, 1847.
I arrived at this lovely place yesterday, and found that Gen. Twiggs had hoisted the American flag in the city the day before. He followed the retreating heroes of Cerro Gordo to within a few miles of Jalapa, when all traces of them, as a body, disappeared, and he encamped for the night within three miles of the town that evening, and entered and took possession of it early the next morning.
Santa Anna did not pass through Jalapa, but, in company with Ampudia and Torrejon, turned off to the left at his hacienda, and halted for the night at the "nine mile pass," which was being fortified, but which, on second consideration, it was deemed prudent to evacuate. This evacuation took place yesterday morning, and in the evening Col. Harney's dragoons took possession of the Pass. - Gen. Worth following in their footsteps. A number of small arms was taken at the Pass, but they are all of little or no value.
Gen. Worth, it is said, will move on to Perote, at which place many think he woll have a fight, as it is reported here that additional defences are being made.
All along the road between Perote and Puebla, the Mexicans here say we will be opposed, and contrary, to the general belief, it is said the commander-in-chief will shortly move in that direction.
The list of killed and wounded, on our side, is much larger than was at first reported - it is over 350. Colonel Childs is the military governor of Jalapa.
April 22d. - Gen. Worth approached last evening within four or five leagues of Perote, and entered the city today. We had accounts last night that it had been evacuated by the soldiery, who spiked all the guns before leaving.
I am extremely glad to have it in my power to state to you that Gen. Shields has improved much since my last, and Lieut. Hammond, who came from him this evening, thinks there is probability of his recovery.
Most of the wagons here will leave for Vera Cruz in the morning, and if it is the intention to remove early, it will retard it for ten or twelve days.
Jalapa, April 23, 10, A.M.
An express has just got in from Perote. General Worth reached that town yesterday, at 11 o'clock, A.M. He found it completely evacuated by the soldiers of the enemy, and a Col. Vasquez left behind to surrender it with decency. An immense number of small arms, the big guns of the castle and city, and ammunition were taken possession of. It was unfounded, the report that the guns had been spiked in the castle; they were found in excellent order. Gen. Ampudia, with about 3,000 cavalry, in a wretched condition, was near the town when our troops entered it, when he put off.
Santa Anna had not been in Perote since the fight at Sierra Gordo, and he is supposed to be somewhere in the mountains. [JLM]
NNR 72.164 May 15, 1847 Perote taken
An express has just got in from Perote. General Worth reached that town yesterday, at 11 o'clock, A.M. He found it completely evacuated by the soldiers of the enemy, and a Col. Vasquez left behind to surrender it with decency. An immense number of small arms, the big guns of the castle and city, and ammunition were taken possession of. It was unfounded, the report that the guns had been spiked in Ampudia, with about 3,000 cavalry, in a wretched condition, was near the town when our troops entered it, when he put off.
Santa Anna had not been in Perote since the fight at Cerro Gordo, and he is supposed to be somewhere in the mountains. [KAM]
NNR 72.164 May 15, 1847 scenes witnessed on the route from Cerro Gordo
From the correspondent of the Vera Cruz Eagle.
Jalapa, April 20, 1847.
Yesterday, at non, I left the encampment near Sierra Gordo simultaneously with the thousands of Mexican prisoners who had been released on parole, and who were winding their way to their different homes, or to some place from whence they may again be forced to take up arms against us. I believe their line, extended as it was along the road, was full five miles in length. The Guarda Nacionale was the only corps that maintained any order it their march-the residue trudging along as best they could, and in most admirable disorder.
We rode over the road on which they marched with great difficulty, turning our horses' heads twenty different ways in the space of half an hour, to avoid riding them down. They were less sad than men under similar circumstances would generally be, and cracked many a joke at their own expense. This was in the early part of the march. But towards sunset, when they had measured 18 or 20 miles of their journey- most of them in their bare feet-they became quite silent and sad, and the effects of the fatigue of the day combined with previous privations, told sensibly upon them. I felt much interested in the numerous camp women-those devoted creatures who follow them through good and evil-and it grieved me to see them, worn down with fatigue, moving at a snail's pace, their heavy burthens almost weighing them to the earth.
The woman of sixty or more years-the mother with her infant wrapped in her rebosa-the wife, far advanced in that state that "women wish to be who love their lords"-the youthful Senorita frisking along with her lover's sombrero on her head; even to the prattling girl who had followed padre and madre to the wars-could all be sent at one view moving along-and bearing the hardships of the tramp, unconscious of the existence of misery in this world.
These women, like the Indians, are the slaves of the men-a slavery they submit to under the all powerful influence of affection. In addition to their bedding and wearing apparel, they pack upon their backs the food and the utensils to cook in it, and worn out as they are by the toils of the day, whilst their husband or lover sleeps, they prepare his repast.
I noticed one man-a general-who left General Scott's quarters about the time I did. He was an elderly man, and I soon perceived from his hobbling that he had but one leg. His progress on the march was an object of curiosity to me, and I was surprised to see him keep up so well with the more youthful and perfect limbed. I halted for some time at the hacienda of Santa Anna, to rest my horse, and my eyes ran eagerly over the column of prisoners to see if he had kept up. The fourth or fifth man to the writer was himself. He had refused a dozen offers to ride, both from our men and his own.-About 11o'clock at night all of them passed my tent-save those who had sunk down from the effects of the march-which was about three ills from this place. An hour afterwards a polite voice at the tent asked permission to light a segar from the fire. I looked out, it was he. He said he had not been able to keep up with the advance, but would reach Jalapa in one hour's time. The segar lighted, he hobbled off again, and this morning I met him in the streets, apparently not at all affected with the jaunt.
When the Mexicans surrendered, it was about their dinner hour. In one of their forts the camp kettles were taken from the fire, and the rations were being proportioned out, when the order for surrender came from the second in command-so they had to march out without their dinners. That evening, although large quantities of food had been served out to them by our commissaries, they were picking up old bones, stale pieces of bread, and everything that could be eaten. Yesterday, on the march, they would run up to a beef, killed the day before by our advance, and cut off every piece that could be obtained, as eagerly as though they were half famished.
From the foot of Sierra Gordo to Santa Anna's hacienda, the roadside was lined with dead Mexicans and horses. At or near the rancho where General Twiggs overtook the retreating enemy, they lay thick around, and a more horrid scene it would be difficult to picture. Mexicans lay dead in every direction; some resting up against trees, others with legs and arms extended, and occasionally a lancer lying with his arm upont he charger that received his death wound from the same volley that ended the career of his rider. Some of the prisoners passing through would occasionally halt to view the features of the deceased, and then, mending their gait, regain their place by the side of those who were more fortunate in the fight.
At the place above cited was to be seen all the property, other than munitions of war, taken from the enemy. In one place, arranged in good order, were all the pack saddles-then the pen containing mules-the provisions next, comprising rice, beans, bread, pepper, pilonveos, garlic, &c. piles of shoes, knapsacks, and all the paraphernalias of a Mexican camp. Captain Robert Allen, A.Q.M. stopped for a moment and gave orders as to he removal of these things.
The muskets taken from the enemy were broken on stones as I passed the spot where they were.-They were of no earthly use to us, and hence the summary mode of disposing them. [ANP]
NNR 72.164 May 15, 1847 64 Effects at the capital of the news of the defeat of Gen. Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna
The Mexicans here, one and all, denounce Santa Anna as a coward, a traitor, and everything else that is bad; and I verily believe that a majority of them would rejoice exceedingly had General Scott captured him the other day and hung him upon the first limb strong enough to bear his weight. That he is playing them false you cannot beat out of their heads- that he has sold the battles of Buena Vista and Sierra Gordo for a consideration they are equally confident, and in proof they are internally talking about the $300,000,000. They do not understand why it was that President Polk allowed him to pass freely into Vera Cruz from Havana, unless there was bribery and corruption. [KAM]
NNR 72.165 May 15,1847 expectation that Gen. Winfield Scott will cut himself off from Veracruz to approach Mexico City
Col. Martin Scott went on this morning with the 5th infantry, to join the division of Gen. Worth.- The general impression now is that Gen. Scott, unable to keep up his communications through the tierra caliente for want of horses and transportation, will cut himself loose from Vera Cruz, push on towards the city of Mexico, and to a certain extent depend upon the natural resources of the country. [ANP, KAM]
NNR 72.165 May 15, 1847 Rumors in Mexico City about offer of British mediation with the United States
Among other rumors brought by passengers, is one to the effect that Mr. Bankhead, the British minister, has renewed his offers of mediation between Mexico and the United States, and that when the last diligencia left the city of Mexico the congress was acting upon his propositions, whatever they may have been. Notwithstanding the fixed and denunciatory tones of the public press, there is certainly something in this report of English intervention in the distracted affairs in Mexico. [KAM]
NNR 72.165 May 15, 1847 Troops Stationed at Saltillo
An officer of the army who left Saltillo on the 14th of April, states, says the N. Orleans Delta of the 6th, that the force stationed there and at Buena Vista, under the command of Gen. Wool, was composed of the 1st and 2d Illinois regiments, the 2d Kentucky regiment, the 2d and 3d Indianians, and the Arkansas cavalry. The 1stand 2d Illinois were about to leave; the term of enlistment of the whole of them will have expired between the 1st and 20th proximo.
The artillery force that was in the battle of Buena Vista, are still stationed there, as are also Col. May's dragoons. A squadron of the latter, numbering some 200 under Lieut. Rucker, made a scout in the adjoining country. They found Gen. Minon in the neighborhood of Encarnacion, at the head of a thousand or fifteen hundred lancers. They thought to draw a fight from Minon, but were unsuccessful. Three of the party, who separated themselves from the main body, got killed before they returned to camp, by some prowling Mexicans who hung about their lines.
The troops at Buena Vista and Saltillo were in excellent health; and the wounded, who were daily visited by gen. Wool, and who saw that all their wants were attended to, were rapidly improving. With the wounded Mexicans, who are in a separate hospital, it is different. The place is in a most filthy condition, attended by their own surgeons; the American governor of the town had to compel the alcalde to pay more attention to their wants and to the cleanliness of the place.
Gen. Taylor is still at the Walnut Springs. He has heard of his nomination for the presidency by several presses in the United States, but avoids referring to it or saying aught about it. He evidently appears chagrined, but at or about what he does not communicate to those about him. Our informant left his camp on the 18th ult.
The Kentucky rifles, who were then at the Walnut Springs, were to start for Camargo, on their way home, with the next down train.
The headquarters of Humphrey Marshall's Kentucky cavalry was Cerralvo. Tom Marshall's company was at Camargo. But few or none of the volunteers will reenlist. [JLM]
NNR 72.165 May 15, 1847 Gen. Zachary Taylor's preparations for advancing on San Luis Potosi, Indian rubber bags for water requested, terms of volunteers
There is no longer a doubt of Gen. Taylor's intention to advance upon St. Luis Potosi, so soon as he can obtain a sufficient number of men and means of transportation for the enterprise.
I have satisfied myself of this by the general's requisition upon the quartermaster's department for a large number of Indian rubber bags, calculated to carry water. Several thousand of these were yesterday sent up in a train. Each one is capable of holding from four to six gallons. This seems to me conclusive evidence of a contemplated march through the waterless county between Buena Vista and San Luis.
On the other hand, the disbandment of volunteers, whose term of service is shortly expiring, will leave General Taylor with but a very small force. Several regiments of Indiana, Ohio, Illinois, and Kentucky, and one from Mississippi and Arkansas, will before long return home. The Louisville legion is just now embarking at this place on their way home. You will perceive by this, that unless new forces are sent here, it is scarcely probable that any active operations will take place in this quarter.
Camargo is almost entirely deserted by the Mexicans, But few, and those in the government's employ, are remaining. [KAM]
NNR 72.165 May 15, 1847 Gen. Jose Mariano de Salas summons a council of war, defense by small parties expected
On the 20th of April, immediately after the receipt of Santa Anna's defeat, Gen. Mariano Salas called a meeting of officers to devise some measures by which to preserve the nation from utter obliteration. No one here thinks that the Mexicans can ever make another stand, and to give another battle, but the impression is prevalent that small parties will be organized to annoy the roads, cut off supplies, and kill all stragglers. How great, in this case, is the necessity for two or three, or even one regiment of Texans. [KAM]
NNR 72.167 May 15, 1847 BATTLE OF CERRO GORDO
Official.
Orders issued by General Scott the evening before the battle of the 18th:
Headquarters of the Army
Plan del Rio, April 17, 1847
The enemy's whole line of entrenchments and batteries will be attacked in front, and at the same time turned early in the day to-morrow - probably before 10 o'clock A.M.
The second (Twiggs') division of regulars is already advanced within easy turning distance towards the enemy's left. That division has instructions to move forward before daylight to-morrow, and take up position across the National Road in the enemy's rear so as to cut off a retreat towards Jalapa. It may be reinforced to-day, if unexpectedly attacked in force, by regiments - one or two - taken from Shields, who will march for that purpose at daylight to-morrow morning under Brigadier General Twiggs on getting up with him, or the general in chief, if he be in advance.
The remaining regiment of that volunteer brigade will receive instructions in the course of this day.
The first division of regulars (Worth's) will follow the movements against the enemy's left at sunrise to-morrow morning.
As already arranged, Brigadier General Pillow's brigade will march at 6 o'clock to-morrow morning along the route he has carefully reconnoitered, and stand ready as soon as he hears the report of arms on our right, or sooner if circumstances should favor him, to pierce the enemy's line of batteries at such point - the nearer the river the better - as he may select. Once in the rear of that line, he will turn to the right or left, or both, and attack the batteries in reverse, or, if abandoned, he will pursue the enemy with vigor until further orders.
Wall's field battery and the cavalry will be held in reserve on the National Road, a little out of view and range of the enemy's batteries. They will take up that position at 9 o'clock in the morning.
The enemy's batteries being carried or abandoned, all our divisions and corps will pursue with vigor.
This pursuit may be continued many miles until stopped by darkness or fortified oppositions towards Jalapa. Consequently, the body of the army will not return to this encampment; but be followed to-morrow afternoon or early the next morning, by the baggage trains of the several corps. For this purpose, the feebler officers and men of each corps will be left to guard its camp and its effects, and to load up latter in the wagons of the corps. A commander of the present encampment will be designated in the course of this day.
As soon as it shall be known that the enemy's works have been carried, or that the general pursuit has been commenced, one wagon for each regiment and one for the cavalry will follow the movement, to receive, under the directions of medical officers, the wounded and disabled, who will be brought back to this place for treatment in general hospital.
The surgeon general will organize this important service and designate that hospital, as well as the medical officers to be left at it.
Every man who marches out to attack or pursue the enemy will take the usual allowance of ammunition, and subsistence for at least two days.
By command of Maj. Gen. Scott.
H. L. SCOTT, A. A. A. Gen.
[JLM]
NNR 72.168 May 15, 1847 Gen. Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna's address on quitting the capital to encounter Gen. Winfield Scott
MEXICAN OPERATIONS
General Morales, who so long as he was allowed to command, gallantly defended Vera Cruz, as well as General Landero, who surrendered the city and the castle, were immediately put under arrest by Santa Anna, and ordered to Guanajuata.
The following address was issued by Santa Anna before quitting the capital.
Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna, president ad intern of the Mexican Republic, to his compatriots.
MEXICANS! Vera Cruz is already in the power of the enemy. It has succumbed, not under the influence of American valor, nor can it even be said that it has fallen under the impulses of their good fortune. To our shame be it said, we ourselves have produced this deplorable misfortune by our own interminable discords.
The truth is due to your from the government; you are the arbiters of the fate of our country. If our country is to be defended, it will be you who will stop the triumphant march of the enemy who now occupies Vera Cruz. If the enemy advance one step more the national independence will be buried in the abyss of the past.
I am resolved to go out and encounter the enemy. What is life worth, ennobled by the national gratitude, if the country suffers under a censure the stain of which will rebound upon the forehead of every Mexican!
My duty is to sacrifice myself, and I well know how to fulfill it! Perhaps the American hosts may proudly tread the imperial capital of Azteca. I will never witness such an opprobrium, for I am decided first to die fighting!
The momentous crisis has at length arrived to the Mexican republic. It is as glorious to die fighting as it is infamous to declare ourselves conquered without a struggle, and by an enemy whose rapacity is as far removed from valor as from generosity.
Mexicans! You have a religion - protect it! You have honor - then free ourselves from infamy! You love your wives, your children - then liberate them from American brutality! But it must be by action, not by vain entreaty nor barren desires, with which the enemy must be opposed. The national cause is infinitely just, although God appears to have deserted us; but His ire will be appeased when we present, as an expiation of our errors, the sentiments of true patriotism and of a sincere union. Thus the Almighty will bless our efforts, and we will be invincible; for against the decision of eight millions of Mexicans of what avail are the efforts of eight or ten millions of Americans, when opposed by the fiat of divine justice?
Perhaps I speak to you for the last time! I pray you listen to me! Do not vacillate between death and slavery; and if the enemy conquer you, at least they will respect the heroism of your resistance. - It is now time that the common defence should alone occupy your thoughts! The hour of sacrifice has sounded its approach! Awaken! A tomb opens at your feet! Conquer a laurel to repose on it!
The nation has not yet lost its vitality. I swear to you I will answer for the triumph of Mexico if unanimous and sincere desires on your part second my desires. Happy will have been, a thousand times happy, the unfortunate event at Vera Cruz, if the destruction of that city may have served to infuse into the Mexican breast the dignity and the generous ardor of a true patriotism. Thus will the country succumb, she will bequeath her opprobrium and her censure to those egotists who were not ready to defend her; to those who traitorously pursued their private turmoils to trample upon the national banner.
Mexicans! Your fate is the fate of the nation! - Not the Americans, but you, will decide her destiny. Vera Cruz calls for vengeance! Follow me, and wash out the stain of her dishonor.
ANTONIO LOPEZ DE SANTA ANNA.
Mexico, March 31, 1847
[JLM]
NNR 72.168 May 15, 1847 Feud between the parties in Mexico suppressed after the departure of Gen. Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna from the capital, Don Pedro Maria Anaya elected substitute president
The feud between the party at the head of which has been the vice president, Gomez Farias, and the party of revolutionists, had been restrained so long as Santa Anna was president, but it becomes necessary for congress to decide who should succeed to authority during the absence of the president from the capital. Santa Anna was probably inclined in favor of Gomez. A majority of the congress were opposed to him, but the constitution was imperative. By its provisions the vice-president was entitled to the charge of government during the absence of the president. To obviate this difficulty, a bill was brought in declaring the vice presidency created by the act of the 21st of December, 1846, suppressed. A violent debate on the bill ensued.- The vote was taken on the 31st of March, and stood, for the proposition 38, against it 35.
Decree.- The next day April 1st a decree was passed, granting the provisional president of the republic permission to take command of the army in person, suppressing the vice presidency of the republic, and authorizing the congress to fill the place of the provisional president during his absence, and, finally, ordering that the legislature of the state on the 15th of May, shall proceed to elect a president of the republic, according to the form prescribed in the constitution of 1824, except that they shall vote for one individual only.
This decree was passed, and congress at once proceeded to the choice of a substitute for the president, Senor Don Pedro Anaya received 60 votes, and Almonte 11, when the members voted by person. The vote was 18-3 when voting by states. [KAM]
NNR 72.168 May 15, 1847 Mexican clergy men bind themselves to contribute to the government
The clergy of the archbishop of Mexico have bound themselves to the government for a million and a half of dollars, payable monthly. The clergy of the different bishoprics are to do the same. [KAM]
NNR 72.168 May 15, 1847 Inaugural address of Pedro Maria Anaya as substitute president of Mexico
MEXICANS: At the moment in which the loss of Ulua and of Vera Cruz, in which the danger of the capital itself obliges the worthy president of the republic to vacate the government and take command of the army, the vote of the representatives of the people has committed to me the executive power of the Union.
Ever devoid of ambition, and deeply penetrated with the terrible difficulty of existing circumstances, the imperious force of duty alone could impel me to accept the responsibility. But a citizen and a soldier, I owe to my country the sacrifice of repose of life, and even of my reputation. The voice of patriotism cries to me that it is necessary to save our country or to perish.
The war which devastates Mexico is for us the most sacred of causes. The world contemplates with disgust our neighbors of the north converted into conquerors, to gain possession of a territory which the faith of treaties, which rights the most worthy of respect assure to us. Never was there a defense more legitimate, never a war more necessary. In it every thing is at stake- our honor, as well as our national existence; the present and the future.
The territory we have lost, the cities which have bombarded, the blood which has so profusely flowed in this war, all constrain us to prosecute it undismayed by reverses. It is necessary to prove that our name ranks with justice among those of the free people of the universe. Let us accept the trial to which providence subjects us- that from great crises nations are regenerated.
This people cannot think of peace, because it involves its consent to the dismemberment of our country; it cannot think if the disgrace of our name, because the unworthy thought would proclaim that Mexico, incapable of showing her valor and enduring sacrifices, is at the disposal of every people who can bombard her cities and march an army upon her territory. After such disgrace our independence would be a derision, our nationality a transitory act. War, then is the cry of the people; war is the policy of the government.
To wage it successfully but one element is necessary union. Too long has our strength been wasted in senseless conflict; it is necessary to unite the whole against the foreigner. In the name of the country, I conjure all Mexicans that they rally around the sacred standard of independence and the republic; that they cease from these pernicious divisions which facilitate the projects of the invader, which excite smiles of criminal joy in those who count upon erecting a foreign throne upon the ruins of our conquered and humiliated country.
Mexicans: I have not accepted power for the triumph of any party. The government thinks only upon the common salvation. In its eyes all generous opinions are worthy of respect; all republicans are good sons f the country. Throughout my life, liberty, the republic, and federation have been my cause; this cause I am going to defend, not to forget; to this my power, my blood is to be devoted.
Upon the banners of the enemy is inscribed "To conquer or die;" and, in order that our country may be independent, that the cause of our race may triumph, it is necessary to oppose to this fatal inscription "Force and Liberty;" it is necessary that our arms should thrust forth the enemy from out territory, and that our institutions should restrain them upon the frontier. Destined to a permanent rivalry, it is necessary, in order to struggle with them, that we become great and strong by that power which rules the universe- the power of democracy and civilization.
In accepting power I have sworn to defend our independence and our institutions. The oath is sacred. The nation can confide in my loyalty and my honor. But these are not sufficient to save us; the situation is difficult, and I should not have consented to accept the government, had I not hoped to be able to unite all efforts against the common enemy. Independence demands the co-operation of all Mexicans, the sacrifice of all animosities, the exercise of every virtue, thee exertion of all our energies.
Let the nation rise up united; let it enter upon the struggle with the vigorous enthusiasm of the days of independence, and then Vandals who have threatened us shall repent their rash iniquity. Victory will crown our exertions, and we shall speedily have a nationality assured, a name worthy of respect, a permanent existence secured. If, in the hour of danger and of sacrifice, we imitate the lofty virtues and the indomitable valor of our fathers, Mexico will be saved.
Pedro Maria Anaya
[KAM]
NNR 72.168-169 May 15, 1847 Address of Senor Gamboa on defense of the Mexican capital
On the 5th of April Senor Gamboa addressed the Mexican congress to the following effect:
GENTLEMEN: Vera Cruz has succumbed, and it has been indicated that an army of 9,000 to 10,000 men is marching into the interior of this republic. This, as it has been seen by every one of us, has caused a general sensation, and it is feared that at the end of the present month or beginning of the next the Vandalic army of North America will reach the capital of our republic. In consequence of this it has been suggested to remove the sovereign congress to another place, and several measures have been proposed, but none of these have reference to fortifying or putting our city in a proper state of defense. It is feared, however, that a resistance may be useless; that all will give up to the impulse of the enemy; and, lastly that our beautiful and costly buildings will be destroyed and the city ruined. I do not know how any such thing could be expected; and, even if I should see the city of Mexico taken by that handful of adventurers, I would still doubt my eyes. I flatter myself that the army that General Santa Anna is now commanding will undoubtedly sustain the glory of the nation; and this I believe, not from what the love of our country makes me believe, but from the conviction of my mind, free from all partiality.
General Santa Anna takes with him an army composed of 5,000 men brought from San Luis, of 3.000 which we have seen taking the line of march a few days ago, and of 2,000 which will join him near Jalapa; in all more than 10,000 men. It is to be presumed, likewise, that a multitude of National Guards from the states of Mexico and Puebla, and the jarochada (rabble) from the department of Vera Cruz, will join him.
The enemy's army, according to information from every person who has seen it, has only about 5,000 regulars, and the remaining forces are composed of banditti, without the slightest knowledge of military tactics, without instruction of any description, without confidence, and generally easily terrified.
And it is possible to imagine that only by its powerful artillery the enemy will conquer and exterminate our troops? I hope that the God of justice cannot afford a visible protection to these banditti, the blind instruments of perversity, and of the most barbarous usurpation which could be found in modern and ancient history. But should it be decreed by providence that we must suffer this blow, and that we should once again taste of the cup of bitterness, will this be a motive why we should leave open and unprotected the gates of our capital, and allow the enemy to penetrate into the very heart of our republic, to carry on their customary depredations? I would, in no case, recommend such a course, and will urge the necessity of defending ourselves and of opposing them with all the strength and resources we have at hand, should such an unfortunate event take place.
Let us suppose for a moment that the American army, without losing a single man, should arrive even within sight of this city, would it be possible that 9,10,15, or even 20,000 men should cause a city of more than 250,000 inhabitants to surrender? If such a thing should happen- if we should consent to such a surrender without the strongest resistance- the whole world would forever refer to us as an example of the vilest, most cowardly, and contemptible place on earth, and we should not deserve from any nation the slightest regard or compassion. I will not propose what I would wish to see- that ism that the Mexicans should imitate the Numidians and Carthagenians, when attacked by the Romans in ancient times; or should follow the example of the memorable Saragossa, which, under the command of that great hero Palafox, was reduced to a pile of ruins, burying 100,000 combatants beneath them; but I do wish to see that we should do what has been done throughout the world on similar occasions- that is, we that shall resist the enemy to the last possible extreme.
Paris, in 1814, did not capitulate against the whole forces of Russia, Prussia, England, and Austria, until it had suffered considerable losses under generals Marmont and Mortier. That same city, Paris, after the battle of Waterloo, where the immortal Napoleon lost forever his glory, endeavored to defend herself against the immense torrent that threatened to destroy her, and, organizing an army with the divisions of General Davoust and Grouchy, they still fought hard battles at Serves and Izly.- Even Madrid, the capital of the nation to which we were once united, did, by herself, resist the powerful army that France sent against her; and, notwithstanding her oppression, a popular movement was formed against the French, and there Murat exercised his most bloody vengeance.
And can it be imagined that the Mexicans will be frightened and quail at the sight of a handful of adventurers? Such a conquest would surprise the world more than that which Cortez obtained over the Empire of Montezuma; for at the time it was necessary, in order to cause this city to surrender, that it should be besieged by more than 200,000 [illegible], united with the Spaniards, and that very resources of subsistence should have been exhausted. And at the time the natives had not the incomparable means of defence which we now possess- means which I will not mention here-as by so doing I suppose it would be an insult to persons of common sense.
In accordance with what I have here manifested, I am of opinion that the city should be immediately put in a state of defence, and this is the object of my first proposition.
I also beg that congress should not be removed, unless the extreme case should arrive of the occupation of the city by the enemy. My object is not a request of the representatives of Mexico to repeat before the world the pathetic scene of the Romans, when Brennus, general of the Gauls, attacked Rome when sitting in open ground in their council chairs, they awaited the enemy and challenged the death which they received. I repeat that this is not my desire, but I wish that we may not act on the opposite extreme - deserting this place with a shameful furry- that we may remain here until the moment when prudence and necessity should dictate that we must move elsewhere, as in similar cases has been done by the civilized assemblies.
When the Spaniards, had nearly lost all their peninsula, a regency was established at Cadiz, which provoked the Cortes of the kingdom, and immediately promulgated the political constitution of the Spanish monarchy. These events took place in the midst of the bombs and shells which the French army was throwing into the city, and then they were (unsuccessfully) besieged by Gen. Victor.
In France, when the allies conquered for the first time, the senate did not change its residence, and instead constituted a provisional government.- [illegible] like happened after the fall of Napoleon, and the chamber of representatives appointed a commissioner of government, of which Fouche was the president.
All foreign nations have their eyes fixed on our [illegible] And what judgment can we expect them [illegible] of our valor and our cause, if we are [illegible] into a sudden dismay and disquietude? It is fairly necessary, for this very reason, that we hold by our extraordinary efforts prove the justice our rights; and lastly, we must show that we come [illegible] the inconquerable Spanish race, and that we [illegible] in our veins the blood of Guatimozin, Hidalgo, Morelos, and thousands of others, who shed the last drop of it in honor and defence of their country, and who taught us by their examples the course we are to pursue. These considerations have caused me to make the following proposals to congress.
"1st. That our government will proceed immediately to the place the city in a manner fit to resist the invasion of the North Americans. 2nd. That every power which may be considered necessary for this object shall be granted to the executive. 3rd. That, should be the means of resistance be exhausted, and the capital be occupied by the Americans, congress will meet where the president should determine.- 4th. When the removal of congress shall be determined, any majority will be sufficient to constitute it."
GAMBOA
[KAM]
NNR 72.169 May 15, 1847 Decrees and appeals addressed to the Mexican people about carrying on the war with the United States
MEXICO- The editors of the Spanish paper La Patria, of New Orleans, have received city of Mexico papers to the 10th April.
The Mexican congress had passed a decree, which is published on the 10th to the following effect:
1st. In order to carry on the war, which our nation wages against the United States of the north, all the Mexicans capable if bearing arms are hereby summoned to enroll themselves immediately.
2nd. The government will publish the necessary rules and instructions, in order to make effective the organization of the National Guards, according to what is established in part XIX, article 50th of the constitution.
3rd. The executive may dictate measures which may be considered necessary in order to use all the arms and ammunition which may be in possession of private individuals, and which may not be employed by the police or National Guards: also for the use of wagons, baggage, ammunition, and provisions, and any other articles or utensils which may be necessary for the fulfillment of this object, providing always the means of indemnification, &c.
A meeting of the principal citizens took place on the 8th April, when they unanimously agrees to establish the "guerrilla" system for resisting the North Americans. These resolutions were made known to the government and to congress, the respectable bodies, in order to start immediately for the mountains, passes, and cliffs.
Among the persons singing the propositions we see the names of many prominent lawyers, military, and other public men. The papers have before announced this as the means of saving the nation, and sustaining Mexican independence.
All the papers are filled with appeals to the citizens, and one of them asks- "can it be possible, that among eight millions of Mexicans we cannot find a sufficient number of patriotic and determined men, who will resist the enemy that is invading our soil without the least regard to our rights?"
[KAM]
NNR 72.169-72.170 May 15, 1847 ARMY OF OCCUPATION.
In the New Orleans Delta of the 2d instant, we find the following general description of the battle, founded on information furnished by Capt. Hughes, of the Topographical corps:
On the arrival of the other division of the army at the encampment of General Twiggs, on the 16th of April, Gen. Scott, after taking a reconnaissance of the enemy's works, determined to storm them. The position occupied by the enemy was regarded by them as impregnable, and truly to any other than American soldiers it must have appeared an insurmountable and impracticable undertaking to carry it by storm or take it by strategy.
The road from Vera Cruz, as it passes the Plan del Rio, which is a wide rocky bed of a once large stream, is commanded by a series of high cliff's rising one above the other, and extending several miles, and all well fortified. The road then debouches to the right, and curving around the ridge, passes over a high cliff, which is completely enfiladed by forts and batteries. This ridge is the commencement of the Tierra Templada- the upper or mountainous country. The high and rocky ravine of the river protected the right flank of the position, and a series of most abrupt and apparently impassable mountains and ridges covered their left. Between these points, running a distance of two or three miles, a succession of strongly fortified forts bristled at every turn, and seemed to defy all bravery and skill. The Cerro Gordo commanded the road on a gentle declination, like a glacis, for nearly a mile. An approach in that direction was impossible. A front attack must have terminated in the almost entire annihilation of our army. But the enemy expected such an attack, confiding in the desperate valor of our men, and believing that it was impossible to turn their position to the right or left. Gen. Scott, however, with the eye of a skillful general perceived the trap set for him, and determined to avoid it. He therefore had a road cut to the right, so as to escape the front fire from the Cerro, and turn his position on the left flank. This movement was made know to the enemy by a deserter from our camp, and consequently a large increase of force under Gen. Vega was sent to the forts on their left. Gen. Scott, to cover his flank movements, on the 17th of April ordered forward Gen. Twiggs against the fort on the steep ascent, in front and a little to the left of the Cerro. Col. Harney commanded this expedition, and, at the head of the rifles and some detachments of infantry and artillery, carried this position under a heavy fire of grape and musketry. Having secured this position in front and near the enemy's strongest fortification and having, by incredible labor, elevated one of our large guns to the top of the fort, Gen. Scott prepared to follow up his advantages. A demonstration was made from this position against another strong fort in the rear, and near the Cerro, but the enemy were considered too strong, and the undertaking was abandoned. A like demonstration was made by the enemy.
On the next day, the 18th, General Twiggs was ordered forward from the position he had already captured against the fort which commanded the Cerro. Simultaneously an attack on the fortifications on the enemy's left was to be made by Generals Shields' and Worth's divisions, who moved in separate columns, whilst General Pillow advanced against the strong forts and difficult ascents on the right of the enemy's position. The enemy fully acquainted with Gen. Scott's intended movement, had thrown large bodies of men into the various positions to be attacked. The most serious enterprise was that of Twiggs, who advanced against the main for that commanded the Cerro. Nothing can be conceived more difficult than this undertaking. The steep and rough character of the ground, the constant fire of the enemy in front, and the cross fire of the forts and batteries which enfiladed our lines, made the duty assigned to Gen. Twiggs one of surprising difficulty. Nothing prevented our men from being utterly destroyed by the steepness of the ascent under which they could shelter. But they sought no shelter, and onward rushed against a hailstorm of balls and musket shot, led by the gallant Harney, whose noble bearing elicited the applause of the whole army. His conspicuous and stalwart frame at the head of his brigade, his long arm leading his men on to the charge, his sturdy voice ringing above the clash of arms and the [...] of conflict, attracted the attention and admiration alike of the enemy and our own army. On, on, he led the columns, whose front lines melted before the enemy's fire like snow flakes in a torrent, and staid not their course until, leaping over the rocky barriers and bayoneting their gunners, they drove the enemy pell mell from the fort, delivering a deadly fire into their ranks, from their own guns, as they hastily retired. This was truly a gallant deed, worthy the Cnevalier Bayard of our army, as the intrepid Harney is well syled. Gen. Scott, between whom and Col. Harney there had existed some coolness, rode up to the Col. After this achievement, and remarked to him, "Col. Harney, I cannot now adequately express my admiration of your gallant achievement, but at the proper time I shall take great pleasure in thanking you in proper terms." Harney with the modesty of true valor, claimed the praise as due to his officers and men. Thus did the division of the gallant veteran Twiggs carry the main position of the enemy and occupy the fort which commanded the road. It was here the enemy received their heaviest loss, and their Gen. Vasquez was killed.
A little after, Gen. Worth having, by great exertions, passed the steep and craggy heights on the enemy's left, summoned a strong fort in the rear of the Cerro to surrender. This fort was manned by a large force under Gen. Pinzon, a mulatto officer of considerable ability and courage, who, seeing the Cerro carried, thought prudent to surrender, when he did, with all his force. Gen. Shields was not so fortunate in the battery which he attacked, and which was commanded by Gen. La Vega. A heavy fire as opened on him, under which the fort was carried with some loss by the gallant Illinoisians; under Baker and Bennett, supported by the New Yorkers, under Burnett. Among those who fell under this fire was the gallant general, who received a grape shot through his lungs, by which he was completely paralyzed, and, at least accounts, was in a lingering state. On the enemy's right, Gen. Pillow commenced the attack against the strong forts near the river. The Tennesseans, under Haskell, led the column, and the other volunteer regiments followed. This column unexpectedly encountered a heavy fire from a masked battery, by which Haskell's regiment was nearly cut to pieces, and the other volunteer regiments were severely handled. Gen. Pillow withdrew his men, and was preparing for another attack when the operations at the other points having proved successful, the enemy concluded to surrender. Thus the victory was complete, and four generals and about 5,000 men were taken prisoners by our army. One of their principal generals, and a large number of other officers, killed.
The Mexican force on this occasion certainly exceeded our own. The Mexican officers admitted that Santa Anna had 8,000 men in the lines, and 6,000 including 2,000 lancers, outside of the intrenchments. Gen. Scott's force was about 8,000, Gen. Quitman's brigade not having arrived in time to take part in the engagement. Gen. Ampudia was second in command of the Mexicans, and superintended the operations of the enemy. When the Cerro was carried he was seen retreating on a fine white charger, his hat falling off as he galloped away. Many of the Mexicans escaped by a bye path which runs off from the main road between the Cerro and the fort carried by Gen. Worth. As to Santa Anna and Canalizo, they retreated in time to escape by the main road. Their conduct was regarded as most cowardly. Some of the Mexican officers who were take prisoners do not hesitate to attribute their defeat to the cowardice or corruption of Santa Anna. The force of the enemy was composed of their best soldiers. The infantry that fought so well at Buena Vista, all the regular artillerists of the republic, including several able naval officers, were present. Some of the officers whom Gen. Scott released at the capitulation of Vera Cruz, without extorting the parole on account of their gallantry, were found among the killed and wounded. A gallant young officer named Halzinger, a German by birth, who extorted the admiration of our army in the bombardment of Vera Cruz, by seizing a flag which was cut down by our balls and holding it up in his hand until a staff could be prepared, had been released by Gen. Scott without a parole. He was found among the desperately wounded at Cerro Gordo.
The enemy's loss, in killed and wounded, was about as large as our own; but, in addition to this, the loss of 6,000 prisoners and some of their best officers. Our army captured about thirty pieces of beautiful brass cannon, of large caliber, and mostly manufactured at the Royal Foundry of Seville. A large quantity of fixed ammunition, or very superior quality, was also taken. The private baggage and money chest of Santa Anna, containing $20,000, was also captured. The latter was delivered over to the pay master. The volunteers who were employed in carrying the specie into camp cracked a joke over the prospect of being soon paid off in Mexican coin and free of expense of Uncle Sam.
When our forces had carried the various positions of the enemy, and the road was cleared, General Twiggs started in hot pursuit of the fugitive Santa Anna, and pressed close upon his heels. A strong position, five miles west of Cerro Gordo, fortified and defended by a fine battery of long brass guns, was abandoned by the enemy and occupied by our troops. Gen. Twiggs bivouacked within three miles of the lovely town of Jalapa.
In concluding our imperfect sketch of this brilliant achievement, we cannot sufficiently express or admiration of the extraordinary deeds of or gallant army and able general. Scarcely a month has elapsed since our troops, under Scott, landed on the enemy's shores. In that time a strong walled city has been captured, together with an impregnable fortress; a pitched battle has been fought under the most formidable natural defences; twelve thousand prisoners have been taken, including some half a dozen general officers; five hundred splendid cannon, and an immense amount of munitions of war have been added to the national trophies. Truly, such results are glorious testimonials of the valor of our soldiers, and of the skill, gallantry, and perseverance of the accomplished general who led them. [JLM]
NNR 72.170 May 15, 1847 LIST OF MEXICAN OFFICERS CAPTURED.
PRISONERS. A list of Mexican officers captured at Cerro Gordo, on the 18th April, who have given their parole of honor to report themselves without delay to the commandant of the American forces at Vera Cruz as prisoners of war:
Jose M. Jarero, brigadier general.
Romulo de la Vega, brigadier general.
P. Ruiz y Baranda, captain of Mexican navy, commanding artillery.
Vicente Argüella, captain artillery.
Jose Ma. Mata, captain.
Jose Ma. Gallegos, commanding grenadiers.
Mariano Camacho, 1st lieut. artillery.
Barthome Amable, 2d lieut. artillery.
Jose R. Cobarubias, 2d lieut. artillery.
Jose de Lastor Bras y Soller, lieut. col. battalion de la libertad.
Jose Nuñez, capt. 6th regt. infantry.
Jose Ma. Moreno, capt. 6th regt. infantry.
Gregorio del Callejo, capt. 6th regt. infantry.
Rafael de Berrabidas, 2d lieut. 6th regt. infantry.
Salvero Velez, aid-de-camp to Gen. Vega
Francisco Fernandez, 1st lieut. Mexican navy.
The above prisoners, under the charge of Capt. Geo.W. Hughes, corps of topographical engineers, arrived at Vera Cruz on the 21st inst. Gen. Scott has left it to their election whether they should remain close prisoners in the castle of San Juan d'Ulua or proceed to New Orleans, where they should be allowed such personal liberty as their condition and conduct might seem to require of the commandant of that post. It is understood that all of the foregoing captured officers have expressed a desire to be transferred to the United States, and that Col Wilson, Governor of Vera Cruz, had acceded to their wishes, and had directed that a vessel should be held in readiness to sail, for their accommodation, about the 25th of April. [JLM]
NNR 72.170-171 May 15, 1847 Letters from General Stephen Watts Kearny in California
Headquarters, army of the west,
San Diego, Upper California, Dec. 12, 1846
SIR- As I have previously reported to you, I left Santa Fe, (New Mexico) for this country on the 25th September, with 300 of the 1st dragoons, under Maj. Sumner, We crossed the bank of the Del Norte at Albuquerque, (65 miles below Santa Fe), continued down on that bank till the 6th October when we met Mr. Kit Carson, with a party of 16 men in his way to Washington city, with a mail and papers: an express from Commodore Stockton and Lieut. Colonel Fremont, reporting that the Californias were already in possession of the Americans under their command; that the American flag was flying from every important position in the territory, and that the country was forever free from Mexican control; the war ended, and peace and harmony established among the people. In consequence of this information, I directed that 200 dragoons, under Major Sumner, should remain in New Mexico, and that the other 100, with two mounted howitzers, under Captain Moore, should accompany me as a guard to Upper California. With this guard, we continued our march to the south, on the right bank of the Del Notre, to the distance of 130 miles below Santa Fe, when, leaving the river on the 15th October, in about the 33rd degree of latitude, we marched westward for the copper mines, which we reached on the 18th, and on the 20th reached the river Gila, proceeded down the Gila, crossing and recrossing it as often as obstructions in our front rendered necessary, on the 11th November reached the Pimosnora. These Indians we found honest, and living comfortably, having made a good crop this year; and we remained with them two days, to rest our men, recruit our animals, and obtain provisions. On the 22nd November, reached the mouth of the Gila, in latitude about 32 degrees- our whole march on this river having been nearly 500 miles, and, with but very little exception, between the 32d and 33d parallels of latitude.
This river, (the Gila), more particularly the northern side, is bound nearly the whole distance by a range of lofty mountains; and if a tolerable wagon road to its mouth from the Del Norte is discovered, it must be on the south side. The country is destitute of timber, producing but few cotton wood and mesquite trees; and though the soil on the bottom lands is generally good, yet we found but very little grass or vegetation in consequence of the dryness of the climate and the little rain which falls here. The Pimes Indians, who make good crops of wheat, corn, vegetables &c. irrigate the land by water from the Gila, as did the Aztecs, (the former inhabitants of the country) the remains of whose sequias, or little canals, were seen by us, as the position of many of their dwellings, and a large quantity of broken pottery and earthenware used by them.
We crossed the Colorado about 10 miles below the mouth of the Gila, and, marching near it about 30 miles further, turned off and crossed the desert- a distance of about 60 miles-without water or grass.
On the 2nd December, reached Warner's rancho, (Agua Caliente), the frontier settlement in California, on the route leading to Sonora. On the 4th, marched to Mr. Stokes' rancho, (San Isabella) on the 5th were met by a small party of volunteers, under Capt. Gillispie, sent out from San Diego by Commodore Stockton, to give us what information they possessed of the enemy, 600 or 700 of whom are now to be in arms and in the field throughout the territory, determined upon opposing the Americans and resisting their authority in the country. Encamped that night near another rancho (San Maria) of Mr. Stokes' about 40 miles from San Diego.
The journals and the maps kept and prepared by Captain Johnson, ( my aid-de-camp) and those by Lieutenant Emory; topographical engineers, which will accompany or follow this report, will render anything further from me on this subject unnecessary. Very respectfully, your obedient servant,
J.W. Kearney, Brig. Gen. U.S.A.
Brig. Gen. R. Jones, Adj. Gen. U.S.A.
Headquarters, army of the west
San Diego, Upper California, Dec. 13, 1846.
SIR- In my communications to you of yesterday's date, I brought the reports of the movements of my guard up to the morning of the 5th instant, in camp near a rancho of Mr. Stokes, (Santa Maria) about 40 miles from San Diego.
Having learned from Capt. Gillispie, of the volunteers, that there was an armed party of Californians, with a number of extra horses at San Pasqual, three leagues distant, on a road leading to this place. I sent Lieut. Hammond, 1st dragoons, with a few men to make a reconnaissance of them. He returned at two in the morning of the 6th inst. reporting that he had found the party in the place mentioned, and that he had been seen, though not pursued by them. I then determined that I would march for and attach them by break of day. Arrangements were accordingly made for the purpose. My aid-de-camp, Capt. Johnson, dragoons, was assigned to the command of the advance guard of twelve dragoons, mounted on the best horsed we had; then followed about fifty dragoons under Captain Moore, with but a few exceptions, on the tired mules they had ridden from Santa Fe ( New Mexico, 1,050 miles); then about 20 volunteers of Capt. Gibson's company under his command, and that of Capt. Gillispie: then followed our two mountain howitzers, with dragoons to manage them, and under the charge of Lieut. Davidson, of the regiment. The remainder of the dragoons, volunteers, and citizens, employed by the officers of the staff, &c. were places under the command of Major Swords, (quartermaster), with the orders to follow on our trail with the baggage, and to see to its safety.
As the day, (December 6) dawned, we approached the enemy at San Pasqual, who was already in the saddle, when Captain Johnson made a furious charge upon them with his advanced guard, and was in a short time after supported by the dragoons; soon after which the enemy gave way, having kept up from beginning a continued fire upon us. Upon the retreats of the enemy, Capt. Moore led off rapidly in pursuit, accompanied by the dragoons, mounted horses, and was followed, though slowly, by the others on their tired mules, the enemy well mounted among the best horsemen in the world, after retreating about half a mile, and seeing an interval between Captain Moore with his advance, and the dragoons coming to his support rallied their whole force charged with their lances, and on account of their greatly superior numbers, but few of us in front remain untouched; for five minutes they held the ground from us, and then fled from the field, not to return to it, and which we occupies and encamped upon it.
Our howitzers were not brought into the action, but coming into the front at close of it, before they were turned, so as to admit of being fired upon the retreating enemy, the two mules before one of them got alarmed and freeing themselves of their drivers, ran off, and among the enemy, and was then lost to us.
The enemy proved to be a party of about 160 Californians under Andreas Pico, brother of the late governor; the number of their dead and wounded must have been considerable, though I have no means of ascertaining how many, as just previous to the final retreat, they carried off all excepting six.
The great number of our killed and wounded proves that our officers and men have finally sustained the high character and reputation of our troops; and the victory thus gained over more than double our force, may assist in forming the wreath of our national glory.
A most melancholy duty now remains for me is to report the death of my aid de-camp, Captain Johnson, who was shot dead at the commencement previous to the final retreat of the enemy, and Lieut. Hammond, also lanced, who survived but a few hours. We had also killed two sergeants, [illegible]corporals, and ten privates of the 1st dragoons; [illegible] private of the volunteers, and one man engaged in the topographical department. Among the wounded are myself, (in two places,) Lieut. Warner, [illegible] topographical engineers, (in three places), Captains Gillispie and Gibson of the volunteers, (the former three places), one sergeant, one bugleman, and three privates of the dragoons; many of them were unhorsed and incapable of resistance.
I have to return my thanks to many for their gallantry and good conduct on the field, and particularly to Capt. Turner, 1st dragoons, (assistant [illegible] general) and to Lieut. Emory, topographical engineers, who were active in the performance of their duties, and in conveying orders to me to the [illegible].
On the morning of the 7th, having made [illegible] for our wounded, and interred the dead proceeded on our march, when the enemy showed himself occupying the hills in our front, but which they left as we approached; till, reaching San Bernado, a party of them took possession of a hill near to it, and maintaining their position until attacked by our advance, who quickly drove them from it, killing and wounding five of their number, with no loss on our part.
On account of our wounded men, and upon the report of the surgeon that rest was necessary for them, we remained at this place till the morning of the 11th, when Lieut. Gray, in the navy, in command of a party of sailors and marines, sent out from San Diego by Commodore Stockton, joined us. We proceeded at 10, a.m. the enemy no longer showing himself; and on the 12th, (yesterday), we reached this place; and I have now to offer my thanks to Com. Stockton, and all of his gallant command, for the many kind attentions we have received and continue to receive from them.
Very respectfully, your obedient servant,
J.W. KEARNEY, Brig. Gen. U.S.A.
Brig. Gen. R. Jones, adjt. Gen. U.S.A.
Headquarters, army of the west
Ciudad de los Angelos, Upper California, Jan. 12, 1847
SIR- I have the honor to report that, at the request of Commodore R.F. Stockton, United States navy, (who in September last assumed the title of governor of California), I consented to take command of an expedition to this place, (the capital of the country) , and that, on the 29th December, I left San Diego with about 500 men, consisting of about sixty dismounted dragoons under Capt. Turner, 50 California volunteers, and the remainder marines and sailors, with a battery of artillery- Lieut. Emory, (topographical engineers) acting as assistant adjutant general. Com. Stockton accompanied us.
We proceeded on our route without seeing the enemy till on the 8th instant, when they showed themselves in full force of 600 mounted men, with four pieces of artillery under their governor, (Flores) occupying the heights in front of us, which commanded the crossing of the river SAN Gabriel, and they ready to oppose our further progress. The necessary disposition of our troops was immediately made, by covering our front with a strong party of skirmishers placing our wagons and baggage train in the rear of them, and protecting the flanks and rear with the remainder of the command. We then proceeded, forded by the river, carried the heights and drove the enemy from them, after an action of about an hour and a half, during which they made a charge upon our left flank, which was repulsed, soon after which they retreated and left us in possession of the field, on which we encamped that night.
The next day, (the 9th instant) we proceeded on our march at the usual hour, the enemy in our front and on our flanks; and when we reached the plains of the Mesa, their artillery again opened upon us, when their fire was returned by our guns as we advanced; and after hovering around and near us for about two hours, occasionally skirmishing with us during that time, they concentrated their force and made another charge on our left flank, which was quickly repulsed; shortly after which they retired, we continuing our march, and in the afternoon, encamped on the banks of the Mesa, three miles below this city, which we entered the following morning, (the 10th instant), without further molestation.
Our loss in the actions of the 8th and 9th was small, being but one private killed and two officers, Lieut. Rowan of the navy, and Capt. Gillispie, of the volunteers, and eleven privates wounded. The enemy, mounted on fine horses, and being the best riders in the world, carried off their killed and wounded, and we know not the number of them, though, it must have been considerable. Very respectfully, your obedient servant,
J.W. KEARNEY, Brig. Gen.
Brig. Gen. R. Jones, adj. Gen. U.S.A. Washington.
Headquarters, army of the west,
Ciudad de los Angelos, Upper California, Jan. 14. 1847.
SIR- This morning, Lieut. Col. Fremont, if the regiment of the mounted riflemen, reached [illegible] volunteers from the Sacramento; the enemy capitulated with him yesterday, near San Fernando, agreeing to lay down their arms, and we have now the prospect of having peace an quietness in this country, which I hope may not be interrupted again.
I have not yet received any information of the troops which were to come from New York, nor of those which were to follow me from New Mexico, but presume they will be here before long. On their arrival, I shall, agreeably to the instructions of the president of the United States, have the management of affairs in this country, and will endeavor to carry out his views in relation to it.
J.W. KEARNEY, Brig. GEN.
Brig. Gen., adj. Gen. U.S.A. Washington.
[KAM]
NNR 72.172-172 May 15, 1847 Letters of Col. Alexander William Doniphan on his operations, capture of Chihuahua
"ARMY OF THE NORTH."
BATTLE OF SACRAMENTO.
OFFICIAL REPORT OF COL. DONIPHAN
DEFEAT OF THE ENEMY- CAPTURE OF CHIHUAHUA.
Headquarters of the Army in Chihuahua, City of Chihuahua, March 4, 1847.
I have the honor to report to you the movements of the army under my command since my last official report.
On the evening of the 8th of February, 1847, we left the town of El Paso del Notre, escorting the merchant train or caravan of about 315 wagons for the city of Chihuahua. Our force consisted of 924 effective men, 117 officers and privates of the artillery, 93 of Lieut. Colonel Mitchell's escort, and the remainder the 1st regiment Missouri mounted volunteers. We progressed in the direction of this place until the 25th, when we were informed by our spied that the enemy, to the number of 1,500 men, were at Inseneas, the country seat of Gov. Trias, about 25 miles in advance.
When we arrived, on the evening of the 26th, near that point, we found that the forces had retreated in the direction of this city. On the evening if the 27th we arrived at Sans, and learned from our spies that the enemy, in great force, had fortified the pass of the Sacramento river, about fifteen miles in advance, and about the same distance from this city. We were also informed that there was no water between the point that we were at and that occupied by the enemy; we therefore determined to halt until morning. At sunrise on the 28th, the last day of February, we took up the line of march and formed the whole train, consisting of 315 heavy traders' wagons and our whole commissary and company wagons, into four columns, this shortening our line so as to make it more easily protected. We placed the artillery and all the command, except 200 cavalry proper, in the intervals between the columns of wagons. We this fully concealed our force and its position, by masking our force with the cavalry. When we arrived within three miles of the enemy, we made a reconnaissance of his position and the arrangement of his forces. This we could easily do- the road leading through an open prairie valley between the sterile mountains. The pass of the Sacramento is formed by a point of the mountains on our right, their left extending into the valley or plain, so as to narrow the valley to about one and a half miles. On our left was a deep, dry, sandy channel of a creek, and between these points the plain rises to sixty feet abruptly. This rise in the form of a crescent, the convex part being to the north of our forces. On the right, from the point of the mountains, a narrow part of the plain extends north one and a half miles further than on the left. The main road passes down the centre of the valley and across the crescent, near the left or dry branch, The Sacramento rises in the mountains on the right, and the road falls on to it about one mile below the battle field or entrenchment of the enemy. We ascertained that the enemy had one battery of four guns, two nine and 6 pounders, on the point of the mountain on our right, (their left,), at a good elevation to sweep the plain, and at the point where the mountains extended furthest into the plain. On our left (their right) they had another battery on an elevation commanding the road, and three entrenchments of two six pounders, and on the brow of the crescent, near the centre, another two 6 and two 4 and 6 culverins, or rampart pieces, mounted on carriages; and on the crest of the hill or ascent between the batteries and the right and left they had 27 redoubts dug and thrown up, extending at short intervals across the whole ground. In these their infantry were placed and were entirely protected. Their cavalry were drawn up in front in the intervals four deep, and in front of the redoubts two deep, so as to mask them as far as practicable. When we had arrived within one and a half miles of the entrenchments along the main road, we advanced the cavalry still further, and suddenly diverged with the columns to the right, so as to gain the narrow part of the ascent on our right, which the enemy discovering, endeavored to prevent, by moving forward with 1,000 cavalry and four pieces of cannon in their rear masked by them. Our movements were so rapid that we gained the elevation with our forces and the advance of our wagons in time to form before they arrived within reach of our guns. The enemy halted, and we advanced the head of our column within twelve hundred yards of them, so as to let our wagons attain the highlands and form as before.
We now commenced the action by a brisk fire from our battery, and the enemy unmasked and commenced also. Our fires proved effective at this distance, killing fifteen men, wounding and disabling one of the enemy's guns. We had two men slightly wounded, and several horses and mules killed. The enemy then slowly retreated behind their works in some confusion, and we resumed our march in our former order, still diverging more to the right to avoid their battery on our left, (their right) and their strongest redoubts, which were on the left near where the road passes. After marching as far as we safely could without coming within range of their heavy battery on our right, Capt. Weightman, of the artillery, was ordered to charge with two 12-pound howitzers, to be supported by the cavalry, under Captains Reid, Parsons, and Hudson. The howitzers charged at speed, and were gallantly sustained by Capt. Reid; but, by some misunderstanding, my order was not given to the other two companies.- Captain Hudson, anticipating my orders, charged in time to give ample support to the howitzers. Capt. Parsons at the same moment came to me and asked permission for his company to charge the redoubts immediately to the left of Capt. Weightman, which he did very gallantly. The remainder of the two battalions of the first regiment were dismounted during the cavalry charge, and, following rapidly on foot, and Major Clarke advancing as fast as practicable with the remainder of battery, we charged their redoubts from right to left with a brisk and deadly fire of riflemen, while Major Clarke opened a rapid and well-directed fire on a column of cavalry attempting to pass to our left so s to attack the wagons and our rear. The fire was so well directed as to force them to fall back; and our riflemen, with the cavalry and howitzers cleared after an obstinate resistance. Our forces advanced to the very brink of their redoubts and attacked them with their sabers. When the redoubts were cleared, and the batteries in the centre were silenced, the main battery on our right still continued to pour in a constant and heavy fire, as it had done during the heat of the engagement; but as it had done during the heat of the engagement; but as the whole fate of the battle depended upon carrying the redoubts and centre battery, this one on the right remained unattacked, and the enemy had rallied there five hundred strong.
Major Clark was directed to commence a heavy fire upon it, while Lieut. Cols. Mitchell and Jackson, commanding the 1st battalion, were ordered to remount and charge the battery on the left, while Major Gilpin was directed to pass the 2nd battalion on foot up the rough ascent of the mountain on the opposite side. The fire of our battery was so effective as to completely silence theirs, and the rapid advance of our column put them to flight over the mountains in great confusion.
Capt. Thompson, of the 1st dragoons, acted as my aid and advisor on the field during the whole engagement, and was on the field during the whole engagement, and was of the most essential service to me.- Also, Lieut. Wooster, of the United States army who acted very coolly and gallantly. Major Campbell, of Springfield, Missouri, also acted as a volunteer aid during part of the time, but left me and jointed Captain Reid in his gallant charge. Thus ended the battle of Sacramento.
The force of the enemy was 1,200 cavalry from Durango and Chihuahua, with the Vera Cruz dragoons, 1,200 infantry from Chihuahua, 300 artillerists, and 1,420 rancheros badly armed with lassos, lances, and macheteos or corn knives, ten pieces of artillery, two nine, two eight, four six and two four pounders, and six culverins or rampart pieces.- Their forces were commanded by Major General Heredia, General of Durango, Chihuahua, Senora, and New Mexico; Brigadier General Garcia Conde, formerly minister of defence; General Uguert, and Governor Trias, who acted as brigadier general on the field, and colonels and other officers without number.
Our force was nine hundred and twenty-four effective me, at least one hundred of whom were engaged in holding horses and driving teams.
The loss of the enemy was his entire artillery, ten wagons, masses of beans and pinola, and other Mexican provisions, about three hundred killed and about the same number wounded, many of whom have since dies, and forty prisoners.
The field was literally covered with the dead and wounded from our artillery and the unerring fire of our riflemen. Night put a stop to the carnage, the battle having commenced about three o'clock. Our loss was one killed, one mortally wounded, and seven so wounded as to recover without any loss of limbs. I cannot speak too highly of the coolness, gallantry, and bravery of the officers and men under my command.
I was ably sustained by the field officers, Lieut. Colonels Mitchell and Jackson, of the first battalion; and Maj. Gilpin of the second battalion; and Maj. Clarke and his artillery acted nobly, and did the most effective service in every part of the field. It is abundantly shown, in the charge made by captain Weightman with the section of howitzers, that they can be used in any charge of cavalry with great effect. Much has been said, and justly said, of the gallantry of our artillery, unlimbering within two hundred and fifty yards of the enemy at Palo Alto; but how much more daring was the charge of Capt. Weightman, when he unlimbered within fifty yards of the redoubts of the enemy!
On the 1st day of March we took formal possession of the capital of Chihuahua in the name of our government.
We were ordered by General Kearny to report to General Wool at this place. Since our arrival, we hear that he is at Saltillo, surrounded by the enemy. Our present purpose is either to force our way to him, or return by Bexar, as our team of service expires on the last day of May next.
I have the honor to be your obedient servant,
Colonel 1st regiment Missouri Volunteers.
Brig. Gen. R. Jones, Adj. Gen. U.S.A
Translation of Col. Doniphan's proclamation on taking possession of Chihuahua:
Proclamations of the Commander-in-chief of the North American forces in Chihuahua
The commander-in-chief of the North American forces in Chihuahua announces to all the citizens of that State that he has taken military possession of the capital, and has the pleasure of assuring them that in it complete tranquility exists.
He invites all the citizens to return to their homes, and continue in their ordinary occupation, promising to them security of person, property, and religion.
He declares also, in the name of his government, that, having taken possession of the capital since he conquered the forces of the state, he holds possession of the whole state.
He invites all the citizens, pueblos and rancheros, to continue their trade, coming to this capital to buy and sell just as they did before the recent occurrences, for no one will be molested or annoyed in any thing, as he before explained that the property each person will be respected, and that, in case the troops of his command need anything, the value of it will be paid at its just price with all punctuality.
He pledges himself in like manner that the American troops will promptly punish every excess committed, either by the savage Indians or any other individuals.
He assures again all good citizens that we war only against the army, and not against individual citizens who are unarmed.
For this we exact only, not that any Mexican should take up arms against his country, but that, incase if actual war, he shall remain neutral; for it must not, in the contrary, be expected that we shall respect the rights of those who take up arms against our view.
Alexander W. Doniphan
Commander-in-chief
Headquarters of the Army in Chihuahua,
City of Chihuahua, March 20, 1847
SIR:- The forces under my command are a portion of the Missouri volunteers, called into service for the purpose of invading New Mexico, under the command of Brigadier General (then Colonel) Kearney. After the conquest of New Mexico, and before General Kearney's departure for California, information was received that another regiment and an extra battalion of Missouri volunteers would follow us to Santa Fe. The service of so large a force being wholly unnecessary in that state, I prevailed on Gen. Kearney to order my regiment to report to you at this city. The order was given on the 23rd September, 1846; but after the general arrived at La Joya, in the southern part of the State, be issued an order requiring my regiment to make a campaign into the country inhabited the Navajo Indians, lying between the waters of the Rio del Notre and the Rio Colorado of the west. This campaign detained me until the 14th of December, before our return to Del Notre. We immediately commenced our march for El Paso del Notre with about 800 riflemen. All communication between Chihuahua and New Mexico was entirely prevented. On the 25th of December, 1846, my van guard was attacked at Brazito by the Mexican forces from this State; our force was about 450, and the force of the enemy 1100; the engagement lasted about forty minutes, when the enemy fled, leaving 63 killed and since dead, 150 wounded, and one howitzer, the only piece of artillery in the engagement on either side. On the 29th we entered El Paso without further opposition; from the prisoners and others I learned that you had not marched upon this State. I then determined to order a battery and 100 artillerists from New Mexico. They arrived in El Paso about the 5th February, when we took up the line of march for this place. A copy of my official report of the battle of Sacramento, enclosed to you, will show you all our subsequent movements, up to our taking possession of this capital. The day of my arrival I had determined to send an express to you forthwith; but the whole intermediate country was in the hands of the enemy, and we were cut off, and had been for many months, from all information respecting the American army. Mexican reports are never to be fully credited; yet, from all we could learn, we did not doubt that you would be forced by overwhelming numbers to abandon Saltillo, and of course we could send no express under such circumstances. On yesterday we received the first even tolerably reliable information that a battle had been fought near Saltillo between the American and Mexican forces, and that Santa Anna had probably fallen back on San Luis de Potosi.
My position here is exceedingly embarrassing. In the first place, most of the men under my command have been in service since the 1st of June, and have never received one cent of pay. Their marches have been hard, especially in the Navajo country, and no forage; so that they are literally without horses, clothes or money, nothing but arms and a disposition to use them. They are all volunteers, officers and men; and, although ready for any hardships or danger, are wholly unfit to garrison a town or city. "It is confusion worse confounded." Having performed a march of over 2,000 miles, and their terms of service rapidly expiring, they are restless to join the army under your command. Still, we cannot leave this point safely for some days- the American merchants here, oppose it violently, and have several thousand dollars at stake. They have sent me a memorial, and my determination has been made known to them. A copy of both they will send to you. Of one thing it is necessary to inform you: the merchants admit that their goods could not be sold here in five years; if they go south they will be as near to the markets of Durango and Zacatecas as they now are. I am anxious and willing to protect the merchants as far as practicable; but I protest against remaining here as a mere wagon guard; garrisoning a city with troops wholly unfit for it, and who will be wholly ruined by improper indulgencies. Having been originally ordered to this point, you know the wishes of the government in relation to it, and of course your orders will be promptly and cheerfully obeyed. I fear there is ample use for us with you, and we would greatly prefer joining you before our term of service expires.
All information relative to my previous operations, present condition, &c., will be given you by Mr. J. Collins, the bearer of these dispatches. He is a highly honorable gentleman, and was an amateur soldier at Sacramento.
The Mexicans report your late battle as having been entirely favorable to themselves; but taking it for granted they never report the truth, we have fired a salute for our victory in honor of yourself and General Taylor, presuming from report, you were both present.
Very respectfully, your obedient servant,
A.W.DONIPHAN,
Comd'g. 1st reg. Missouri mounted vols.
Should the horses or mules of those bearing this express fail, or prove unfit to return upon, I have to request that they may be supplied by the government with the proper means of returning,
A.W. DONIPHAN. Colonel 1st reg. Missouri volunteers Brig. Gen. Wool, U.S.A. [KAM]
NNR 72.172-173 May 15, 1847 Trials for treason in New Mexico
Organization of Government on New Mexico- Power of the Courts- Treason- Drumhead Court Martial- What does it all tend to?
Charge of Judge Houghton to the jury, in the case of Senior Trogillo- (Trohea)
In charging the jury before retiring, on the case of the Unites States vs. Trojillo, the judge ruled out all consideration, by the jury, of the arguments of the counsel for the defence, that the court had not, under the constitution, the right to adjudicate upon a case of treason, where the accused was a citizen of New Mexico, upon the ground that the court, as it was constituted, could not permit the question of its own existence to be the subject of decision by a jury; that it was bound by its oath to rely upon the authority which constituted, could not permit the question of its own existence to be the subject of decision by a jury; that it was bound by its oath to rely upon the authority which constituted it as sufficient, and under that oath, made before that authority, were solemnly bound to administer justice within the extent of its jurisdiction, and to submit all cases to juries, as judges of the evidence and facts, allowing the responsibility of the constitutional right of the court to sit on cases of high treason, as charged against New Mexicans, to fall back upon the authority who constituted it. The court, therefore, let the case go before the jury to be decided as to the guilt or innocence of the prisoner, by the facts and the evidence.
Don Antonio Maria Trogillo's order.
By order of the inspector of arms, Don Antonio Maria Trogillo, who has directed me to order you, the moment you receive this notice, to raise the whole of your company, and also all the people that are able o bear arms, to present themselves in San Juan de los Cabelleros, to-morrow, the 22nd inst., at the latest at 8 o'clock.
We have declared war against the government of the United States; and it is now to take up arms in defence of our abandoned country- to see if we can regain the liberty that we possessed in this unfortunate department. You will be held responsible of you fail to obey the order.
Juan Antonio Garcia
To Lieut. Don Pedro Vigil.
Gen. Taffola's order, No. 1.
The defenders of the country, with the view of shaking off the yoke that binds us to the government of the stranger, and as you are the inspector of arms, and commander of militia, lawfully appointed by your supreme government, which is the one we now claim; at the moment you receive this communication, you will proceed to unite all the companies under your command, and holding them in readiness for the 22nd inst., on which day these forces will be at that point. You will take all the necessary steps, and see if the enemy is advancing this way with any force; and if it should so prove, you will send a messenger quickly, so that I may redouble my march.
You are to understand that there is to be no resistance to this order. Answer this by the bearer.
Taos, January 20th, 1847.
Jesus Taffola
To Don Antonio Maria Trogillo.
Gen. Taffola's order, No. 2.
COMMANDING GENERAL OF THE REUNION: As soon as you receive this official, you will order your subalterns to gather the men under their orders, to hold themselves in readiness by the time I arrive with my forces, so as to advance all together to the camp of honor.
Jesus Tafolla
God and liberty!
Sent 23rd of January, 1847.
To the Inspector of Arms, Don Antonio Maria Trogillo.
PROCEEDINGS OF A DRUMHEAD COURT MARTIAL,
Convened at Fernando de Taos, New Mexico, on the 6th day of February, 1847, by the following order:
Headquarters, Army in New Mexico,
Don Fernando de Taos, Feb. 6, 1847.
Order No. 115
A drumhead court martial, to consist of five members will assemble at headquarters this morning, at 10 o'clock, a.m., for the trial of Pablo Montollya (Montoya,) and such other prisoners as may be brought before it. The court will consist of the following members:
Capt. Angney, infantry battalion; Capt. Barbe 2nd regiment Missouri volunteers; Capt. Slack, do. [illegible] Lieut. Ingalls, 1st dragoon; Lieut. White, 2nd regiment Missouri volunteers; Lieut. Easton, infantry battalion, judge advocate.
By order of Col. S. Price.
[signed] B.Walker, adj't.
The court met pursuant to the above order. Present, all the members.
The prisoner not objecting to any of the members, was arraigned on the following charge and specifications:
Charge- Rebellious conduct.
Specification 1st- In this: That the said Pablo Montoya did, on or about the 19th day of January, 1847, excite the Indians and Mexicans to rebellious conduct, assuming to be one of their principal leaders.
Specification 2d- That the said Montoya did, on or about the 25th of January last, issue a proclamation, exciting the people to rebellion.
Specification 3d- That the said Montoya was engaged in exciting the people to rob the United States wagons, loaded with public funds, then on their way from the United States to Santa Fe. All this in the territory of New Mexico.
[signed] R.WALKER, adjutant, 2nd reg't Mo. Mounted volunteers
To which charge and specifications the prisoner pleaded not guilty.
The court being duly sworn in the presence of the prisoner, Messrs. Lucian Thrustoa and Thomas Rowland were sworn as interpreters.
Jose Maria Sandaval, a witness for the prosecution being duly sworn, said: I was secretary for the prosecution being duly sworn, said: I was secretary for Pablo Montoya, the prisoner, and wrote the following letter, [marked A,] which I read to him, and he approved.
"From the superior authorities in command."
"No. A- The alcalde will, the moment he receives this, arrange it so that he will present all the people of the Pueblo before me, at sunrise, well equipped with arms and provisions, that they may leave for Santa Fe with dispatch. This moment, I have received intelligence of importance, requesting us to be in readiness before the forces of Santa Fe advance and overcome our forces at the different points, Rio Abajo, Canada, &c., &c. God and law.
[signed] Pablo Montallo
Senor Alcalde of the Pueblo."
San Fernando de Taos, Jan. 21, 1847."
Witness further states, that the letter marked B., was written by himself, at the instance of the prisoner, Pablo Montallo, which he read to him, and he approved; and also letter marked C, was written by witness, at the instance of the prisoner, which he read to him, and he approved it, and authorized him to sign his name to it,
No B- The citizen Pablo Montolia, being the highest person empowered to command and also to appoint officers who will faithfully discharge their duties according to the arrangement of the splendid plans found on the 21st day of the present month- I hereby give authority to the alcalde of the Pueblo de Taos, Don Francisco Navaujo, to write and the letters of this tribunal, and also to cause the people under his command to keep themselves well equipped with arms, with the understanding that they will be chastised who disobey the orders and commands of Senor Alcalde; published for good government.
Given in San Fernando de Taos, 22d Jan., 1847
[signed] Pablo Moulla.
Empowered general of the superior command
No. C- This day I received intelligence from the commander of the Mexican forces, that yesterday, at the setting sun, the war commenced at the Canada with the foreign army. He also states that they have already vanquished them; believing which, honored Mexicans we shall come out triumphant in all our undertaking. I will commend you to God, that he may give you the souls of valiant men, so that all the enemies you encounter, you may be able to conquer, keeping in mind the rules and regulations presented in the organized plan formed on the 21st day of the present month, the third observance of our adored laws. We are now fighting , and should we vanquish our enemy, we will again place our laws in the best security the nature of the case will admit of. Any prisoners that may be taken you will remit to this tribunal.
Mexican citizens!- Live in the hope that we will yet shout glory hallelujah in our province, and live in the confidence that the Divine Protector of the Indians will never permit his people to be vanquished.- Believing in His powerful assistance, no harm can befall us.
Companions in arms!- I request you to try and make yourselves possessors of the money and effects that they are now taking to Santa Fe in the wagons.- Accomplishing this, you will place it under the strictest orders according to our plan, until it is in my disposal, taking care not to let the people steal it, it being alone for the defence of our sacred country.
Do the favor to communicate all this as far as El Bao, that the people may rise and protect their frontier. You will give assistance with your people near Santa Fe, at the points where they may be most needed. It is extremely necessary that the orders should be vigilantly executed.
God and liberty.
San Fernando de Taos, Jan. 25, 1847.
[signed] Pablo Montolla.
Answer this as soon as it comes to hand.
Gentlemen authorities of the command.
Witness further states, that prisoner was looked upon wherever he went by the rebellious party, as the general commanding the forces.
Question by the prisoner- Did I direct the letters you wrote?
Answer- You did: word for word; most of them I read over to you a second time, upon the prisoner saying he did not distinctly understand what I had written. He then approved them, and authorized me to sign his name to the letters, which I did.
Antonio Jose Martinez, the priest, a witness for the prosecution, being duly sworn, says: On the morning of the 19th of January last, immediately after the murder of Gov. Bent, prisoner, with others, came into my room for the purpose of finding Elliot Lee, an American, whom they had supposed I had concealed. They were hunting William Lee. My room at that time, was filled with Indians and Mexicans. The murder of Governor Bent and others, was the commencement of the revolution. The prisoner being tendered the appointment of general, at first refused it, but afterwards accepted it. The appointment of prisoner as general, it was said, was to restore good order among the Mexicans.
Elliot Lee, a witness for the prosecution, being duly sworn, says that prisoner on the 20th of January last, told him that he was commander in chief of the Mexican forces, and that he was the Santa Anna of the north, and that he was going to retake this territory, which the Americans had taken from the Mexicans. Prisoner asked me whether there were wagons coming from the states to Santa Fe, with powder, and ball, and money? I told him I understood there were, and that there were some two hundred thousand dollars in money in them.- Prisoner told me to tell a straight take, and if I did, I should not be hurt. He said they were sending out men to take them: they did go out, and brought back some mules and horses. Prisoner started from home with troops to go against the Americans, and said there were no Americans in Santa Fe, for that all of them had been killed.
Jesus Maria Tafoya, a witness for the prosecution, being duly sworn, says: I was interpreter on the 20th January last for Mr. Lee. Prisoner told me to tell said Lee, if he did not answer the questions correctly, he had an instrument with which he could cut his throat. Prisoner told me to ask Lee about some wagons going to Santa Fe from the states, and whether there was powder and ball and plenty of money in the, Prisoner said something about sending out men to take those wagons, and that he would give out the proceeds among the people here. They did go out, but only brought back some horses and mules. Prisoner said that there were not more than two hundred troops in Santa Fe; boys, said he, don't mind that; we can kill them all off. Prisoner said he was the Santa Anna of the north: he said he was commander in chief of the forces against the Americans. Prisoner did not start for Santa Fe; the other generals went; he remained here to keep good order.- The "good order" was to keep the Mexicans here in arms and readiness to flight. This was the order to prisoner, which he had to execute as a part of his duty.
The evidence was here closed, and the court adjourned.
After mature deliberation on the testimony adduced, which was read over by the judge advocate, the court find the prisoner, Pablo Montoya, guilty of all specifications to the charge, and guilty of the charge, and sentenced him to be hung by the neck until he is DEAD- at such time and place as the colonel commanding may direct, after the approval of the proceedings,
The court adjourned sine die.
[signed] W.Z. ANGNEY,
President of the court, com'd infantry battalion.
L.J. Eastin, judge advocate.
The proceedings and sentence of the court in the above case are approved, and in conformity with the sentence, the said prisoner, Pablo Montoya, will be hung by the neck until he is dead, in the centre of the plaza, in this town between the hours of 11 o'clock a.m. and 2 o'clock p.m., tomorrow, the 7th inst,
[signed] Sterling Price
Col. commanding the army in New Mexico.
[KAM]
NNR 72.175 May 15, 1847 Maj. Meriwether Lewis Clark's official report
Headquarters, Bat. Mo. Light Artillery,
Camp near Chihuahua, Mexico, March 2, 1847
SIR- I have the honor to report that, agreeable to your instructions, I left camp, near Lauz, on the morning of the 28th ult. Accompanied by my adjutant, Lieut. L.D. Walker, and non-commissioned staff, and proceeded in advance to a position commanding a full view of the enemy's camp and entrenchments, situated about four miles distant. From this point, the enemy was discovered to be in force awaiting our approach, having occupied the ridge and neighboring heights about Sacramento. Upon examination it was discovered that his entrenchments and redoubts occupied the brow of an elevation extending across the ridge between Arroyo Seco and that of Sacramento, both of which at this point, cross the valley, from the elevated ridge of mountains in the rear of the village of Terreon, known by the name of Sierra de Victorias, and that of - on the east, and through which runs the Rio del Nombre de Dios. This valley is about four miles in width, and entrenched by the enemy entirely across, from mountain to mountain, the road to the city of Chihuahua running directly through its centre, and of necessity passing near to and crossing the Rio Sacramento at the rancho Sacramento, a strongly built and fortified beach, with adjoining corrals and other enclosures belonging to Angel Trias, the governor of Chihuahua. From observation it was ascertained that the enemy had occupied the site between these hills, and that the batteries upon them were supported by infantry, his cavalry being in advance positions, formed into three columns, between the Arroyo Seco and our advance. During these observations the enemy's advance guard discovered my party - approached rapidly, with the evident intention of intercepting it; but being met by that of our troops which I had sent forward, it as rapidly retreated; at this time, also, the three columns of the enemy's cavalry recrossed the Arroyo Seco, and retired behind their entrenchments. I then approached within six hundred yards of their most advanced redoubt, from which point the enemy's formation was plainly discernible. The entrenchments consisted of a line, with intervals composed of circular redoubts from three hundred to five hundred yards intervals, with entrenchments between each, covering batteries partly masked by cavalry. The redoubt nearest to my position contained two pieces of cannon, supported by several hundred infantry. The enemy's right and left were strongly positioned- the Cerro [illegible] on his right having high, precipitous sides, with a redoubt commanding the surrounding country and the pass leading towards Chihuahua through Arroyo Seco.
The Cerro Sacramento, on his left, consisting of a pile of immense volcanic rocks, was surmounted by a battery commanding the road to Chihuahua leading directly in front of the enemy's entrenchments, crossing the Rio Sacramento at the rancho, directly under its fire, and also commanding the road from Terreon, immediately in its rear. The crossing of the main road over Arroyo Seco, at the point from which my reconnaissance was made, laid directly under the fire of the batteries on the enemy's entrenchments. The passage was found to be practicable with some little labor, and the point selected as the best passage of the artillery and wagon and merchant trains.
The whole front of the enemy's line of entrenchments appeared to be about two miles, and his force 900 men; the artillery being masked, the number and caliber of his cannon could not be estimates.- Rather, I have the honor to report that the battalion of artillery under my command composed of 110 men and 7 officers, with a battery of six pieces of artillery, were, on the morning of the battle, directed from under the direction of Captain Weightman, between the two columns of merchant and provisio wagons, being this masked from the view of the enemy; in this column my troops continued to march to within about 1,500 yards if the enemy's most advanced position. Our direction was then changed to the right, and the column having crossed the Arroyo Seco within reach of the enemy's fire, rapidly advanced towards the table land between the Seco and Sacramento; at this time the enemy was perceived advancing from his entrenchments to prevent our seizing upon these heights, but by a rapid movement of the battery it was quickly drawn from its mask, and seizing upon a favorable position, protected at the rear by a marsh from the attack of a large body of the enemy's cavalry ascertained to be hanging on our rear, it was formed, and at once opened fire upon the enemy's cavalry rapidly advancing upon us. At this moment, his charging column was about 900 yards distant, and the effect of our strap shot and shells were such as to break his ranks and throw his cavalry into confusion. The enemy now rapidly deployed into line, bringing up his artillery from the entrenchments. During this time our line was preparing for a charge, my artillery advancing by hand and firing. The enemy now opened a heavy fire of cannon upon our line, mainly directed upon the battery, but with little effect.
Lieutenant Dorn had his horse shot from under him by a nine pound ball, at this stage of the action, and several mules and oxen in the merchant wagons in our rear were wounded and killed, which, however, was the only damage done. The fire of our cannon at this time had such good effect as to dismount one of the enemy pieces, and completely to disperse his cavalry, and drive him from his position forcing him to retire behind his entrenchments. For a short time the firing on either side now ceased, and the enemy appeared to be moving his cannon and wounded, whilst our line prepared to change our position more towards the right, for the purpose of occupying a more advantageous ground. One object being soon gained, the order to advance was given, and immediately after I was directed to send the section of howitzers to support a charge upon the enemy's left. I immediately ordered Captain R.H. Weightman to detach the section composed of two 12 pound mountain howitzers, mounted upon carriages, constructed especially for field prairie service, and drawn by two horses each- these were commanded by Lieutenants E.F. Chouteau and F.D. Evans, and manned by some twenty men, whose conduct in this action cannot be too much commended. Captain Weightman charges at full gallop upon the enemy's left, preceded by Captain Reed and his company of horses; and after crossing a ravine some 150 yards from the enemy, he unlimbered the guns within 50 yards of the entrenchments, and opened a destructive fire of canister into his ranks; which was warmly returned, but without effect. Capt. Weightman again advanced upon the entrenchment, passing through it in the face of the enemy, and within a few feet of the ditches; and in the midst of a cross fire from three directions again opened his fire to the right and left with such effect that, with the formidable charge of the cavalry and dismounted men of your own regiment, and Lieutenant Col. Mitchell's escort, the enemy were driven from the breastworks on our right in great confusion.
At this time, under a heavy cross fire from the battery upon Cerro Sacramento, I was advancing with our battery of four 6 pounders, under Lieuts. Dorn, Kribben, and Labeaume, upon the enemy's right, supported by Major Gilpin on the left, and the wagon train, escorted by two companies of infantry, under Captains E.J. Glasgow and Skilman, in the rear, when Major Gilpin charged upon the enemy's centre, and forced him from his entrenchments under a heavy fire of artillery and small arms; at the same time the fire of our battery was opened upon the enemy's extreme right, from which a continued fire had been kept up upon our line and the wagon train. Two of the enemy's guns, were now soon dismounted on their right; that battery silenced, and the enemy dislodged from the redoubt on Cerro Frijoles.- Percieving a body of lancers forming for the purposes of out-flanking our left, and attacking the merchants' wagons under Capt. Glasgow, I again opened upon them a very destructive fire of grape and spherical case shot, which soon cleared the left of our line; the enemy , vacating his entrenchments and deserting his guns, was hotly pursued towards the mountains beyond Cerro Frijoles, and down the Arroyo Seco to Sacramento, by moth wings in the army, under Lieutenant Colonel Mitchell, Lieutenant Colonel Jackson, and Major Gilpin, and by Captain Weightmen, with the sections of howitzers. During this pursuit my officers repeatedly opened their fires upon the retreating enemy with great effect. To cover this flight of the enemy's forces from the entrenched camp, the heaviest of his cannon had been taken from the entrenchments to the Cerro Sacramento, and a heavy fire opened upon our pursuing forces and the wagons following in the rear. To silence this battery, I had to anticipate your order to that effect by at once occupying the nearest of the enemy's entrenchments, 1,225 yards distant; and notwithstanding the elevated position of the Mexican battery, giving him a ploughing fire into my entrenchment, which was not defiladed, and the greater range of his long nine pounders, the first fire of our guns dismounted one of his largest pieces, and the fire was kept up with such briskness and precision of aim, that this battery was soon silenced and the enemy seen precipitately retreating. The fire was then continued upon the Rancho Sacramento, and the enemy's ammunition and baggage train retreating upon the road to Chihuahua. By this fire the house and several wagons were rendered untenable and useless. By this time Lieutenant Col. Mitchell had sealed the hill, followed by the section of howitzers under Capt. Weightman, and the last position of the Mexican forces taken possession of by our own troops, this leaving the American forces masters of the field. Having silenced the fire from Cerro Sacramento, our battery was removed into the plain at rancho, where we gained the road and were in pursuit of the enemy when I received your order to return and encamp within the enemy's entrenchments for the night. From the time of first opening my fire upon the Mexican cavalry, to the cessation of the firing upon the rancho and battery of Sacramento, was about three hours, and, during the whole time of the action, I take the utmost pleasure in stating that every officer and man of my command did his duty with cheerfulness, coolness, and precision, which is sufficiently shown by the admirable effect produced by their, the great accuracy of their aim, their expediency and ingenuity in supplying deficiencies in the field during the action, and the prompt management of the pieces, rendered still more remarkable from the fact that I had, during the fight, less than two thirds of the number of cannoneers generally required for the service of light artillery, and but four of the twelve artillery carriages belonging to my battery harnessed with horses, the remaining eight carriages being harnessed to mules of the country.
During the day my staff were of the greatest service, Adjutant L.D. Walker having been sent with the howitzers, and the non-commissioned officers remaining with me to assist in the service of the battery. In this action the troops under your command have captured from the enemy one 9 pounder, one 6 pounder, and seven 4 pounder guns, all mounted in new stock-trail carriages. Their pieces were all manufactured in Chihuahua, except the six pounder, which is an old Spanish piece. Three of the four pounders were made at the mint in Chihuahua; seven of the ten pieces were spiked, but have been unspiked since their capture; four of them were rendered unserviceable in the action; one entirely dismounted and seized by my adjutant whilst in the act of being dragged from the field by the retreating enemy.- There were also taken two pieces of artillery, mounting three wall pieces of 11/2 inch caliber each, and these are formidable weapons upon a charging force. With these twelve pieces of artillery was taken a due proportion of ammunition, implements, harness, mules, &c., and they may be rendered serviceable by being properly repaired and [illegible], for which purpose I would ask for future reinforcement of my command. It is with feelings of gratitude to the Ruler of all battles that I have now the honor to report that not one man of my command has been hurt, nor any animal. With the exception of one horse, killed under Lieutenant Dorn, chief of the first section of 6 pounder guns, and of one mule belonging to the United States, shot under one of the cannoneers; neither had a gun or carriage of my battery been touched except in one instance, where a nine pound ball stuck the tire of a wheel without producing injury. This is a fact worthy of notice, that so little damage was done to a command greatly exposed to the enemy's fire, and of itself made a point of attack by the enemy, if I may so judge by the showers of cannon and other shot constantly poured into us as long as the enemy continued to occupy his position. I might call your attention to the individual instances of personal courage and good conduct of the men of command, as well as of the intrepid bravery and cool determined courage of many of your own regiment and Lieutenant Col. Mitchell's escort, who charged with us upon the enemy's works, were it not impossible, in any reasonable space, to name so many equally of distinction, and did not presume that other field officers on that occasion would repost the proceedings of their own commands and the praiseworthy conduct of their own officers and men,
M.L. CLARK
To Col. A.W. Doniphan, commanding American forces in the state of Chihuahua.
[KAM]
72.176 May 15, 1847 Mexican orders for fortifications around the capital
The Mexican government have directed every place in the vicinity of their capital to be fortified, and have directed Generals Almonte, Bravo, Rincon and Agea, to superintend their construction. Almonte on the 14th commenced his duties by reconnoitering the road from Venta de Cordova, to San Martin Tesmelucan. [KAM]
NNR 72.176 May 15, 1847 Killed and Wounded at Cerro Gordo
The number of the killed and wounded of our army at the battle of Sierra Gordo, is ascertained to be, says the N. OrleansPicayune: 1 volunteer officer killed: 14 regular officers, and 7 volunteer privates killed; 195 regular and 48 volunteer privates wounded. [JLM]
NNR 72.177 May 22, 1847 Mexican notice of appointment of Alejandro Jose Atocha as emissary from the United States to Mexico
Senor Atocha. The New Orleans Picayune of the 5th speaking of the intelligence brought by the steamer James L. Day, from Vera Cruz says:
The Mexican papers continue their declamatory strictures upon the mission of Atocha. It would appear that the sending of this miserable fellow on any important mission to Mexico has given greater umbrage than all else that has been done by the United States. They regard him in the light of an official pimp, a treasonable pander, a perfidious miscreant, and indeed the concentration of baseness. They think he was sent there by the American cabinet in mockery and scorn.
We have already copied the article of "El Republicano" upon Atocha. That paper- the very best in all Mexico- the highest tone and the sturdiest defender of the republican institutions when the monarchical part was in the ascendant- after noticing the arrival of Atocha on a mission from this country, and recounting his past history in Mexico, exclaims:
"O, God! This is the greatest sign that thou hast forgotten us. Send upon us bombs, rifles, grape shot and every class of projectile and misfortune; burn us, reduce us to ashes, destroy us, annihilate, but do not dishonor us. Send the entire north to subjugate and rule over us, but do not let Atocha be the broker of a contract of piece, because that, devolving upon us the greatest scorn and the greatest humiliation, would be [O God] thy greatest punishment."
This, we are assured, is a true reflex of the feelings of the better order of Mexicans in regard to the unfortunate appointment. [KAM]
NNR 72.177 May 22, 1847 Number of Enlistments in the Army
The Recruiting Service.- Reinforcements ordered to the seat of war.
We learn from the war office that the ranks of the new regiments are rapidly filling up, and that the following companies of the same are now concentrated at Point Isabel, or en route for Vera Cruz and that point. The results here exhibited are highly gratifying, and show the great energy and promptitude with which this new force has been raised and sent forward:
9th Inf'y- Col. Ransom, (aggregate) 258
12th Inf'y- Col. Temple 794
11th Inf'y- Col. Ramsey (companies and detachment of a company)
633
12th Inf'y- Col. Wilson, (now in Mexico) Lieut. Col. Bonham,
superintending 110
13th Inf'y- Col. Echols 280
14th Inf'y- Col, Trousdale 180
15th Inf'y- Col. Morgan (now in Mexico) Lieut. Col. Howard,
superintending 810
16th Inf'y- Col. Tribbatts 827
Voltiqueurs- Col. Andrews 712
3rd Dragoons- Col. Butler 711
-----
Total- Ten regiments 5,315
This number (5,315) is probably considerably below the actual strength now in Mexico, or even en route for the seat of war. [KAM]
NNR 72.177 May 22, 1847 Assurances of the "Union" that Gen. Winfield Scott will be reinforced by the end of May, equal to the number of volunteers that leave
The "Union" from which the above is extracted, concludes that Gen. Scott's army will be strengthened by the above and other recruits that will reach him by the end of may, fully equal to the volunteers that he will have to part with.
No mention is made as to reinforcing General Taylor. [KAM]
NNR 72.177 May 22, 1847 Letter from Thomas Corwin
Senator Corwin and the Mexican War.
Lebanon, (Ohio) April 4, 1847.
DEAR SIR- I had the pleasure of receiving your letter on the 28th of March yesterday: and I cannot deny myself the gratification of expressing to you the satisfaction with which I receive that among many other such evidences of approval of my course on the Mexican war. I felt strongly as any one could the responsibility I assumed. I differed from all the leading whigs if the senate, and saw plainly that they all were, to some extent, bound to turn, is they could, the current of public opinion against me. They all agrees with me that the war was unjust in our part; that, if properly begun, (which none of them admitted,) we had already sufficiently chastised Mexico, and that the further prosecution of it was wanton waste of both blood and treasure; yet they would not undertake to stop it. They said the president alone was responsible. I thought we who aided him, or furnished him the means, must be in the judgment of reason and conscience equally responsible, equally guilty, with him. I see the "democratic" presses prate about refusing to feed and clothe the brave men now in the field. Do not these praters know that it was not for that purpose that we were asked for supplies?- Did the president want twenty-eight millions of money and ten regiments more of men to bring Gen. Taylor back to Camargo? No, he told us he wanted them for the purpose of further prosecuting the war. He wanted to storm the halls of the Montezumas! And for what? That question he will not answer. It is for conquest alone. The great model republic of the world makes war upon one modeled after her, to take away her territory and utterly destroy her, till her leading men are driven to bed the aid of Kings to prevent us, the great republic, from robbing and murdering those who, as well as they know how to do it, are trying to establish free governments after our example. I am amazed that a people calling itself democratic- hating kings and loving free government - should act thus. What does it portend? Ii confess it fills me with melancholy forebodings. I can honor the brave soldier who does his duty in battle; but I despise the mistaken, wicked policy that sends him to fight in such a war. Had the president asked for money to bring home our army after the taking of Monterey, and to send a commission of one or more of the first men in America to treat for peace, I would have given my vote with more hearty goodwill for such a bill then I ever gave any in my whole public life. I often urged this course in private interviews with leading men of both parties. But all in vain. Further battle- more blood- more laurels; these were the insane and barbarous aspirations of men who now hold the power of a nation boasting itself the exemplar of Christendom; vaunting that it "asks for nothing, which is not right, and will submit to nothing which is wrong."
I send you only a few copied of my speech on the subject. I only regret that it is not more worthy of the cause it proposes to uphold. I shall be satisfied if it shall induce a few to ponder the subject of which it treats.
Very truly, your friend,
Thomas Corwin.
Lafayette (Ind.) Journal [KAM]
NNR 72.179 May 22, 1847 Government declines tender of additional brigade from Maryland
Gen. John Spear Smith, of Baltimore, has tendered to the president of the United States, a brigade of volunteers to serve in the Mexican war, from the state of Maryland. The Washington "Union" compliments the patriotism of the corps volunteered on this occasion, and exhibits it as an instance of the public spirit of the people of Maryland, but adds that the president has been constrained, in justice to the like claims which are pressed from other states, to decline accepting the services thus proffered, and adds: "We understand that Gen. Scott will, in all probability, have under his command, in the month of June, at least twenty thousand men, or more, consisting too of regulars, or during the war men." [KAM]
NNR 72.181 May 22, 1847 Paymaster to leave St. Louis with gold for the Army in Mexico
Major Bodine, paymaster of the army, was to leave St. Louis last week for Santa Fe, with $300,000 in gold for the army in New Mexico. [KAM]
NNR 72.182-72.183 May 22, 1847 George Wilkins Kendall's account of the battle of Cerro Gordo
The Battle Of Cerro Gordo.
Mr. Kendall, of the New Orleans Picayune, furnished that paper with regular details from which we extract the following:
Plan del Rio, Mexico, April 16, 1847.
General Twigg's division of the army reached this place on Sunday last 11th, and Gen. Patterson's on Monday evening. Both are now encamped her in a delightful valley, on the banks of the Plan del Rio, or river of the plain, awaiting the arrival of Gen. Worth's division and Gen. Quitman's brigade of the Alabama, Georgia, and South Carolina volunteers. General Scott arrived last evening, and we anticipate in a few days a hard battle. The Mexicans, to the number of from 12,000 to 15,000 men, with General Vega, if not Santa Anna himself, at their head, are strongly fortified about three miles in our advance, and appear to be constantly engaged in making their position, if possible still stronger. They have several batteries planted, and if they do no make a desperate stand when attacked, they must be a greater set of cowards than I have yet supposed them. Our present force here is not over 6,000 men, including Steptoe's, Wall's, and the howitzer batteries. The sappers and miners are busily engaged in cutting roads, and when our batteries are erected we shall give them "particular fits," to use a vulgar phrase.
We are fifty-seven miles from Vera Cruz and thirty-three from Jalapa. Several volunteers have been wounded or killed in our march from Vera Cruz, having lagged too far behind the main body. It was, I assure you, hard work to the men while marching, and many more a poor fellow dropped upon the road from complete exhaustion.
April 16-evening.-The Mexicans, under Santa Anna, are occupying a chain of works along the road, the nearest of which about a mile and a quarter from Gen. Scott's headquarters in a direct line. The read this side is cut up and barricaded, and every possible means of defence and annoyance has been resorted to. Beyond the first work there are three or four others, completely commanding the gorge through which the road to Jalapa runs-these fortifications on hills and rising so as to defend one another. It is thought that Santa Anna has 20,000 men with him-the lowest gives him 15,000-and with these he has twenty four pieces of field artillery, besides some fourteen heavy cannon in position. Some of the prisoners and deserters from the enemy's camp even place higher estimates, both as to the number of men and guns.
To turn these different works a road has been partially cut through he rough ground and chaparral to the right; and, although the reconnaissance is as yet imperfect, it is still thought that a point near the enemy's farthest work can be reached. General Twiggs, with his division, is to march at 8 o'clock to-morrow morning by the new road, and on the following morning it is thought the attack will commence on the works on this side. If Gen. Twiggs succeeds in reaching the rear of Santa Anna-and he will use every exertion-I do not see what is to save him. He is generally fox enough to have plenty of holes out of which to escape, however, and, from the great difficulty of reconnoitering his position fully, he may have some means of escape here. The general impression now in camp is , that this is to be the great battle of the war; and the immense natural strength of Santa Anna's works would justify the belief.
The Mexicans are ore on the alert than they have ever been before, and more bold in throwing out their pickets. Not a party can go near their works without being fired upon, and yesterday a soldier of the 7th infantry fell with no less than seven bullets in his body. It is said that Almonte is with Santa Anna, as also all the principal generals of the country.
Gen. Worth left Puente Nacional this afternoon with his division, and will be up during to-night.-He started a little after 1 o'clock this morning, with near 2,000 picked men, determined to make a forced march through; but learning on the road that the attack upon the Mexican works as not to commence as soon as anticipated, he returned to Puenta Nacional, after marching a mile and a half. Capt. Pemberton, one of his aids, rode over here last evening after dark, and returned with the information that the attack had been postponed.
The wounds of Capt. Johnston are doing well. I regret to state that Gen. P. F. Smith is confined to his bed-utterly unable either to ride or walk. He has a violent inflammation of the right ankle and knee, resembling crysipelas, which, from neglecting several days when he should have remained in his cot, has finally compelled him to lay up. I will write again to-morrow.
April 17, 8 o'clock, A.M.-General Worth's division came up during last night and this morning, ready for any thing that turns up. A section of the siege train, comprising two twenty four pounders and an eight inch howitzer will be along this forenoon. A subsistence train is also close by, and is very much needed, as the army is nearly out of provisions.
Gen. Twigg's division will march by 9 o'clock.-The 1st brigade, composed of the 1st artillery, 2nd dragoons and Captain Kearney's company of the 1st and 7thinfantry, is under command of Col. Harney during the illness of Gen. Smith; the 2d brigade consists of the 4th artillery and 2d and 3d infantry, under Col. Riley; and to these must be added Taylor's battery and Talcott's mountain howitzer and rocket men, acting under the immediate orders of General Twiggs. The latter company will probably have plenty of work on their hands, as this is just the country for their operations.
April 17, 11 A.M.-The division of General Twiggs started two hours since, and a heavy cannonade has already commenced upon his line from the farthest of the Mexican works. At intervals, too, the rattling of small arms can be heard distinctly from the dragon camp where I am writing this. I am going out, with Cols. Duncan and Bohlan and Capt. Pemberton, to the seat of action, and will return here at night to report the progress of the fight.-it was not intended, I believe, that General Twiggs should opened the fight to-day, at least to bring on a general action, and it is therefore presumable the Mexicans have commenced upon him. I write in great haste.
5 P.M.-I have just returned from the scene of conflict, and a bloody one it has been considering the number engaged. A hill this side of the farthest Mexican work; and on which there was no one seen last evening, was found occupied by the enemy's light troops this morning, and to force it was at once deemed indispensable. For this purpose the rifles under Maj. Sumner, besides detachments of artillery and infantry, were ordered to charge up the rugged ascent. This they did in gallant style, driving the Mexicans, after a resistance which may be put down as most obstinate. Great numbers of the enemy were killed, while on our side the loss was also severe. Major Sumner was shot in the head by a musket ball-severely but not mortally: Lieutenants Maury and Gibbs, of the rifles, were also wounded, but not severely, as was also Lieutenant Jarvis of the 2 nd infantry. I could not learn that any of our officers were killed. The entire loss on our side, in killed nd wounded, is estimated at about one hundred; but from the nature of the ground-broken, covered with brush and thick chaparral, and extremely uneven-it is impossible to tell with accuracy.
About 3 o'clock the enemy made a demonstration from the fort on the neighboring height to the one our men captured, as if with the intention of retaking it; but it all ended in marching down the hill blowing a most terrific charge on their trumpets, firing a few shots and then retiring. Their appearance as they came down the slope was certainly most imposing. The cannon on the height meanwhile kept up a continuous fire on General Twigg's lines, yet doing little execution other than cutting down trees and brush. As we returned to camp the fire still continued-the enemy had evidently ascertained the position of the road which had just been cut, with accuracy, but their balls principally went over.
General Shields, at 3 o'clock, was ordered out to support General Twiggs, with three regiments of volunteers-two from Illinois under Colonels Baker and Barnett. They will have warm work to-morrow if the Mexicans stand up as they did to-day.
There has been not a little skirmishing to-day between the forage and beef parties, sent out in the rear, and the rancheros. One Illinois man was killed and one of the same regiment and a Tennesseean wounded. I could not learn their names.
To-morrow the grand attack, both upon the front and rear of the enemy is to be made. General Worth is to move at sunrise, and a little peace will the Mexicans have for one twenty-four hours at least.
The loss on both sides has been heavy-how could it have been otherwise? The rough and rocky road, cut through rugged defiles and dense chaparral by our troops, is now lined with our wounded. The rifles, Col. Haskell's Tennessee volunteers, the 1st artillery, the 7th infantry, and Captain William's company of Kentucky volunteers, have perhaps suffered most. Gen. Shields was severely, and I am fearful, mortally wounded, while gallantly leading his brigade to storm one of the enemy's farthest works. General Pillow was also sounded, although slightly, while storming a fortification on this side, commanded by La Vega. All the field officers of Col. Haskell's regiment were wounded at the same time, save himself. Of the rifles, Capt. Mason has lost a leg, Lieut. Ewell has been badly wounded, Lieut. McLane slightly. I have already mentioned the gallant Maj. Sumner and other officers wounded yesterday.
I have specified some regiments above which signalized themselves: it happened to be their fortune, in the disposition of the battle, to fall upon what all good soldiers may term pleasant places-the most difficult works to storm-and bravely and without faltering did they execute the perilous duties assigned them. At 1 o'clock this afternoon General Twiggs, whose division has been in the hardest of it, was pursuing the flying enemy towards Jalapa. Pinson, who commanded the forts nearest Plan del Rio, asked of Gen. Worth time to consider before the capitulated. Desirous to come to terms, Gen. Worth gave him fifteen minutes, and he surrendered unconditionally. Had he not done so, the slaughter would have been terrible.
April 18-4 o'clock, P.M.-The American arms have achieved another glorious and most brilliant victory. Out numbering General Scott's force materially, and occupying positions which looked impregnable as Gibraltar, one after another of their works have been taken to-day, five generals, colonels enough to command ten such armies as ours, and other officers innumerable, have been taken prisoners, together with 6000 men, and the rest of their army driven and routed with the loss of every thing, ammunition, cannon, baggage train, all. Nothing but the impossibility, of finding a road of the dragoons to the rear of the enemy's works saved any part of Santa Anna's grand army, including his own illustrious person.
It is now impossible to name officers who have distinguished themselves. I cannot, however, omit to mention Colonels Harney, Riley and Childs, of the regulars; Colonels Baker, Forman and Haskell, of the volunteers, as every one is talking of them.
April 19.-The rout of the Mexicans last evening was complete. They were pursued within 4 miles of Jalapa by Gen. Twiggs, at which point there were none to follow. Santa Anna himself, instead of entombing himself as he threatened, escaped by cutting the saddle mule of his team from the harness of his magnificent evach, mounting him, and then taking to the chaparral. His service of massive silver, nearly all his papers, his money-every thing in his carriage, even his dinner, was captured. I have a capital story to tell about this dinner when I have a moment to spare. The Mexican loss upon the heights was awful-the ground in places in covered with the dead! Among the bodies found was that of General Vasquez, and near him was Colonel Palacio, mortally wounded. Their loss in the retreat was terribly severe-every by-path was strewn with the dead. Had our dragoons been enabled to reach them in season, all would have been killed or captured-Santa Anna among them. Canalizo, with his noted lancers, had the prudence to "vamos" early. [ANP]
NNR 72.183 May 22, 1847 Prisoners taken at Cerro Gordo
The Mexican Prisoners. - There were at least 6,000 Mexicans taken prisoners at Cerro Gordo. But few who were within the entrenchments escaped. Santa Anna kept a large corps of reserve outside the batteries, all of whom escaped. The want of cavalry was severely felt in the pursuit of the fugitives. - If Twiggs had had a cavalry force of one thousand he would have taken Santa Anna and his whole army. The officers who were taken prisoners were the bravest and best in the Mexican army. General Jarrero is an old and experienced officer, who has long commanded the castle of Perote. When the Texan prisoners were confined in that gloomy fortress, Gen. J. treated them with great kindness and generosity. We trust that on this account, as well as from a regard to his position, he will be kindly and hospitably treated by our citizens when he visits New Orleans.
Of General La Vega we need only say, that he is well known throughout Mexico and the United States, for his gallantry at Resaca de la Palma, and for his dignified and gentlemanly bearing during his sojourn in this country as a prisoner of war. There are among the prisoners several naval officers, who were very efficient in managing the artillery batteries. They are intelligent gentlemen, and speak the English language. The younger officers were very much exerted against Santa Anna. They declared, that if he had not kept out of the entrenchments and showed a determination to fly, they would have been able to maintain their positions. They openly charged him with being either bribed or frightened - a traitor or a coward.
Seventeen Mexican officers were brought to Vera Cruz under a strong escort. The Mexicans on the road had not heard of the battle or of its results, and when they saw the escort approaching, they ran out of their houses to see what it meant. As soon as the well known faces of their own officers, under an American guard, came within view, they seemed to be struck dumb with astonishment and alarm. Gradually these feelings gave way to sorrow, and their lamentations over the misfortunes and disgrace of their country were loud and affecting. [JLM]
NNR 72.183 May 22, 1847 the storming and capture of the strong works at Cerro Gordo
The Storming and Capture of the Strong Works on Sierra Gordo, by the brigade under Colonel Harney, may be looked upon as one of the most brilliant achievements of the Mexican war-the fate of the battle turned upon it, and here the enemy had placed an overwhelming force of his best troops.-The hill was steep and naturally difficult of ascent; but independent of this the ground was covered with loose, craggy rocks, an undergrowth of tangled chaparral, besides many small trees, the tops of which were cut off some four of five feet from the ground, and turned down the hill to impede the progress of the stormers. TH climb the height at all, even without arms of any kind, would be an undertaking that few would care about essaying; what then must it have been to men encumbered with muskets and cartridge boxes, and obliged to dispute every step of the precipitous and rugged ascent? Murderous showers of grape and canister greeted our men at the onset, and as they toiled unfaltering through a tempest of iron hail a heavy fire of musketry opened upon them. Not a man quailed-with loud shouts they still pressed upward and onward. At every step our ranks were thinned; but forward went the survivors.
When within good musket range, but not until then, was the fire of the enemy returned, and then commenced the dreadful carnage of the strife. The Mexicans held to their guns with more than their usual bravery, but nothing could resist the fierce onset of the stormers. Over the breastworks with which the Mexicans had surrounded the crest of the hill they charged, and shouting attacked the enemy in his very stronghold. The latter now fled panic stricken, but still they were pursued; and it was not until the affrighted fugitives had reached a point without the extreme range of their own cannon, which had been turned upon them at the onset, that they ceased in their flight. The national colors of our country now supplanted the banner of the enemy, the different regimental flags were also planted on the crest, and shouts louder than ever from the victors rose upon the air, struck terror into the very hearts of the enemy in the works still untaken, for they knew that their strong position had been turned and that they were at the mercy of the men they had scoffed at in the mooring. Never was victory more complete, although purchased with the blood some of our best men. Lieut. Ewell, of the rifles, was among the first within the enemy's breastworks, and it was her that he received his death wound.-The interior of the work was covered with the dead of the enemy, among them Gen. Vasquez, Col. Palacio, and many of their officers, while the hill side down which they fled was strewn as well. Near 200 men were left dead, while the wounded would swell the number to at least 500-some even put it down as high as 700.
The regiments composing Col. Harney's command, and which successfully stormed the noted Cerro Gordo, were the 1st artillery under Col. Childs, the 3 rd infantry under Captain E. B. Alexander, the 7th infantry under Captain E. B. Alexander, the 7th infantry under Colonel Plympton, and a portion of the rifles under Maj. Loring. Many cases of individual bravery, performed by subaltern officers, have been mentioned; but as I cannot particularly notice such as I have heard of without perhaps doing injustice to others equally meritorious, I shall forbear writing until I have more full information. I had almost forgotten to state that four companies of the 2 nd infantry under Colonel Riley, took an active part in the assault. [ANP]
NNR 72.183 May 22, 1847 Letter from Jalapa
A private letter published in the Union, from Major Wm. Turnbull, of the corps of topographical engineers. Giving some particulars:
Headquarters of the Army,
Plan del Rio, April 18th, 1847.
"I have but a moment to tell you that we have had a glorious day. The enemy were in great force, some twelve thousand men, and fortified in a very strong pass in the mountains, called Cerro Gordo, with over thirty pieces of artillery; but by careful reconnaissance we discovered a route, and made a road through the ravines, so that we got in rear of most of their guns and the principal force; but when we came out expecting to reach the Jalapa road, we came upon a very high conical mountain, on which there was a square tower of masonry and a breastwork, with five or six pieces of artillery. It was essential that this place should be assaulted, and it was ordered and done in a style never before exceeded. I wish I could give you a description of it, or had the time to attempt it. The hill was between five and six hundred feet high, covered with large rocks and loose stones, and brush and chaparral, and so steep that we of the staff who were mounted, of course, could not ride up, but had to lead our horses. The heat was excessive. As we went up we passes by men exhausted and dropping out of the column, but enough succeeded in getting up to drive the enemy; and I do not think that the greater gallantry was ever displayed. The men advanced steadily up the hill, and under a galling fire from both artillery and musketry, without firing a shot, until they reached the brow of the hill, when they opened, and in a few minutes the American flag, and that of the 7th infantry, took the place of the Mexican, which was received with a shout from all around the hill. I will not attempt to describe the scenes I witnessed; passing the wounded, the dead, and dying of our own people affected me exceedingly.
"We remained but a few minute on the hill, and passed down to the road where a large portion had already reached; the portion of the enemy opposed and near to us took the road to Jalapa; the rest, whose rear we had reached, we bagged between our portion of the army posted to attack in front.
"Some six thousand men surrendered unconditionally, and as many escaped; but this is rough guessing, as I rode through them after they had laid down their arms and were marching back to camp.-Our loss is comparatively small, considering the circumstances; but I think three hundred will cover the whole loss, killed and wounded, in the skirmishing of yesterday, and fighting of to-day. Among the number of wounded is one of my party, Lieut. Derby; he was with the storming party, was wounded in the left thigh, but is doing well. I had him brought back to camp. I omitted to mention that Gen. Twiggs's division was sent forward to take position, but were discovered, and some severe skirmishing took place, in which the rifles took the lead, behaved well, and suffered much. Capt. Johnston, who was sent forward with this division, whilst reconnoitering the position of the enemy, was severely but not dangerously wounded- one ball through the right thigh below the hip, and another entered his right arm as he was holding his glass to his eye, between the elbow and the shoulder, and was taken out near the back bone. No bones were broken, and he is doing extremely well, and is in good spirits. Santa Anna, Ampudia, Almonte, and others escaped us, but we got Santa Anna's carriage, his leg, and they say some thirty or forty thousand dollars. Among the prisoners are five generals, and God knows how many colonels, &c.- La Vega one of the,. The general-in-chief seems to be a negro; he is very black.- We march in the morning for Jalapa; in fact, the greater part of the army have gone in pursuit, in that direction, already." [KAM]
NNR 72.183 May 22, 1847 Maj. William Turnbull's account of Cerro Gordo, other accounts of the battle
A private letter published in the Union, from Major Wm. Turnbull, of the corps of topographical engineers, giving some particulars:
Headquarters of the Army,
Plan del Rio, April 18th, 1847.
"I have but a moment to tell you that we have had a glorious day. The enemy were in great force, some twelve thousand men, and fortified in a very strong pass in the mountains, called Cerro Gordo, with over thirty pieces of artillery; but by careful reconnaissance we discovered a route, and made a road through ravines, so that we got in rear of most of their guns and the principal force; but when we came out, expecting to reach the Jalapa road, we came upon a very high conical mountain, on which there was a square tower of masonry and a breastwork, with five or six pieces of artillery. IT was essential that this place should be assaulted, and it was ordered and done in a style never before exceeded. I wish I could give you a description of it, or had the time to attempt it. The hill was between five and six hundred feet high, covered with large rocks and loose stones, and brush or chaparral, and so steep that we of the staff who were mounted, of course, could not ride up, but had to lead our horses. The heat was excessive. As we went up we passed by men exhausted and dropping out of the column, but enough succeeded in getting up to drive the enemy; and I do not think that greater gallantry was ever displayed. The men advancing steadily up the hill, and under a galling fire from both artillery and musketry, without firing a shot, until they reached the brow of the hill, when they opened, and in a few minutes the American flag, and that of the 7th infantry, took the place of the Mexican, which was received with a shout from all around the hill. I will not attempt to describe the scenes I witnessed; passing the wounded, the dead, and dying of our own people affected me exceedingly.
"We remained but a few minutes on the hill, and passed down to the road where a large portion had already reached; the portion of the enemy opposed and near to us took the road to Jalapa; the rest, whose rear we had reached, we bagged between our portion of the army posted to attack in front.
"Some six thousand men surrendered unconditionally, and as many escaped; but this is rough guessing, as I rode through them after they had laid down their arms and were marching back to this camp.-Our loss is comparatively small, considering the circumstances; but I think three hundred will cover the whole loss, killed and wounded, in the skirmishing of yesterday, and fighting of to-day. Among the number wondered is one of my party, Lieut. Derby; he was with the storming party, was wounded in the left thigh, but is doing well. I had him brought back to the camp. I omitted to mention that Gen. Twigg's division was sent forward to take position, but were discovered, and some severe skirmishing took place, in which the rifles took the lead, behaved well, and suffered much. Capt. Johnston, who was sent forward with this division, whilst reconnoitering the position of the enemy, was severely but not dangerously wounded-one ball through the right thigh below the hip, and another entered his right arm as he was holding his glass to his eye, between the elbow and shoulder, and was taken out near the back bone. No bones were broken, and he is doing extremely well, and is in good spirits. Santa Anna, Ampudia, Almonte, and others escaped us but got to Santa Anna's carriage, his leg, and they say some thirty or forty thousand dollars. Among the prisoners are five generals, and God knows how many colonels, &c.-La Vega one of them. The general-in-chief seems to be a negro; he is very black.-We march in the morning for Jalapa; in fact, the greater part of the army have gone in pursuit, in that direction, already."
Major Sumner, who led the rifles in the attack of the 17th on the enemy's advanced position, made a very narrow escape. In the charge, he was struck on the head by a musket bullet. The bullet was flattened to the thinness of a dime, and retained on its surface the print of the Major's hair, and yet, strange to say, except the severance of an artery, he sustained no serious injury. The artery was taken up, and at the last accounts, the Major was doing well. This excellent officer-accounted one of the best tacticians and disciplinarians in the army-may certainly felicitate himself on the strength of his craniological defences. He will never find any difficulty in getting a liberal policy in any of our life insurance offices.
Captain Johnson.-This valuable officer, lately appointed lieut. Colonel of the new ten regimen's was badly wounded in a reconnaissance made by order of General Twiggs, two or three days before ht battle, and before the enemy's position was known. He received two musket balls, one through the thigh, cutting the femoral artery, and another through the shoulder. His robust constitution and great endurance will, it is believed, triumph over his severe wounds, and he is now renounced by his surgeons to be out of danger.
Gen. Patterson was on the field and under fire, though seriously indispose and greatly weakened by sickness. He was unable to take command of his division, both on account of his physical debility and the separation of the two brigades under his command, which were operating at different and distant points.
Gen. Smith was severely ill, confined to his cot, and thus lost the occasion which his brave heart so warmly panted par, or leading his gallant rifles in their brilliant charge against the Cerro.
Gen. Quitman did not arrive on the field until the day after the battle. Our gallant Southern regiments again lost the opportunity of showing their mettle. The Alabamians and Georgians had the misfortune to be omitted in the programme of the storming of Monterey, and the sorely complained on account of it. A like misfortune at Cerro Gordo, coming so close upon the time of their disbandment, has no doubt given these gallant regiments great mortification and chagrin. [ANP]
NNR 72.184 May 22, 1847 Diminution of Gen. Zachary Taylor's forces, &c.
"The number of regiments whose year will expire in May or June, now in General Taylor's, column, is thirteen. How their places are to be filled I cannot devise; perhaps you can inform us." [KAM]
NNR 72.184 May 22, 1847 Gen. Jose Antonio Mejia's Son Captured
GEN. Mejia's son is among the Mexican prisoners now in New Orleans. He is a first lieutenant and aid de camp of Gen. De la Vega. He is quite a young man, and behaved very gallantly at the battle of Sierra Gordo, having his horse shot from under him and being wounded. Like la Vega he was found at his post. General Brooks received his parole of honor, and is now residing with his mother, a resident of New Orleans, until further orders. [JLM]
NNR 72.184 May 22, 1847 Mexicans Massacred
The Delta contains a letter dated Monterey, April 4, from which we make the following extracts:
"Three days ago the Alcalde and Priest of a small town some twenty miles distant, on the road to China, came in and reported to Gen. Taylor the murder of twenty four Mexicans, at Guadalopa, a small rancho, about six miles from Ramus. The murder was committed, they say, by a party of Americans numbering about twenty, and was done in the night. The murdered men were first made prisoners tied, and afterwards all shot through their heads. The murder is said to have been committed on the 28th [ultimo]. On that night a train of loaded wagons, escorted by two hundred infantry and about the same number of horse, under the command of Col. Mitchell, of the first Ohio regiment, encamped at Marin, which is about five miles from the scene of the murder. The mounted men were composed of United States dragoons and Texas Rangers, under the command of Capt. Graham, of the 2d dragoons. Suspicion rests upon some part of this corps, though no clue has as yet been found to discover the guilty. The officers in command-gentle men, and rigid disciplinarians- are using every means in their power to investigate the matter.
Gen. Taylor has got his steam up on the subject, and is determined to have hung every one who, it can be proved, has taken part in the murder. The town where these men were killed is but a few miles from the place where the large train was captured and so many wagoners massacred on the 22d of February. Some fifteen or twenty of the wagoners who escaped from that massacre came up in the last train, yet there is no evidence that they were engaged in the Guadalopa murder.
I passed over the place of the massacre of the 22d February a few days ago, and the scene is truly the most horrid and revolting that I have ever witnessed. The remains of the murdered men, yet unburied, stripped of every particle of clothing, lay upon the plains, their flesh devoured by Mexican wolves and buzzards, and their bones bleached in the sun.
"The train was a very large and valuable one, and stretched out from three to four miles in length. The attack was made upon the escort, who were in the advance, by a large body of lancers. The escort forty men, under Lieut. Barbour, of the Kentucky legion. Were all taken prisoners, and are now in the possession of Urrea. The lancers charged down the train, and lanced without mercy the wagoners as they ran for their lives to the chaparral. More than three fourths of them, it is thought, were killed, and their bodies shockingly mutilated and disfigured.
"Urrea, by last accounts, was at Linares, expecting reinforcements. It is rumored that he has 4 pieces of artillery with him. Marin, Ceralvo, Mier, and China will be garrisoned by our troops, which will render our communication with Camargo entirely safe. The troops here are in excellent health and condition.
"The number of regiments whose year will expire in May or June, now in General Taylor's column, is [. . .];. How their places are to be filled I cannot devise perhaps you can inform us." [JLM]
NNR 72.184 May 22, 1847 Conquest of Mexico urged by various journals
The last "Democratic Review," has a leading article in which the writer assumes that there can be no end of the war, short of the annihilation of Mexico as a nation." "The Mexican race," says the writer, "now see in the fate of the aborigines of the north, their own inevitable destiny."
The New York "Globe" of Tuesday last has a long article in favor of the conquest of all Mexico. We extract the following paragraph.
"We cannot control the current of events; we gave been compelled to fight; we gad a succession of victories, and always offered peace, and while we were confident that the victories of Vera Cruz and Cerro Gordo would be followed by pacific overtures, we are told by the Mexican congress that no peace can be made with us on any terms. What follows as the inevitable consequence? The conquest of all Mexico; bringing all Mexico into the Union; and event not desired, not sought for by us, but by the Mexicans themselves! Tired of revolution, tired of military despotism, bent down by oppression, impoverished and almost ruined, the civil power of Mexico wishes to change its rulers; wish to come under the protection of the laws and government of the U. States, and state after state in Mexico will declare in favor of the measure, until the Anglo-Saxon race is extended even beyond the Isthmus of Panama. Mexico desires to annex herself to us, with all the declarations of national integrity, and national glory, the common bond of national safety and sympathy urges the Mexicans to this change. Whenever our army occupied a city, the Mexicans felt themselves safe- in person, in property, and in religious rights; and whenever they surrendered a place even after resistance, they considered the change a happy one, and not a calamity; it is an homage to our laws and national character. What are we to do? The whigs, relying upon an increased strength in the next congress, intend to demand of the administration its policy, towards Mexico, as contingent on voting further supplies to carry on the war. They will be answered, we want peace- we have offered peace on honorable terms; we want indemnity for the past and security for the future, and the whigs will not dare assume the responsibility of withdrawing our array, and submit to any terms which Mexico and its military chieftains will dictate." [KAM]
NNR 72.184-185 May 22, 1847 Occupation of Mexico necessary, estimate of proceeds of the tariff on Mexico
The New Orleans Delta, of the 4th inst. concludes its details of the victory of Sierra Gordo, with the following paragraph.
No Prospect of peace. There is no reason, however, to believe that the victory of Sierra Gordo will bring us any nearer to a peace than we were before. The war is not unpopular with the mass of the Mexicans. They have suffered none of the horrors. Besides the controlling spirits of the country, keep up the war spirit, knowing that if the country is occupied by the United States, they will loose their offices and their influence. It is believed by Gen. Scott, and the officers with him, that it will be necessary to occupy the whole country. This, he thinks can be easily done. With 20,000 men he will march to the capital, take possession of the government, disarm the people, establish a provisional government under the authority of the United States, and defray its expenses from the customs and mines, the chief source of revenue in Mexico. Without this force, Gen. Scott will not be able to move with safety to his communications beyond Jalapa. He will have to occupy the Orizaba road, to prevent the enemy operating against the rear from that position. Having arrived in the Tierra Templada, and encamped in a perfectly healthy position, he will no doubt wait for reinforcements before he pushes further at least than Perote, then the next point of attack.
Instead of peace, a military occupation of Mexico, appears now to be in contemplation.
The Vera Cruz "Eagle" looks to the probably necessity of the military occupation of Mexico, in case he should stubbornly refuse to enter into a negotiation for peace, and thinks that the following force will be requires:
Tampico 1 Regiment
Guanajuato 3 Regi.
Vera Cruz 1 do
Zacatecas 4 do
Jalapa 2 do
San Luis
3 do
Puebla 6 do
Durango
2 do
Mexico 10 do
Chihuahua 2 do
Queretaro 3 do
Saltillo
1 do
Matamoros 1 do
Guadalajara 5 do
Oajaca 3 do
Making in all 47 regiments, amounting, according to the present regulations of the United States to 40,000 men, which, to a certainty, would be enough to carry out the military occupation of the country. The expenses of these 40,000 troops will amount to $15,000,000 per annum, which we shall have to pay.
The expense of maintaining this army the editor sets down at $15,000,000 per annum. He estimates a revenue from the new tariff of $13,000,000, and recommends the imposition of a direct tax on the towns in our possession of $7,000,000; thus leaving a surplus in the treasury instead of drawing from it.
He further estimates, if permanent possession should be kept of the country, that the sale of the public lands, by encouraging emigration from the United States and Europe, would annually amount to more than one fourth of the above sum.
The Eagle expresses the opinion that our government can raise twenty millions of revenue by customs and direct taxes, besides the sale of the public lands in Mexico.
It will be recollected, that the revenue to be derived from this source, whatever the amount may be, is to be at the entire control of the president of the United States, in his capacity as commander in chief of the army and navy, as well as the enactment of all the laws by virtue of which it was levied and the appointment of officers required for collecting and disposing of it.
The Richmond Enquirer quoting the above extract from the Eagle, adds- We shall not venture a suggestion as to the probably course of events in Mexico. The future is veiled in mystery and no one can reasonably speculate upon the erratic conduct of so obstinate and weak minded a people as the Mexican nation. It is true that the members of her congress breathe nothing but "war and vengeance," and that they have recommended a system of guerrilla warfare- but we gave already learned how little faith to attach to such swelling pronunciamentos. Without undertaking to speculate upon what our government may do, in case a negotiation of peace does not follow the capture of the Mexican capital, we are sure that we are not far wrong, when we avow the opinion that our armies will not be withdrawn, until we have secured sufficient territory to indemnify the expenses uncured by us in a just war, and the heavy wrongs and injuries inflicted upon our nation and citizens by Mexico. As to the revenue to be raised from the duties in the Mexican ports, which we have established, in perfect accordance with the laws of nations, we are assured by merchants who have resided in Mexico, that they will realize ten millions of dollars.
The Washington Union speaks of Gen. Scott's advance without delay towards the city of Mexico. It says- "Some of the southern papers are still harping upon the twelve months' men. It is true that the time of a few more than three thousand volunteers will expire in June and July; but we have ascertained from the adjutant general's office that reinforcements have already arrived, or are en route, of men to serve during the war, who will more than supply the vacancy. General Scott will have a strong and most efficient army, to meet and overcome any force which the enemy may send against him. And we learn that fresh detachments of a force now in the service of the government, will probably be sent forward to participate in the war with Mexico." [KAM]
NNR
72.185, May 22, 1847 ARMY OF INVASION
72.185 May 22, 1847 Guerrilla Warfare
The New Orleans Delta of the 11th says--"Immediately before the James-L. Day started from Vera Cruz, Major Leonard, who is stationed there, sent an officer on board to inform Gen. Pillow that an express had just arrived from Gen. Scott, with a dispatch, in which it was stated that a deputation of Mexican citizens from the capital had arrived at the general's headquarters, inviting him to advance, assuring him that it would be surrendered to him without opposition, and asking protection for their persons and property. To such favorable terms Gen. Scott assented. He is, therefore on his way to, if not already in the "halls of the Montezuma."
The Delta gives the following statement on the authority of a gentleman direct from Vera Cruz.-Whatever be the fears of the Mexicans, their feelings are anything but amiable towards the Americans.-The road along Jalap a to Vera Cruz is dotted with the mangled and murdered bodies of our countrymen, who were caught straggling away from the parties with which they happened to be marching.-One person counted no less than twenty one victims of Mexican revenge on the line of road. The bandits which prowl about there, recently attacked a party of infantry, on their way to join the main body of the army. They fell back on the last wagon tram, which was close in the rear. The escort charged on the ranchers, who, on the first fire, fled. One American was killed; it was not known how many Mexicans. This occurred eight miles this side of the National Bridge.
Gen. La Vega and his associate prisoners are now in Vera Cruz. They are at large in the city, on their parole. When Gen. Pillow arrived at Vera Cruz, he found them confined in the castle, and believing this to be done from a misrepresentation or a misunderstanding of the orders of Gen. Scott, he had them liberated.
They would willingly come to this city, if ordered, but as it has been left optional with them wither to remain in Vera Cruz or come here, they think that were they to so the latter it might be constructed into a desertion of their country, in her day of difficulty and danger. A keen sense of honor dictates the feeing.
The National Intelligencer of the 11th, on the authority of a New Orlanans correspondent, says-the city of Puebla had sent a deputation to Gen. Scott, and will make no resistance to his occupation of that place.
Arrangements had been made to defend the capital, but after Gen. Pillow was on board at Vera Cruz he received a message from shore stating that an express had arrived with intelligence that the Mexican government had abandoned the capital, taking with it the archives, and that the citizens had sent a deputation to Gen. Scott to advance and afford them protection.
Proclamations were being circulated by the Mexicans calling for the organization of guerrilla regiments, which plan of warfare was to be adopted on an extensive scale.
In consequence of sickness, death, and loss in battle, it is said that Gen. Scott will not have left in his army more than about 5,000 effective men, after the return of the volunteers whose time shortly expires, and who General Pillow states will return almost to a man. Of the seven regiments, he says not a company will remain.
Santa Anna's army was entirely dispersed, and he, wholly without power and influence, was seeking to leave his country.
"The American Star," is the title of an American paper already issued at Jalapa. It states that mid shipman Rogers, of Delaware, was removed from Perota to Puebla on the day of the fight at Sierra Gordo.
We find the following proclamation in the Jalapa Star. That paper says, with some feeling, that if this mode of warfare is adopted, it will be the most sorrowful time Mexico has ever known. War without pity will be met with war without pity! [JLM, WWF]
NNR 72.185 May 22, 1847 Mexican prisoners at Veracruz
The Mexican Prisoners.-There were at least 6,000 Mexicans taken prisoners at Cerro Gordo. But few who were within the entrenchments escaped. Santa Anna kept a large corps of reserve outside the batteries, all of whom escaped. The want of cavalry was severely felt in the pursuit of the fugitives.-If Twigs had had a cavalry force of one thousand he would have taken Santa Ana and his whole army. The officers who were taken prisoners were the bravest and best in the Mexican army. General Jarrero is an old and experienced officer, who has long commanded the castle of Perote. When the Texan prisoners were confined in that gloomy fortress, Gen. J. treated them with great kindness and generosity. We trust that on this account, as well as from a regard to his position, he will be kindly and hospitable treated by our citizens when he visits New Olreans.
Of General la Vega we need only say, that he is well known throughout Mexico and the United States, for his gallantry at Resaca de la Palma, and for his dignified and gentlemanly bearing during his sojourn in this country as a prisoner of war. There are among the prisoners several naval officers, who were very efficient in managing the artillery batteries. They are intelligent gentlemen, and speak the English language. The younger officers were very much excited against Santa Anna. They declared, that if he had not kept out of the entrenchments and showed a determination to fly, they would have been able to maintain their positions. They openly charged him with being either bribed or frightened-a traitor or a coward.
Seventeen Mexican officers were brought to Vera Cruz under a strong escort. The Mexicans on the road had not heard of the battle or of its results, and when they saw the escort approaching, they ran out of their houses to see what it meant. As soon as the well known faces of their own officers, under an American guard, came within view, the seemed to be struck dumb with astonishment and alarm. Gradually these feelings gave way to sorrow, and their lamentations over the misfortunes and disgrace of their country were loud and affecting. [ANP]
NNR 72.185 May 22, 1847 Gen. Jose Mariano de Salas' guerrilla proclamation
My friends- The present moment is the most proper to excite the public spirit and form a nation of men truly free. When an enemy triumphs by his union to rob us of our dearest interests, there us nothing more sure and more certain than to vanquish him by valor and constancy.
For this end I have obtained permission to raise a guerrilla corps, with which to attack and destroy the invaders in ever manner imaginable. The conduct of the enemy, contrary both to humanity and natural rights, authorizes us to pursue him without pity, [misericordia] "War without pity and death!" will be the motto of the guerrilla warfare of vengeance; therefore I invite all my fellow citizens, especially my brave subordinates, to unite at general headquarters, to enroll themselves, from 9 until 3 in the afternoon, so that it may be organized in the present week.
Jose Mariano Salas
[KAM]
NNR 72.185 May 22, 1847 supplies provided by Mexicans at Jalapa, impossibility of maintaining contact with Veracruz
Jalapa April 30th. The Mexicans are bringing in their corn pretty freely. I believe, from what I can hear about headquarters, that when we march from this place, there will be little or no communication with Vera Cruz. Our means of transportation will not enable us to look for supplies from home, and the enemy will be looked to furnish us to a great extent. Out trains are already beginning to be annoyed in the short space between this and Vera Cruz, and to keep the road open all the way to Mexico will require more men than would be necessary to take that city. [ANP]
72.185 May 22, 1847 Various rumors about the fortifications at Mexico City
In the "Eagle" of the 1st, which I send you, you will learn that Don Pedro Anaya has been declared dictator. The Swedish consul, who arrived yesterday from Mexico, tells me that it is true that Anaya has been elected dictator; Canalizo spoken of as commander-in-chief of the army, and that preparations are being made for the removal of the government to Calaya, incase our army marches into the city.
The Swedish consul tells me that he visited Santa Anna at Orizaba, and obtained from him a passport to come down. He had but a thousand men with him. Badly equipped, and he looking haggard and very much dejected. His day was passed. Both soldiers and officers have lost all confidence in him- and I have no doubt, that were he to come to Vera Cruz during the present state of feeling of the Mexican population, he would be murdered.
When the Swedish consul left, they were busily employed in fortifying Mexico. No stand will be made at Puebla, unless we delay marching on it for some time- Gen. WORTH IS STILL AT Perote- Scott at Jalapa. [KAM]
NNR 72.185 May 22, 1847 Yankeeizing of Vera Cruz
In Vera Cruz every thing is going on smoothly.-The business of the city is increasing in a wonderful degree. The waters are covered with merchant vessels. Yankee hotels, Yankee auction houses, Yankee circus companies, and Yankee ice houses, are starting up at every corner.
I learn from an officer of the Potomac, that the navy are getting up an expedition to the south, embracing Campeachy, Tabasco, and Huasacualco.
Gen. Shields has been pronounced out of danger.
I have just learned that my company will be ordered up to join our regiment at Jalapa. If so, I shall have a better opportunity of keeping you advised of the movements of the army. [ANP]
NNR 72.185 May 22, 1847 Naval expedition to the south
I learn from an officer of the Potomac, that the navy are getting up an expedition an expedition to the south, embracing Campeachy, Tabasco, and Huasacualco. [KAM]
NNR 72.185 May 22, 1847 Mediation by the British government suggested by the Mexicans
Vera Cruz, May 5th. As the steamer has been detained until to-day by bad weather. I give you the latest news that has reached us since I closed my letter of the 3rd; there is not much of it, but what there us, is of some interest and importance. The British consul at this place has just received a communication from the British minister Mr. Blackhead, saying that the Mexican government has solicited the friendly mediation of his government to settle the difficulties between Mexico and the U. States.- I learned this morning that such a letter had been received from Mr. Blackhead , and at once called on the English consul, who tells me that such is a fact. You may therefore rely on the accuracy of this statement. [KAM]
The Mexicans are bringing in their corn pretty freely. I believe, from what I can hear about headquarters, that when we march from this place, there will be little or no communication with Vera Cruz. Our means of transportation will not enable us to look for supplied from home, and the enemy will be looked to furnish us to a great extent. Our trains are already beginning to be annoyed in the short space between this and Vera Cruz, and to keep the road open all the way to Mexico will require more men than would be necessary to take to that city. [KAM]
NNR72.185-186 May 22, 1847 Position of the Catholic Church in Mexico with regard to the war
The Washington Union had the following as a leading editorial:
It seems that the church in Mexico has volunteered to supply funds for the prosecution of the war. It is well known that in Mexico the property of the church is not subject to taxation, and therefore, whatever is contributed from this quarter, is done gratuitously. This is part of the system, which has been indicated, in other modes, of giving to the war a religious character. It is denounced as a war of infidels and heretics against the holy church, and against Christianity. Those who are familiar with our history and institutions, know full well that there is nothing either hostile to the Roman Church.- A high dignitary of that establishment, drawing a contrast between the U. States and other Christian communities, including his own, he pronounced his decisive opinion that that branch of the Christian church occupied more advantageous ground in this country, and is advancing with more prosperity and solid strength among us, than in any other nation.- The position and high public estimation which many of our Catholic brethren occupy, the intelligence, patriotism, and social virtues which they exhibit, corroborate this statement.
It is not as a religious body, but as an engine of state, that the Catholics of Mexico look upon us with a hostile eye. It is for their own special political purposes- to retain their vast possessions, which impoverish the nation- to sustain their own hierarchy, which lords it over the people- to preserve their power, which weighs down the rest of the community into the slough of ignorance and slavery- that they are thus solicitous and active. It is a zeal for the mammon of unrighteousness- not for the welfare of souls- which inspires and animates the Catholics of Mexico.
In this aspect of the case, it may become a matter of grave consideration, if the church continues to oppose a peace and furnish the fuel of war, whether the immense revenues of the church in Mexico, shall be left untouched ñ whether they shall be suffered to remain at the disposal if the enemy and be applied to sustain the war against us- whether justice and policy do not equally dictate that they should at least be sequestered during the continuance of the war as a legitimate means of cutting off the enemy's supplies.
The experience we have already had on this point leads to another suggestion. Cannot Mexico be prevailed upon to adopt a more tolerant system? Could not the two nations agree that reciprocal stipulations should be made for the free and unrestricted enjoyment of religious liberty within the territories of both nations? Independently of the great good which would thereby result to the whole Christian commonwealth, and to ourselves as constituting a portion of it, it may with perfect truth be said that no greater blessing- no higher or more substantial benefit could be bestowed upon Mexico herself. It may well be doubted whether such an arrangement would not be productive of advantage to both countries, which would more than compensate for all the expenses and losses of the war; and our invasion of Mexico be the parent of her general civilization, diffused intelligence, wide spread happiness, and solid prosperity. At the same time it should be distinctly understood that we have no right to dictate this condition to the Mexican government- none to insist upon it as a stipulation of any treaty- none to make it the slightest impediment to the establishment of peace. Mexico may, probably, resist any such suggestion. We should be bound, therefore, to leave the whole question as it is, trusting alone to the progress of the age to effect an object which may be desirable to the whole Christian world. [KAM]
NNR 72.186 May 22, 1847 Gen. William Jenkins gathering up grain
Gen. Worth was gathering all the grain he could, and has all the bakeries at work, as if in anticipation of breaking all the communications with Vera Cruz. [KAM]
NNR 72.186 May 22, 1847 Gen. Winfield Scott's design to relinquish the line of communication
It was the intention of Gen. Scott, upon the arrival of the wagon train that was to start from Vera Cruz, about the 6th instant, to cut off all connection with the sea coast, rely upon the country for sustenance and push forward for the city. This general order dated at Jalapa, 30th April, intimates as much. But Mr. Kendall's letter of the 4th - the very latest news- throws some doubt upon the speedy adoption of this plan, in consequence of the determination of the 12 months' volunteer, in a body not to re-enlist. This may retard the advance if the army, unless indeed the reported readiness of the city to surrender be confirmed. [KAM]
NNR 72.186 May 22, 1847 Mexican account of the Battle of Cerro Gordo
Mexican Account of the Battle of Sierra Gordo.
The following is the despatch of Gen. Canalizo, the second in command at the battle of Sierra Gordo, to the Mexican secretary of war.
"Headquarters, Branderilla, April 18, 1847.
"Sir-One of those unfortunate reverses which will occur in the course of he war, has been productive of most disastrous consequences to this army, and under circumstances that seemed to indicate that fortune was on the point of favoring us, as the enemy were repulsed entirely on the previous day in their charge on the Cerro Telegrato, situated on the right of our works; but this morning at 7 o'clock, availing themselves doubtless with their better acquaintance with the country, they charge with their entire force in such a manner as to dislodge the troops that guarded the newly finished fortifications, after a most vigorous resistance. After this they succeeded in taking the headquarters and other points of our encampment, giving rise to confusion and disorder on our side, which even the commander in chief, aided by his generals, found it impossible to prevent, occasioning thereby the complete dispersal and rout of the infantry troops, and involving the loss of almost of all our pieces of artillery. The cavalry forces only were not included in this disorder; but, being hemmed in by a column of the enemy's troops that were in the vicinity of a wood on the left, it became necessary for them vigorously to open a passage, in order to avoid being taken prisoners. This it was that prevented us joining the commander in chief and the other generals who were engaged in defending the battery situated in front of the headquarters.-During this time I was laboring under the most serious apprehension as to the fate of the commander in chief, whether he was killed or taken prisoner; but, as I passed Jalapa, I happily heard of his safety, and hope soon to be reunited with him. In brief, I will say to your excellency, that, with the few remaining troops, infantry and cavalry, that I have reunited, and of which I shall hereafter give a more detailed account, I pursued my march, passed this night at la Hoya, and I shall proceed until I receive further orders from the government, as I am unable to defend any point on the route, in consequence of the total loss of the artillery and ammunition, as I have no sufficient powder left for one round. I would also mention that I have at present no means for supporting the troops that follow me; and as for the cavalry, in consequence of the lengthy march they underwent from San Luis to this point, they are I a most deplorable state as regards service.
"I feel much at having to communicate, through you, to the acting president, such unfortunate new; but, nevertheless, I present you my respects and consideration. Go I and liberty!
Valentine Canalizo.
"To his excellency the minister of war." [ANP]
NNR 72.186 May 22, 1847 Gen. Winfield Scott's official report on the Battle of Cerro Gordo
Major Gen. Scott's Official Report-Battle of Cerro Gordo.
Headquarters of the army, Jalapa, April 23, 1847.
Sir-In forwarding the reports of commanders which detail the operations of their several corps against the Mexican lines at Cerro Gordo, I shall present in continuation of my former report, but an outline of the affair; and while adopting heartily their commendation of the ardor and efficiency of individuals, I shall mention by name only those who figure prominently, or, from position, could bet be included in those sub-reports.
The field sketch herewith, indicates the positions of the two armies. The tierra caliente, of low level, terminates at Plan del Rio, the site of the American camp, from which the road ascends immediately in a long circuit among lofty hills, whose commanding points had all been fortified and garrisoned by the enemy. His right, entrenched, rested on a precipice overhanging an impassable ravine that forms the bed of the stream; and his entrenchments extended continuously to the road, on which was placed a formidable battery. On the other side, the lofty and difficult height of Cerro Gordo commanded the approaches in all directions. The main body of the Mexican army was encamped on level ground, with a battery of five pieces, halt a mile in height toward Jalapa.
Resolving, if possible, to turn the enemy's left, and attack in rear, while menacing or engaging his front, I caused daily reconnoissances to be pushed, with the view of finding a route for a force to debouch on the Jalapa road and cut off retreat.
The reconnoisance, begun by Lieut. Beauregard, was continued by Captain Lee, engineers, and a road made along difficult slopes and over chasms-out of the enemy's view, though reached by his fire when discovered-until, arriving at the Mexican lines, further reconnoisance became impossible without an action. The desired point of debouchure, the Jalapa road was not, therefore, reached, though believed to be within easy distance; and to gain that point it now became necessary to carry the height of Cerro Gordo. The dispositions in my plan of battle-general orders No. 111 heretofore enclosed-were accordingly made.
Twiggs' division, reinforced by Shield' brigade of volunteers, was thrown into position on the 17th, and was, of necessity drawn into action in taking up the ground for its bivouac and the opposing height for our heavy battery. IT will be seen that many of our officers and men were killed or wounded in this sharp combat-handsomely commenced by a company of the 7th infantry under Bvt. First Lieut. Gardner, who is highly praised by all his commanders for signal services. Col. Harney coming up with the rifle regiment and first artillery, (also parts of his brigade), brush away the enemy and occupied the height-on which, in the night was placed a battery of one 24-pouner and two 24-pound howitzers, under the superintendence of Capt. Lee, engineers, and Lieut. Hagner, ordnance. These guns opened next morning, and were served with effect by Capt. Steptoe and Lieut. Brown, 3d artillery, Lieut. Hagner, (ordnance), and Lieut. Seymour, 1st artillery.
The same night, with extreme toil and difficulty, under the superintendence of Lieut. Tower, engineers, and Lieut. Laidley, ordnance, an 8-inch howitzer was put in position across the river and opposite to the enemy's right battery. A detachment of four companies under Major Burham, N. York volunteers, performed this creditable service, which enabled Lieut. Ripley, 2d artillery, in charge of the piece, to open a timely fire on that quarter.
Early on the 18th the columns moved to the general attack, and our success was speedy and decisive. Pillow's brigade assaulting the right of the entrenchments, although compelled to retire, had the effect I have heretofore stated. Twigg's division, storming the strong and vital point of Cerro Gordo, pierced the centre, gained command of all the entrenchments, and cut them off from support. As our infantry, (colonel Riley's brigade) pushed on against the main body of the enemy, the guns of their own fort were rapidly turned to play on that force,(under the immediate command of Gen. Santa Anna), who fled in confusion. Shields' brigade bravely assaulting the left, carried the rear battery, (five guns) on the Jalapa road, and aided materially in completing the rout of the enemy.
The part taken by the remainder of the forces, held in reserve to support and pursue, has already been noticed.
The moment the fate of the day was decided, the cavalry, and Taylor's and Wall's field batteries were pushed on towards Jalapa in advance of the pursuing columns of infantry-Twiggs' division and the brigade of Shields, (now under Col. Baker)-and Maj. Gen. Patterson was sent to take command of them. In the hot pursuit many Mexicans were exhausted by the heat and distance.
The rout proves to have been complete-the retreating army, except at small body of cavalry, being dispersed and utterly disorganized. The immediate consequences have been our possession of this important city, the abandonment of the works and artillery at La Hoya, the next formidable pass between Vera Cruz and the capital, and the prompt occupation by Worth's division of he fortress of Perote, (second only to San Juan de Ulloa), with its extensive armament of sixty six guns and mortars, and its large supplies of materiel. To General Worth's report, annexed, I refer for details.
I have heretofore endeavored to do justice to the skill and courage with which the attack on the height of Sierra Gordo was directed and executed, naming the regiments most distinguished, and their commanders, under the lead of Colonel Harney. Lieutenant G. W. Smith led the engineer company as part of he storming force, and is noticed with distinction.
The reports of this assault make favorable mention of many in which I can well concur, having witnessed the daring advance and perfect steadiness of he whole. Besides those already named, Lieutenant Brooks, 3d infantry, Lieutenant Macdonald, 2d dragoons, Lieut. Vandorn, 7th infantry-all acting staff officers-Captain Magruder, 1st artillery, and Lieutenant Gardner, 7th infantry, seem to have won especial praise.
Colonel Riley's brigade and Talcott's rocket and howitzer battery, were engaged on and about the heights, and bore an active part.
The brigade and Talcott's rocket and howitzer battery, were engaged on an about the heights, and bore an active part.
The brigade so gallantly led b General Shields, and, after his fall, by Colonel Baker, deserves high commendation for its fine behavior and success. Colonels Foreman and Burnett, and Major Harris, commanded the regiments; Lieutenant Hammond, 3d artillery, and Lieutenant Davis, Illinois volunteers, constituted the brigade staff. These operations, hid from my view by intervening hills, were not fully known when my first report was hastily written.
Brigadier General Twiggs, who was in the immediate command of all the advanced forces, has earned high credit by his judgment, spirit, and energy.
The conduct of Colonels Campbell, Haskell, and Wynkoop, commanding the regiments of Pillow's brigade, is reported in terms of strong approbation by Major General Patterson. I recommend for a commission, Quartermaster Sergeant Henry, of the 7th infantry, (already known to the army for intrepidity of former occasions,) who hauled down the national standard of the Mexican fort.
In expressing my indebtedness for able assistance to Lieut. Col. Hitchcock, acting inspector general to Majors Smith and Turnbull, the respective chiefs of engineers and topographical engineers, and Lieuts. Derby and Hardcastsle, topographical engineers-to Captain Allen, chief quarter master, and Lieut. Blair, chief commissary-and to Lieutenants Hagner and Laidley, ordnance, all actively employed-I am impelled to make special mention of the services of Captain R. E. Lee, engineers. This officer, greatly distinguished at the siege of Vera Cruz, was again indefatigable, during these operations, in reconnoissances as daring as laborious, and of the utmost value. Nor was he less conspicuous in planting batteries, and in conducting columns to their stations under ht heavy fire of the enemy.
My personal staff, Lieutenants Scott, Williams and Law, and Major Van Buren, who volunteered for the occasion, gave me zealous and efficient assistance.
Our whole force present, in action found reserve, was 8,500; the enemy is estimated at 12,000 or more. About 3,000 prisoners, 4 or 5,000 stands of arms, and 43 pieces of artillery were taken. By the accompanying return, I regret to find our loss more severe than at first supposed, amounting in the two days to 33 officers and 398 men-in all 431, of whom 63 were killed. The enemy's loss is computed to be from 1,000 to 1,200.
I am happy n communicating strong hopes for the recovery of the gallant General Shields, who is so much improved as to have been brought to this place.
Appended to this report are the following papers:
A.-General return by name of killed and wounded.
B.-Copies of report of Lieut. Col. Hitchcock, acting inspector general (of prisoners taken) and accompanying papers.
C.-Report of Brig. General Twiggs, and sub-reports.
D.-Report of Major Gen. Patterson, and reports of brigade commanders.
D.-Copy of report by Brig. General Worth, announcing the occupation by his division f the castle and town of Perote, with an inventory of ordnance there fount.
I have the honor to remain, sir, with high respect, you most obedient servant,
Winfield Scott. [ANP]
NNR 72.187 May 22, 1847 communication of Gen. Ethan Allen Hitchcock on operations at Cerro Gordo
A communication from Lt. Col. E. A. Hitchcock, Inspector General, to Major Gen. Scott, dated Jalapa, April 24, makes a return of the paroles of the Mexican prisoners captured at Sierra Gordo. It compromises the paroles of three general officers and 185 officers of lower grades; and also the paroles of 2,837 of the rank and file of the Mexican army. A separate return comprises the names of 288 officers, besides those, sixteen in number, sent to Vera Cruz.
Col H. goes on to say-
I think proper to remark, with regard to the operations at Sierra Gordo, that by turning the left flank of the enemy, and storming the principal hill occupied by him, which was executed under your personal observation on the morning of he 18th instant, his force was divided-all of the batteries east of he hill begin separated from the main body of the army encamped on the Jalapa road west of the hill.
All of the positions of the enemy were commended by the hill itself, which was believed by the Mexicans to be inaccessible to our troops. The hill being stormed and taken the main body of the enemy fled in the utmost confusion, and but a very few were taken prisoners. Many of the troops in the batteries, at the same time made their escape in the hills, throwing away their arms.
A Mexican officer assured me that no less than 1,500 thus escaped from one single battery. Of those in the batteries who laid down their arms, more than a thousand contrived to escape on their march from the field of battle of Plan del Rio, some five miles or more, along a circuitous road bounded by woods and ravines-and hence the number of prisoners on parole is diminished to about 3,000 men, exclusive of officers. And although this may not be the place for the expression of an opinion, I feel warranted in saying that the defeat was as complete as it was unexpected by the enemy-that he was utterly destroyed, captured, or routed, spreading terror and consternation throughout the country. [ANP]
NNR 72.186-187 May 22, 1847 Letter About the Capture of Tuxpan
Correspondence of the New Orleans Delta
Tuspan, Mexico, 21st April, 1847
Eds. Delta- Very little time we have for scribbling now a days I assure you, but as the press is stopped, just as present, I will drop you a few lined to keep you acquainted with the last operations of the squadron, On Saturday, 17th inst., the following vessels anchored three miles distant from the bar at the entrance of the Tuspan river- the steam frigate Mississippi, Commodore Perry's flag ship; the frigate Raritan; the corvettes Germantown, Albany, John Adams, and Decatur; the steamers Spitfire, Vixen, and Scourge; the gunboats Reefer, Bonita, and Petrel- and every preparation was made for commencing and finishing a successful attack upon the forts and city on the following morning. The small steamers were lighted, so as to enable then to cross the bar, by removing a part of their coal, masts, spars, rigging; etc., and on the 18th inst., at daybreak, we ran in towards the mouth of the river, with the steam frigate and all the light draught vessels of the squadron. The Mississippi anchored in five fathoms of water, within a mile of the breakers and, as all things were in readiness, boat load after boat load debarked from the vessels, stood in for the shore, dashed through the breakers, into the smooth water of the river, and then landed their men in safety on the sandbeach. The small steamers, with the gunboats in tow, likewise ploughed their way through the foaming surge, safely crossed the bar, and anchored where there was scarcely a ripple on the surface of the water. Com. Perry came on board the steamer Spitfire, Commander Tattnall, and hoisted his broad pendant. Just about that time Mexican troops were discovered some distance above, on the bank of the river, apparently engaged in throwing up a breastwork; and instantly the order was given, "all hands up anchor"- and in the shortest possible time the almighty steam was driving us a head on the enemy, but as we neared them we were convinced that they were only a reconnoitering party and they fled with the utmost precipitation. The steamer was then put about , and again took up her position preparatory to forming line, in order, to ascend the river to the city, some five miles distant. The Spitfire, flag ship, led the way; then followed the Vixen, Comar'r Sands; The Scourge, Lieut. Comm'g Lockwood, the gunboats Bonita, Lieut. Comm'g Benham, Petrel, Lieu. Comm'g Turner; and all the cutters of the squadron, under the commands of Captains Breese and Forest, and Comm'r. Buchanan- and it was one of the most beautiful processions that I have ever witnesses, and so well planned that the expedition could not have failed. The smooth surface of the water, for over a hundred yards, was dotted with boats, with steaming pendants and their brightest ensigns. The river, too, winding along through a verdant country, is picturesque and beautiful in the extreme: and this we ran along, under easy stream and sail, until we arrived within sight of the first fort, situated in a bend in the river, about a mile from the city. Here from the fort a curling smoke and a booming sound passed the intimation round that we should not take the place without a struggle; but their shot fell short, and the Commodore, apparently regretting the circumstance, sung out "go ahead fast," and the good old steamer commenced paddling her wheels [illegible] double quick time. And then the enemy opened upon us in earnest: shot after shot flew over the vessel, and struck the water some distance astern.
The tort was located high above us, on a steep bank of the river, and therefore they could only bring a plunging fire to bear upon our approaching squadron. This proved of great advantage to us, for as we ran rapidly towards them they must alter the train of their guns every time they delivered their fire. And now the scene became admirably exciting. The whole of our small squadron had closed up so that we formed a perfect phalanx of steamers, gun boats, and cutters. The marines of the Mississippi were drawn up on the wheel-house, and away from any position of the starboard wheel house, and I had a fair view of the boat tout ensemble. From the flash of their guns I could judge that the shot were not going to strike us, and then I watched them in their course until thy plunged into the water astern; many fell right amid a group of cutters, and what astonished and delighted me most, was o see that not a single boat was injured in any wise. And now we were running up to within a hundred yards of the fort, and the enemy commenced firing with musketry and escopetas. The marines returned the fire with musketry, when Lieut. Parker, from the hurricane deck, called out "don't fire yet," but the marine officer answered "we are within musket range," and scarcely were the words spoken when Lieut. P. and three other officers were simultaneously wounded by the enemy's fire, which feelingly demonstrated the fact, that some were inclined to doubt. Comm'r Tattnall, Lieutenants Parker and Hartstein, and Passed Midshipman Lowery, and several of the crew were wounded, but no so as to endanger their lives, very fortunately, and therefore their friends at home have no cause for disquieting themselves thereupon. A few discharges from the pivot guns of the Spitfire, Vixen, and other vessels, served to silence the batteries of this fort, for the peculiar tune hummed by our Paixhan shells had such a startling effect upon the elongated nerves and sinews of our enemies that, beyond a doubt, they are running yet. On passing by the fort we observed that a party of seamen and marines, commanded by Capt. Breese, and led by Lieuts. May, DeCamp, and others, had taken possession of the fort, and hoisted the soul inspiring stripes and stars, which brought forth peals of loud buzzes, which far o'er the hills and valleys ring, and check the vulture on the wing, who, poised in the air hung hovering, to watch the strife below. The river, at this pass, was so narrow that we could have jerked a stone on shore at either side, and the second fort, half a mile above, had already opened a raking fire upon us- but the shot either fell short or flew over our ship, and only one struck the Vixen, and that was full in her bow, but fortunately just below her water line; consequently it did not pass through her, but penetrates the plank and lodged in the timbers, doing but little damage. On the starboard hand, all along, the enemy, his in the chaparral, kept up a steady fire of musketry upon us, but an occasional volley from the marines drove them from their concealment. As related of the first batter, the second and third forts were silenced in detail by our Paixhan guns; - and in regular order, under a full head of steam, we rushed up to the anchorage opposite the city of Tuxipan. All three forts, in quick succession, were taken possession of by the seamen and marines, under their immediate commanding officers, who had landed in their boats among the shores of the river. Directly after coming to anchor, the Commodore's barge was called away, and he, with his staff, proceeded to the shore and took possession of the city, without the least shadow of opposition on the part of the enemy. Subsequently we learned that Senor Gen. Don Martin P. de Cos, Commandate of the place, had struck out for country quarters some time before the fight was done. As soon as the scattered boats could be collected together, the debarkation of the marines was effected, and a battalion of stalwart sea-soldiers, paraded in the Plaza, thoroughly convincing the few remaining citizens of Tuxpan that it were better to receive us as friends than enemies.
Two brass field pieces, drawn and worked by seamen, and commanded by Lieutenants Blunt and Henry Rodgers, of the Mississippi, were stationed in the Plaza; and with due ceremony fired a national salute in honor of the victory. Com. Perry established his headquarters in the custom house, one of the best constructed buildings in the city. The marine officer, with the guard of the steam frigate was quartered on the ground floor of the same building; and Capt. Edson, commanding marines of the home squadron, occupied the deserted Barracks and an old church in the Plaza. Capt. Breese has been appointed governor of the place, by the commodore, and here we have been for three days, with everything most judiciously arranged, and are as comfortable as circumstances will admit of. From one of the public stores we have taken sails, rigging, etc., that belonged to the wrecked brig Truxton; and an expedition has just returned from up the river, with her boats; besides schooners, launches, and boats captured from the enemy. Gen. Cos' house is handsomely fitted up with costly furniture, and he must have fled in great alarm, for on going to his quarters we found his bed just as he had turned out of it, with shirts, drawers, etc., strewn about in most admirable disorder. On his table were the remains of a jollification: bottles half full of Champagne, sherry and Madeira, with the best of Cubanos distributed about in all directions. Last night it was rumored that Gen. Cos would bear down upon us, and give us "goss," with a thousand lancers; and to prevent the catastrophe, we kept our "harness on our backs" until daylight appeared. The number of killed, wounded, and missing is not yet correctly ascertained, and it will be difficult for us to so with any degree of certainty until we return to our respective vessels. Some of the Truxton's guns were taken from the forts and conveyed to the shipping, and all others rendered useless by the usual process of dismounting, spiking, breaking off the trunnions, etc.- The citizens are returning to their homes, and seem very willing to accommodate us in any way they can; but they are an unfortunate race of beings, take them by and large, and we do not accept of anything without making full and satisfactory remuneration to the owners. [KAM]
NNR 72.188 May 22, 1847 Arrangements for pay to soldiers and volunteers in the west
We learn that the United States government has given orders for the immediate transmission from the east to Major Steuart, United States paymaster of this department, of about five hundred thousand dollars, a very large proportion of it to be in gold, chiefly doubloons. This, in addition to the sum now on [illegible] with the subtreasurer in St. Louis, about six hundred thousand dollars, is to be applied to the payment of troops now in New Mexico, the troops for that quarter, &c., &c. Several paymasters, will be added to this department, and a large sum of money, say two hundred thousand dollars, will at an early day, be sent directly to Santa Fe, in charge of one of the paymasters, assigned to his command.- The payment of those already in the service, and those now preparing to go there, must throw a large amount of money into circulation in this quarter. [KAM]
NNR 72.189-72.190 May 22, 1847 LIEUT. CHARLES G HUNTER, THE CAPTURE OF FLA-CO-TALPAM AND ALVARADO
The trial, defence, and reprimand of Lieutenant Charles G. Hunter, before a naval court martial.
CHARGES AND SPECIFICATIONS.
Charges and specifications preferred by Commodore M. C. Perry, commander-in-chief of the United States naval forces in the Gulf of Mexico, against Lieutenant Charles G. Hunter, United States navy, late commanding the United States steamer Scourge.
Charge first- Treating with contempt his superior, being in the execution of his office.
Specification first-In that he, the said Lieutenant Charles G. Hunter, United States navy, did, on the 21st day of March, 1847, being then in command of the United States steamer Scourge, enter the port of Alvarado, and did there arrogate to himself, (the said Lieut. Charles G. Hunter,) the authority and power, that are vested only in the commander-in chief, by entering into stipulation for and receiving the surrender of Alvarado and its dependencies.
Specification second- In that the said Lieutenant Charles G. Hunter, U. S. navy, did on the 31st day of March, 1847, with the U. S. steamer Scourge under his command, proceed from Alvarado to the town of Fla-ca-talpam, without any orders or authority, and there demand the surrender of the said town of Fla-ca-talpam, and enter into and sign articles of capitulation, although aware of the immediate approach of the commander-in-chief, to whom alone such powers are confided-thus treating with contempt the authority of his superior, being in the execution of his duty.
Specification third- In that the said Lieutenant Charles G. Hunter, United States navy, did on the 31st day of March, 1847, in proceeding from Alvarado to Fla-ca-talpam, capture four schooners, one of which he set on fire and burnt, and another he abandoned, thus substituting his own will for the discretion of the commander-in-chief, who was within a few hours reach of communication, and treating with contempt the authority of his superior; all of which is in violation of the laws of the United States, as contained in "an act for the better government of the navy of the United States, approved, April 23d, 1800."
Charge second--Disobedience of orders.
Specification first- In that he, the said Lieutenant Charles G. Hunter, United States navy, having been ordered to report to Captain Sam L. Breese, and assist in blockading the port of Alvarado, did, in disobedience or disregard of said orders, enter the harbor and take possession of the town of Alvarado.
Specification second- In that he, the said Lieutenant Charles G. Hunter, United States navy, having been ordered on the evening of the 1st April, 1847, to report himself in person to the commander-in-chief at his quarters in the town of Alvarado, at 10 o'clock A. M. of the following morning, did disobey said order; all of which is in violation of the laws of the United States, as contained in "an act for the better government of the navy of the United States, approved, April 23d, 1800."
(Signed) M. C. PERRY,
Commanding Home Squadron.
DEFENCE OF LIEUTENANT HUNTER
Mr. President and gentlemen of the court- I will not trouble you with unnecessary verbiage, but proceed at once to the point. My orders were, (as stated in the 1st spec. 2d charge) to report to Captain Breese, and to assist in blockading Alvarado. I did not consider them (can they be fairly considered?) as forbidding me to annoy the enemy in every way in my power, as modifying in the slightest degree the general duty of every officer having a military command in time of war to molest and cripple the enemy in every possible way. On the evening of the 30th March, being sufficiently near, I opened upon the fort at Alvarado with shot and shells. Apprehensive of a norther, I stood off and on during the night, with a strong breeze and rough sea. Towards morning, it having moderated, I stood close in to the bar, again opened upon the forts. Shortly afterwards I discovered two horsemen upon the beach holding a white flag, and a boat crossing the bar at the same time. This boat brought me an offer on the part of the authorities to surrender the city,- Permit me here to observe Mr. President, that as there are two sides to every question, so there may be two results to every affair of this kind. Alvarado is now in our possession; but let us suppose that was not to be; that we had been foiled a third time in our efforts to take it. What would have been my position, I say, if I, having refused the offer of the town when the authorities were ready to yield it- the American forces had been a third time baffled in their efforts to capture it? Mr. President, the worst that can now befall me, is a trifle to the infamy and disgrace which would have remained attached to my name, perhaps, long after I was in the grave.
If you, Mr. President, (or any member of this honorable court,) will fancy yourselves in my place when the offer of capitulation reached me, I think that you must perceive that it placed me in a difficult, a most embarrassing position-one that might have got a much more experienced officer than myself into trouble. I had to decide upon the disobeying of my orders on the one hand, and the possible consequences which my refusal to take such a responsibility might lead to on the other. I had to decide between two courses- the one leading to present personal safety, and the possibility of future infamy; the other to some personal risk, perhaps, but by which the honor of the navy and my honor, at least, were safe. I have stated thus the view which I took of my position, and the motives on which my actions were founded. I will not say, Mr. President, that under similar circumstances you would have taken a similar view of your position; but I think I may say, without the danger of dissent here or elsewhere, that taking the same view I did, that you, or any other member of this honorable court, would have done just what I did.
My summons for the surrender of the city of "Alvarado," was not made until the authorities hesitating to sign the articles of capitulation, - I thought myself entrapped; when it became necessary to use strong measures and strong language. Upon the reception of that summons, they signed the articles, and in the name of the United States of America, I took possession of "Alvarado" and its dependencies. Shortly afterwards, I learned that after our attack the evening previous, the garrison had fired the public vessels, spiked and buried their guns, placed a large quantity of government property, chiefly munitions of war, on board of several small vessels, and were proceeding up the river in the direction of the city of "Fla-ca-Talpam." I followed, as I conceived it to be my duty, and captured one of them loaded with arms, &c. that got ashore, and bur5ned her to prevent her falling into the hands of the enemy. Another, worthless to ourselves or the enemy, and abandoned, and two others, I brought to "Alvarado." The pursuit of these vessels brought me to the city of "Fla-ca-Talpam," where I arrived about 2 o'clock in the morning; trusting to the suddenness of the attack, I ordered the junta to assemble, and demanded within thirty minutes an entire and unconditional surrender, and my demands were complied with. I contend Mr. President, and gentlemen of the court, that all that happened after the capitulation of Alvarado, followed as a natural and necessary consequence (not, however, foreseen by me) when I first accepted of their offer to surrender. I contend that my error consisted in the original disobedience of my orders (which, from what I have since learned, I regret,) and that what I did afterwards, I was in a great measure obliged to do. Knowing that several small vessels of the enemy, laden with military stores were within my reach, could I doubt that it was my duty to destroy or capture them? Seeing, from the conduct of the enemy at Alvarado, that a panic prevailed among them, and that there was a prospect of success, I demanded the immediate and unconditional surrender of Fla-ca-Talpam. I contend that the two acts followed as a necessary consequence to my first disobedience of orders. Of the motives that led to that step, I have made an honest exposition to the court, and I hope that you will consider them, together with the difficulties of my position, and my want of experience in such matters, as some … of my fault.
I regret my error apart from the trouble it has brought upon me. I regret it, because it has given offence to the commander-in-chief. (I speak from rumor only- I have no certain knowledge of the fact,) as I have heard there was an understanding between the commander-in-chief and commanding general ashore that there was to be a combined attack made by the squadron and army, on these places; it might thus seem that I had sought to rob of its just participation in this affair that arm of the service which in the progress of this war, has acquired for itself and for our country, so much honor and glory. Nothing could be farther from my intentions- I knew nothing of any such understanding. One or two matters remain to be touched upon. I am charged in the two 1st spec. of the 1st charge, with arrogating to myself the powers of commander-in-chief, in signing articles of capitulation, &c. although aware of the immediate approach of the commander-in-chief. In regard to the first, my error was one of simple ignorance. I knew that I had obtained possession of these places, and meant of course to hand them over to the first senior officer that might approach; but I had not the remotest intention of exercising any of the powers of commander-in-chief. I knew, or perhaps I should rather say, had reason to believe, that the commander in chief would arrive in a short time; but I did not know precisely when, still less did I know that he was nearer than Vera Cruz.
In the second specification of the second charge, I am charged with having disobeyed an order to call at a specific time at the commander in chief's quarters.
Gentlemen, I was so absorbed at the difficulties that surrounded me, that his order to me to report myself, entirely escaped my recollection,- this may seem a lame excuse, but it has at least the merit of truth. But, Mr. President, none of us are entirely free from occasional acts of forgetfulness; the honorable member yesterday who gave in his testimony, made a mistake, and I must say that the confidence with which I leave my case in his hands has been increased by the handsome manner in which he corrected his error when reminded of it.
Mr. President and gentlemen of the court, I have been much mortified and
excited, by the many and numerous difficulties that surround me. I have aimed
at nothing but the glory of my country- the honor and dignity of the service
to which I belong. I leave my case with perfect confidence in your hands.
G. G. HUNTER, Lieut. Comdg.
FINDING AND SENTENCE OF THE COURT.
The first specification of the first charge proved. The second specification of the first charge proved. The third specification of the first charge proved.
And the accused guilty of the first charge.
The first specification of the second charge not proved, of the accused not having reported himself in person to Capt. Samuel L. Breese, according to his orders; but proved that the accused entered the harbor of Alvarado, instead of assisting in blockading that part.
The second specification of the second charge proved, and the accused guilty of the second charge. The court then, upon due deliberation upon the above finding, pronounced the following sentence:
That the accused, Lieutenant Charles G. Hunter, United States navy, be dismissed from the United States home squadron, and reprimanded by the commander in chief, which reprimand is to be read on the quarter deck of every vessel of the squadron, in the presence of the officers and crew.
The above is a true copy from the records of the court.
(Signed,)
J. BRYAN, Judge Advocate.
THE REPRIMAND OF COMMODORE REPLY.
United States flag ship Mississippi,
Anton Lizardo, April 9, 1847.
SIR: I enclose herewith the findings and sentence of the court martial, convened on the 7th instant, for your trial, which imposes upon me the task of expressing, in the form of reprimand, my opinion of your conduct as proved before the court martial.
However lenient the sentence in your case may seem to be, I have approved it, as I can conceive of no punishment more severe than a dismissal in time of war from a squadron actively engaged before the enemy. The sentence while it condemns in a most signal manner, your conduct cuts you off from further association in this squadron, with men whose patient endurance of the most trying duties, and whose character for courage, obedience, and subordination, have won my highest approbation.
How different has been your course? Scarcely a day on the station, and you disobey orders, arrogate to yourself the duties belonging to a commander in chief, talk of opening upon the town, and of ordering the troops to advance when you had but one gun, and not a solitary soldier, and "all for the purpose" (as you say,) "of securing an unmolested entrance of the squadron into the river."
It would be difficult, if not impossible, to pint to another instance of similar folly; and the most charitable construction that can be given to it, is-that in the elation of a first command, you had truly imagined yourself actually in command, of the naval and military detachments then approaching and within a short distance of the scene of your exploits.
With due respect,
(Signed) M. C. PERRY,
Commander in chief of home squadron.
To Lieutenant Charles G. Hunter, United States navy
[JLM]
NNR 72.192 May 22, 1847 List of volunteers whose time expires, promise of the "Union" that troops will be adequate
The terms of service of the several, volunteer regiments mustered for the period of twelve months will expire at the following dates:
Twelve months volunteers under Major Gen. Scott
Captain Blanchard's company Louisiana volunteers, July 30, 1847.
Col. Coffee's Alabama regiment, between the 8th and 29th
June, 1847.
Col. Jackson's Georgia regiment, between the 10th and 19th
June, 1847.
Col. Forman's 3rd Illinois regiment, between the 9th
June and 2nd July, 1847.
Col. Baker's 4th Illinois regiment, between the 9th
June and 2nd July, 1847.
Baltimore and District of Columbia battalion, between the 30th
May and the 8th June, 1847.
Col. Thomas's Tennessee mounted regiment, between the 28th
May and 2nd June, 1847.
Col. Campbell's 1st Tennessee foot, between the 4th
and 18th June, 1847,
Volunteers under Major General Taylor
Three regiments of Ohio, between the 23rd and 29th
June, 1847.
Three regiments of Indiana, between the 18th and 26th
June, 1847.
Three regiments of Illinois, between the 17th and 30th
June, 1847.
Three regiments of Kentucky, between the 17th May and 15th
June, 1847.
Mississippi regiment, between the 3rd and 15th June
1847.
Arkansas regiment, between the 30th June and 3d July, 1847.
From this statement we are happy to say that the reinforcements for Gen. Scott's army, which for several weeks have been en route, including those that must reach Vera Cruz, by the end of May, will be fully equal to the number of twelve months' men who are to be discharged in June and July, as they will, of course, remain in the field for service up to the end of the twelve months, for which they are engaged. [KAM]
NNR 72.192 May 22, 1847 Col. Sterling Price at Santa Fe
Army of the North. Santa Fe dated to the 3d April. Left Col. Price with about 450 troops at that place, enjoying rather better health, though but few of them had escaped sickness. The remainder of his command were stationed through the country guarding stock or garrisoning posts. [KAM]
NNR 72. 192 May 22, 1847 92 Major Campbell's expedition from Chihuahua to New Orleans
Major Campbell took possession of a number of places not before being captured, on his route in; had several skirmishes with Comanche Indians; at one time was surrounded by 500 of them, and had to cut his way through. They captured his pack mules and provisions, and cut off his hunting parties, obliging his party to subsist upon mule meat as lean as Pharaoh's kine, relieved occasionally by a prairie dog, wolf, skunk, and other such, to the number of twenty two varieties. In this condition, almost naked, the gallant little party reached General Tarrants, on Chambers creek, Navoo county, Texas, and from thence by the Red River to New Orleans, where they arrived on the 10th instant, hale and hearty. [KAM]
NNR 72.192 May 22, 1847 Col. Alexander William Doniphan's uncertainty on how to proceed in the absence of instructions
Maj. Campbell, of Springfield, Illinois, left Chihuahua on the 15th of March, with a detachment of 32 men and dispatches for the government. Col. Doniphan in the absence of instructions from government, was at a loss to know what course to pursue. His troops were in good health, but their term of service would expire in June and July. [KAM]
NNR 72.192 May 22, 1847 Nicholas Philip Trist reaches New Orleans for Veracruz
Mr. Trist, second officer in the department of state, and formerly United States consul at Havanna, reached New Orleans from Washington, left there on the 26th, and sailed from the mouth of the Mississippi on the 28th of April, for Vera Cruz. [ANP]
NNR 72.193 May 29, 1847 Marines employed in land service
THE MARINE CORPS
The marines attached to the squadron before Vera Cruz, forming three companies under the command of Captain Edson, were placed by Com. Conner at the disposition of Gen. Scott . They were attached to the 3d artillery under Col. Benton, and were actively employed during the investment. The first man killed in the trenches was a marine. They were detached by Gen. Scott when the city surrendered, and received the thanks both of the general-in-chief and general Worth in general orders for the effective services they rendered.
The Philadelphia American says - We had a report from the Mouth yesterday, that some movement was contemplated in Mexico, in which the services of the marine corps were to be exclusively employed. - There has been no clue as to the nature of the service, but we have no doubt tat something is in preparation which will give this valuable but much neglected arm of the service, full and honorable employment.
Orders have been received, as we learned yesterday, for six companies of the United States marines, numbering about 600 men, under command of Major L. Twiggs, for several years past the commander of the Barracks at this station, to repair immediately to join the army in Mexico. Eight additional companies, under command of Lieut. Col. Watson, have received preparatory orders, and will shortly follow the first battalion.
Upon their arrival at Vera Cruz they will be joined by all the disposable force of the marine corps now attached to the gulf squadron, and the whole amounting to about 1,700 men, will be formed into two regiments, the first under command of Lieut. Col. Watson, and the second of Major Twiggs, the whole comprising the brigade of the veteran Brigadier General Henderson of the marine corps. The object of this movement we have yet to learn. - Phil American [JLM]
NNR 72.194 May 29, 1847 "Conquering a Peace"
PACIFIC SQUADRON. On the 1st of April the U.S sloop-of-war Portsmouth, arrived off the port of San Jose, and after demanding the surrender of the town landed 150 "Yankees," who planted there American flag. The Portsmouth then sailed to take the like possession of the ports of San Lucan, La Paz and Loreto. These are all small ports in the peninsula of Lower California, two in the extreme south of it, and two on the western side of the Gulf of California. [KAM]
NNR 72.194 May 29, 1847 Portsmouth captures ports in Lower California
NAVY JOURNAL
PACIFIC SQUADRON. On the 1st of April the U.S. sloop-of-war Portsmouth, arrived off the port of San Jose, and after demanding the surrender of the town landed 150 "Yankees," who planted there the American flag, The Portsmouth then sailed to take like possession of the ports of San Lucas, La Paz and Loreto. These are all small ports in the peninsula of Lower California, two in the extreme south of it, and two on the western side of the Gulf of California. [JLM]
NNR 72.194 May 29, 1847 The Capture of Tuspan
From the Vera Cruz Flag of the 28th April.
The expedition consisted of the steamer Mississippi, (flag-ship) frigate Raritan, sloop of war Albany, ship John Adams, Germantown, Decatur, Spitfire, Vixen, Scourge, Vesuvins, Heela, Bonita, Petrel and Reefer. Among the vessels were distributed 150 men belonging to the Potomac, and 340 belonging to the Ohio, both of which remained at this place. After some delay at the Island of Lobos, awaiting the arrival of the sailing vessels, and subsequently at sea owing to a dispersion of the vessels by a norther, everything was ready for landing on the morning of the 18th instant, at which time the Mississippi was anchored off the bar of Tuspan river, while the other steamers, having had their masts taken out, and otherwise lightened in every possible way, took in tow the gun boats and barges of the expedition, carrying, in all, about 1200 men, and two pieces of field artillery. The other vessels of the squadron remained at anchor under Tuspan shoals, which lies six or eight miles to the eastward of the bar.
In crossing the bar the Spitfire led the way, and was followed by the Vixen and the Scourge, each having a gun boat in tow. Two of the steamers struck on the bar, but were not suffered to be stopped for a moment. They literally ploughed their way over it. By 12 o'clock, the whole expedition succeeded in gaining an entrance of the river, notwithstanding the serious difficulties presented by the breakers of the bar. Shortly afterwards, everything being in readiness for an attack, Commodore Perry hoisted his broad pendant on board the Spitfire, and at once led the rest of the vessels up the river.
After ascending it about five miles, two forts were discovered on the right bank, both of which opened upon the squadron. Immediately all the boats were manned with storming parties, and while the steamers and gun boats were gallantly returning the fire of the forts they (the boats) dashed on and quickly took possession of the forts, the Mexicans retreating down one side of the hill as the sailors ascended the other.
The whole expedition now moved on steadily towards the town of Tuspan, but a little while another fort, situated on high hill, commanding the whole city, opened upon the vessels and barges.
At the same time volleys of musketry were fired by the enemy from the chaparral; this latter fort was also promptly attacked, and like the other two was carried without the enemy waiting to cross bayonets, our noble tars proving themselves first rate fellows for this species of boarding work. - Simultaneously with the occupation of this fort, a division of the expedition landed in the town, and at once took possession of it. The greater part of the inhabitants had fired and left but a few scattering soldiers within reach of our balls.
In the course of the contest seventeen men and officers were killed and wounded. Capt. Tatnall received a ball in the right elbow joint Lieut. Jas. L. Parker aid to the commodore, severe wound in the upper part of the left breast, Lieut. Whittle, a flesh wound in the right leg, and Lieut. Hartstein, a flesh wound in the right wrist and thigh. All the wounded, however, are now doing well.
Several guns of the Truxton, were found mounted upon the forts, all of which were found mounted upon the forts, all of which were recovered and brought on board the squadron. Other articles belonging to the Truxton were likewise recovered. - After retaining possession of the town from the 18th to the 22d inst:, force was withdrawn and embarked, leaving, however, the Albany and gunboat Reefer, under Capt. Breeze, to guard and command the place.
It may be proper to state, that all the forts of the place were destroyed by our forces. There being no further work on the coast, for the squadron, Com. Perry contemplated, we learn, a movement towards the interior, with a fine body of 2500 tars, thoroughly organized, should such a step be deemed advisable. [JLM]
NNR 72.194-195 May 29, 1847 Massachusetts resolution on the Mexican War, the extension of slavery, and thanks to Gen. Zachary Taylor, proceedings thereon
Resolution relative to the war with Mexico- The legislature closed its session on Monday the 26th of April. On the Saturday preceding, the following resolutions were proposed in the house of representatives, and ultimately adoption by a party vote, the whigs in the affirmative, and their opponents in the negative.
Resolved, That in the present war with Mexico has its primary origins in the unconstitutional annexation to the United States of the foreign state of Texas, while the same was still at war with Mexico; that it was unconstitutionally commenced by the order of the president, to General Taylor, to take the military possession of territory in dispute between the United States and Mexico, and in the occupation of Mexico; and that it is now waged ingloriously-by a powerful nation against a weak neighbor-unnecessarily and without just cause, at immense cost of treasure and life, for the dismemberment of Mexico, and for the conquest of a portion of her territory, from which slavery has already been excluded, with the triple object of extending slavery, of strengthening the "slave power," and of obtaining the control of the free states, under the constitution of the United States.
Resolved, That such a war of conquest, so hateful in its objects, so wanton, unjust and unconstitutional in its origin and character, must be regarded as a war against freedom, against humanity, against justice, against the free states; and that a regard for the true interest and the highest honor of the country, not less than the impulses of Christian duty, should arouse all good citizens to join in efforts to arrest this gigantic crime, by withholding supplies, or other voluntary contributions, for its further prosecution, by calling for the withdrawal of our army and, in every just way, aiding the country to retreat from the disgraceful position of aggression which it now occupies towards a weak, distracted neighbor and sister republic.
Resolved, That our attention is directed anew to the wrong and "enormity" of slavery, and to the tyranny and usurpation of the "slave power" as displayed in the history of our country, particularly in the annexation of Texas, and the present war with Mexico; and that we are impressed with the unalterable conviction, that a regard for the fair fame of our country, for the principled of morals, and for that righteousness which exalteth a nation, sanctions and requires all constitutional efforts for the abolition of slavery within the limits of the United States, while loyalty to the constitution, and a just self defense, make it specially incumbent on the people of the free states to co-operate in strenuous exertions to restrain and overthrow the "SLAVE POWER."
Thanks to General Taylor -after the passage of the above-
Mr. Hayden, of Boston, asked to obtain leave to introduce the following resolutions:
Resolved tendering the thanks of the legislature of Massachusetts to General Taylor, his officers, and men.
Resolved, That the people of Massachusetts have beheld with patriotic pride the bravery, the skill, and sagacity of the commander of the American forces in Mexico, General Zachary Taylor, and the gallantry and good discipline displayed by the officers and men associated with him in the campaign, in which admirable conduct of the one, and cordial co-operation of the other, the flag of the Union has been nobly upborne, and our name in arms gloriously maintained.
Resolved, That while the people and the legislature of Massachusetts feel proud of the brilliant achievements of the army employed in the war against Mexico \, they mourn the loss of the officers and men who have gallantly fallen upon the battle field, and sincerely sympathize with their relatives and friends.
Resolved. That his excellency the governor be requested to cause these resolved to be communicated to Maj. General Zachary Taylor, and, through him, to the officers and men under his command.
The resolution having been read, and a motion made to go into committee to consider them; which met opposition from Mr. Boutwell, a locofoco member, on the ground of their introduction from the committee of which Mr. Hayden was chairmen at so late a day in the session.-
Mr. Hayden explained that, so far as the committee was concerned, he was but one of eleven members, and he was willing to assume all responsibility which could justly attach to him. But he was somewhat astonished that the gentleman from Groton, who had so often, so earnestly, and so recently sought the passage of similar resolutions, should now oppose the consideration of these. He [Mr. H.] had before declared that he would not consent to any vote of thanks to Gen'l Taylor while no opinion had been expressed upon the war. Now we had a solemnly declared opinion of the legislature upon that subject, by the yeas and nays of the house, and he was ready to testify his admiration of the conduct of our general and troops, whatever he might think if the justice and honor of the contest. - He would not now have proposed these resolves, nor advocated any like them, had there not been a clear reprobation, on the part of the house, of all favor to the war with Mexico. And, so far as his own political reputation was concerned, though he might cheerfully submit to the decision of the house, he should neither ask the assistance of the gentleman from Groton in his support, nor much fear his assaults as an enemy.
The resolutions were passed to a third reading by yeas 121, nays 71, and afterwards ordered to be engrossed and read a third time without a count.
The senate negatived those resolutions, by a vote of 4 to 14, without debate, in the last hour of the session.
[KAM]
NNR 72.197 May 29, 1847 excitement about the appearance of the vomito at Veracruz
On the 11th he writes that General Patterson had directed the Fashion to be reserved for himself "and the wounded officers, of which I did no know there were any in town, except Colonel Haskell." "The Endora is to be filled at once and despatched, and two or three sailing vessels will take the remainder of the officers and troops."
He adds-same date: "Quits an excitement is produced amongst the unacclimated this morning, by reports of the appearance of the vomito. Two deaths have occurred during the night, and both are attributed to that disease. One victim was a French lady, and the other Mr. Smith, the sutler of the Pennsylvania regiment. Both were in full health two days ago." [ANP]
NNR 72.198, May 29, 1847 Gen. Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna appointed commander of the Mexican Army, fear that he will attack the supply train
SANTA ANNA has again been appointed commander of the
army by the Mexican government. At the last accounts from him, he was
at Orizaba, rallying what troops he could. His force was variously estimated
from 600 to 6,000 men. What his designs were, was all conjecture.
There was certainly some little apprehension that he might make a dash down
upon Vera Cruz, provided General Scott adventured to the capital. More
immediate apprehensions however were entertained of his attempting to make
a dash at the wagon train which he knew was about to leave Vera Cruz for General
Scott's army, and a formidable escort therefore had to be provided to accompany
the train, which commenced leaving Vera Cruz on the evening of the 8th, and
would take up its regular line from Santa Fe, eight miles on the Jalapa road,
on the 9th inst. It was the most formidable train that ever entered
that country, being no less than six miles in length having over four hundred
wagons and took, it is said, a million dollars in gold, besides munitions,
stores, &c. It was accompanied by about a thousand pack mules.
The escort consisted of 1,000 men, 500 of whom were dragoons sent down by
General Scott for the purpose.
It was, no doubt, the want of the stores which this
train starts with from Vera Cruz on the 8th and 9th of May, that prevented
General Scott from following up the decisive victory which he achieved on
the 23d of February at Sierra Gordo;--the same hard fate that Gen. Taylor
was compelled to submit to after his victory at Matamoros.
On the same day that this train left Vera Cruz, the
first division of General Scott's army left Jalapa for Puebla.
[WFF]
NNR 72.198 May 29, 1847 Capt. Samuel Hamilton Walker's dragoons arrive at Vera Cruz
CAPT. WALKER, with his troop of over 100 dragoons reached Vera Cruz from New Orleans in good order and ready to mount, and were very acceptable to the Americans at the moment. [JLM]
NNR 72.198 May 29, 1847,
departure of volunteer regiment from the Army in Mexico
72.198 May 29, 1847, apprehensions subsiding over the vomito and a Mexican
attack
72.198 May 29, 1847, Gen. Winfield Scott’s forces reduced to 6,000 men
“Mexicans! We are all one, and Mexicans only. Let us be unanimous; let there be but one cry, and let the cry be war.”
The Jalapa ‘Star’ assigns as a reasons for the volunteers leaving at the time they did, the fact that Vera Cruz was now comparatively healthy. At the period their time would expire, the vomito would almost certainly be prevailing, and home they determined to come then, if not now.
The proceedings at Washington, it is said, had created a general disaffection in the army. General Shields is recovering.
The Mexicans have evacuated Puebla, and at least partially if not entirely discontinued their labor upon the fortifications of the city of Mexico.
On the 7th of May, the first division of General Scott’s army under General Quitmen, marched from Jalapa to take possession of the city of Puebla. Three other divisions were to follow, each on a successive day. They exported to occupy Puebla on the 17th inst.
Gen. Scott and General Twigg’s brigade were to follow in a few days.
Santa Anna has again been appointed commander of the army by the Mexican government. At the last account from him, he was at Orizaba, rallying what troops he could. His force was variously estimated from 600 to 6,000 men. What his designs were, was all conjecture. There was certainly some little apprehension that he might just make a dash down upon Vera Cruz, provided General Scott adventured to the capital. More immediate apprehensions however were entertained of his attempting to make a dash at the wagon train which he knew was about to leave Vera Cruz for General Scott’s army, and a formidable escort therefore had to be provided to accompany the train, which was commenced leaving Vera Cruz on the evening of the 8th, and would take up its regular line from Sante Fe, eight miles on the Jalapa road, on the 9th inst. It was the most formidable train that ever entered that country, being no less than six miles in length, having over four hundred wagons and took, it is said, a million of dollars in gold, besides munitions, stores, etc. It was accompanied by about a thousand pack mules. The escort consisted of 1,000 men, 500 of whom were dragoons sent down by General Scott for the purpose.
It was, no doubt the want of the stores which this train starts from Vera Cruz on the 8th and 9th of May, that prevented General Scott from following up the decisive victory which he achieved on the 23rd of February at Sierra Gordo; the same hard fate that Gen. Taylor was compelled to submit to after his victory at Matamoros.
On the same day that this train left Vera Cruz, the first divisions of General Scott’s army left Jalapa for Puebla.
Later the steamer Mary Kingsland reached New Orleans on the 18th with Vera Cruz dates to the 13th Mayor Count de Bongars, aid to General Shields, and several companies of the Illinois volunteers became passengers.
The two Tennessee, the 3rd and 4th Illinois, the Georgia, and the Alabama regiments, have all left the army, and returned home.
Occasionally a case of vomito occurred but apprehensions from the cause as well as of an attack from Santa Anna were subsiding, though speculations as to Santa Anna’s whereabouts and designs are the principal themes of all the letters by this arrival.
The return of so formidable a portion of General Scott’s army, and the want of other troops to replace them, has paralyzed the movements towards Mexico. General Patterson, who had started to take command of the advance, is now in the city of New Orleans. General Scott’s disposable force is said not to exceed 6,000 men. He will advance as far as Puebla, and there await events.
Families w