NNR 70.337 Gen. Mariano Paredes y Arillaga requests permission, which is granted, to place himself in command of the Army in the north, arrangements with regard to other Mexican commanders
NNR 70.337-70.338 consideration by the Mexican Congress of a declaration of war against the United States
NNR 70.341-70.342 letter from "The Corporal"with the Army of Occupation at Matamoros
NNR 70.342 visit of British naval officers to Gen. Zachary Taylor
NNR 70.343 drowning of two members of the Georgia volunteers
NNR 70.343 refusal of two Louisiana regiments for service in Mexico
NNR 70.343 legal decision on deserters from the Alabama volunteers
NNR 70.343 death of C. J. McNulty of the Ohio volunteers
NNR 70.343 secretary of war declines calling the South Carolina regiment into service
NNR 70.343 Chihuahua expedition by US dragoons
NNR 70.343 dispute between Col. Stephen Watts Kearny and Col. Sterling Price
on infantry to be raised for the Santa Fe expedition
NNR 70.343 arrival of the first, second, and third regiments of Ohio volunteers at New Orleans
NNR 70.343 arrival of five companies of Indiana volunteers at New Orleans
NNR 70.343 full complement of New York volunteers for service in Mexico obtained
NNR 70.343 account of traders, emigrants, and soldiers setting out for Santa Fe, Oregon, and California
NNR 70.344 mustering of the New York regiment destined for California, complaints of favoritism to Col. John D. Stevenson
NNR 70.352 Princeton, steamer, detached for Pensacola
NNR 70.352 Gen. Zachary Taylor still detained for want of transports, roads impassable
NNR 70.352 report of the scout of Capt. Samuel Hamilton Walker's Rangers towards Monterey
NNR 70.352 Mexican cotton annihilated, corn to be saved
NNR 70.352 business of supplying the forces in Mexico
NNR 70.352 mounted riflemen and Mormon infantry for California
NNR 70.368 Nashville "Union's"correspondence on the campaign, move toward Monterey anticipated
NNR 70.368 wagons purchased and contracted for in Atlantic states
NNR 70.368 expenses of the war
NNR 70.368 account of actions of Capt. Robert Christie Buchanan in the Battle of Resaca de la Palma
NNR 70.368 the mortally wounded in the battles of Palo Alto and Resaca de la Palma
NNR 70.371 volunteers return to New Orleans
NNR 70.372 general order discharging volunteers from Louisiana, Saint Louis, and Alabama
NNR 70.372 remarks of New Orleans papers on discharge of volunteers
NNR 70.372 notice of Marylanders at Palo Alto
NNR 70.372 incident of the boxing Irishman
NNR 70.372 death of a veteran of Napoleon's wars
NNR 70.372-70.373 Mexican perfidy
NNR 70.373 presents for valiant subalterns
NNR 70.373 notice of the departure of Maj. E. Kirby for the war
NNR 70.373 account of the heroine of Fort Brown
NNR 70.384 the Mormon infantry at Fort Leavenworth
NNR 70.385 rumor of Mexican request that Great Britain and France mediate the end of the war with the United States
NNR 70.385 comments on the offer to negotiate for peace
NNR 70.386 promotions and appointments for distinguished services in the campaign
NNR 70.386 Gen. Gains's court of inquiry; Capt. Thornton acquitted
NNR 70.386 Capt. Seth Barton Thornton's defense in the court-martial on charges preferred against him for loss of his squadron of dragoons
NNR 70.386 account of the Kentucky mounted regiment
NNR 70.386 distrust of the members of the California expedition of the government's promises
NNR 70.387 baggage wagons being made for the Army
NNR 70.400 dissatisfactions of disbanded Alabama and Louisiana volunteers
NNR 70.400 embarrassment of Gen. Zachary Taylor and of the secretary of war over volunteers, troops reach the Rio Grande
NNR 70.400 supplies urged forward to enable advance, wagons, rations en route
NNR 70.400 mules at last contracted for in Mexico
NNR 70.400 Texas Rangers from San Antonio de Bexar cross the Rio Grande, pass through Mier and reach Camargo
NNR 70.400 contracts for mules being obtained, notwithstanding the inadequacy of the wagon train, Gen. Zachary Taylor orders his forces on to Camargo
NNR 70.400 Yellow fever on board American squadron in Vera Cruz
NNR 70.400 additional regiment of volunteers for Santa Fe organized, artillery expected
NNR 70.400 Mormon volunteers reach Fort Leavenworth
NNR 70.401 decree relative to the powers of the extraordinary Congress in Mexico
NNR 70.401 Indian threat to Chihuahua, approach of the vanguard of the American Army
NNR 70.401 movements of Mexican troops for San Luis Potosi
NNR 70.401 Mexican arrangements to use the interior resources of Mexico to sustain the war with the United States
NNR 70.401 departure of Mexican troops from the capital
NNR 70.401 assassinations by the insurgents of Guadalajara, dismay over the deplorable state of Mexico
NNR 70.401 American troops reported leaving Camargo for Monterey
NNR 70.401 Gen. Nicolas Bravo assumes the presidency of Mexico, resignation of the ministers
NNR 70.401 Mexican Army assembles at San Luis Potosi
NNR 70.401 "pronunciamento"in favor of Gen. Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna at Veracruz, he embarks from Cuba
NNR 70.401 steamer Princeton dispatched express for Pensacola
NNR 70.401 progress of the messenger bearing President James Knox Polk's overtures to Mexico
NNR 70.401 John Slidell's mission to Cuba
NNR 70.401 Mexican decree authorizes privateers
NNR 70.401-70.402 description of Camargo
NNR 70.402 description of Monterey and Caiderete
NNR 70.402 difficulty over supplying Gen. Steven Watts Kearny's expedition to Santa Fe, reports of alarm in New Mexico
NNR 70.402 engineer corps at West Point being readied for Mexico
NNR 70.402 disorder among the New York troops gathered for the California expedition
NNR 70.402-70.403 letter from A. Moses of the Ohio regiment
NNR 70.403 account of mosquitoes on the Rio Grande
NNR 70.403 Gen. John Ellis Wool's force, supplies, wagons
NNR 70.403 Col. Churchill departs New Orleans for Texas
NNR 70.403 complaint about the manner of buying and treating wagons for the Army
NNR 70.406-70.408 proceedings and decision of the court of inquiry on Gen. Edmund Pendleton Gaines' efforts to raise volunteers
NNR 70.416 Gen. Stephen Watts Kearny arrives at Santa Fe, friendly reception
NNR 70.416 unsuccessful attack on Alvarado
NNR 70.416 chartering of ships for the California expedition, charges of malfeasance by Thomas Jefferson Sutherland against Col. John D. Stevenson in connection with outfitting the California expedition
NNR 70.416 Gen. Zachary Taylor leaves Matamoros for Camargo
NNR 70.416 order barring spirituous liquors from Matamoros
NNR 70.416 probability of reaching Monterey in September
NNR 70.416 Col. Archibald Yell's letter about the lack of equipment for Arkansas volunteers
NNR 71.001 indications of government aiding to restore Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna to power, contradiction of the "Union"notwithstanding, he is allowed to pass the blockade, enters Veracruz, assumes command and the revolution progresses, Mariano Paredes y Arillaga overthrown and imprisoned by Gen. Jose Mariano de Salas, who aids Santa Anna to power
NNR 71.001 rumor of annexation of California
NNR 71.001-71.002 Capt. John Rogers Vinton takes Mier
NNR 71.002 attempt on Alvarado
NNR 71.002 effect of Gen. Zachary Taylor's temperance orders at Matamoros
NNR 71. 002 expedition of the Rangers to the interior
NNR 71.002 Gen. Zachary Taylor proceeds to Camargo, grand review
NNR 71.002 Gen. William
Jenkins Worth's division prepares to move on Monterey
NNR 71. 002 position and movement of the several corps
NNR 71.016 complaints from volunteers at Matamoros about high prices for provisions
NNR 71.016 junta at Santa Barbara declares independence of Mexico, Gen. Castro declares martial law
NNR 71.016 Sonoma occupied by Col. John Charles Fremont
NNR 71.016 Com. John Drake
Sloat takes Monterey
NNR 71.016 Capt. John Berrien Montgomery in the Portsmouth takes Yerba
Buena
NNR 71.016 transport wagons contracted for the Army
NNR 71.017 dispatches for Mexico
NNR 71.020 difficulties attending the California expedition preparing at New York
NNR 71.020 reasons why the "peace with Mexico"now anticipated may prove delusive
NNR 71.020 Gen. Zachary Taylor delayed for want of means of transport, large bodies of volunteers join him
NNR 71.020 progress of expedition
against Santa Fe
NNR 71.020 Col. William Selby Harney's expedition against Monclova
NNR 71.020 operations in the Pacific
NNR 71.021 Lt. James Duncan's report on the battles of 8th and 9th May
NNR 71.021-71.022 the affair of the Baltimore battalion "and their Ohio commander"
NNR 71.022 letters detailing march from Matamoros to Camargo, difficulties encountered, progress impeded, incidents, movements, and position, advance under Gen. William Jenkins Worth proceeds to Cerralvo
NNR 71.022 hot weather, Army concentrated at Camargo, advances made towards Monterey, want of wagons
NNR 71.022 confusion over disbanding of the six months' volunteers
NNR 71.022 letter from young Stettinius of the Baltimore volunteers about their position in Mexico
NNR 71.022 letter about the concentration of the Army at Camargo preparatory to a movement upon Monterey
NNR 71.022 measles among the volunteers from the west [disease]
NNR 71.022 rowdyism among the volunteers from Baltimore and the District
NNR 71.022-71.023 letter from Point Isabel about various activities and movements
NNR 71.023 sickness, inactivity for want of wagons
NNR 71.023 discharges from the Baltimore battalion for illness, remainder ordered to join Gen. Zachary Taylor at Camargo
NNR 71.023 mosquitoes and ants at Camargo
NNR 71.023 flare up of insubordination among the Illinois volunteers
NNR 71.023 letter from an Ohio volunteer near Burita
NNR 71.024 complaint of a Pennsylvania volunteer about poor arrangements for supplies
NNR 71.025-71.027 account of the bombardment of Fort Brown
NNR 71.034 account of the Alvarado affair
NNR 71.035 the Cumberland frigate on a reef
NNR 71.035 the brig Truxton lost
NNR 71.036 letter describing the Alvarado affair
NNR 71.038 Gen. Zachary Taylor, having been detained from 10th May to 1st Sept. for want of material of transport, at length succeeds in purchasing 1,500 mules from Mexicans, loads with provisions and munitions, reviews his forces, advances towards Monterey
NNR 71.038 disposition of forces
NNR 71.038 management of mules
NNR 71.038 march of Ohio volunteers from Matamoros to Camargo
NNR 71.038 Col. William Selby Harney's expedition
NNR 71.038 Presidio occupied by "adventurers"
NNR 71.038 Mexican forces at Monterey, Gen. William Jenkins Worth reaches Saltillo
NNR 71.038 fatal explosion aboard the steamboat Enterprise, list of killed and wounded in the explosion
NNR 71.039 advance of Gen. John Ellis Wool's division
NNR 71.039 Col. William Selby Harney's expedition
NNR 71.039 Gen. Stephen Watts Kearny's division leaves Fort Leavenworth for Santa Fe, his force, account of parties on the route
NNR 71.039 difficulties obstruct New York California expedition
NNR 71.039-71.040 comments of the Mobile "Register and Journal"on the disbanded volunteers
NNR 71.040 article on payment of the disbanded Louisiana volunteers
NNR 71.040 riot among Georgia volunteers near Burita
NNR 71.040 poor health among volunteers on the Rio Grande
NNR 71.040 illness among the Illinois volunteers
NNR 71.048 difficulties with supplies for the Army of the West, arrangement of forces, depredations of Indians
NNR 71.048 progress of President James Knox Polk's "dispatches"proposing negotiations
NNR 71.049 mediation between the United States and Mexico proposed by Great Britain
NNR 71.049 incident of Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna's passing the blockade, his reception at Veracruz
NNR 71.049 doubts of reception by the Mexicans of an American minister unless forces are withdrawn, remarks of the "Union"
71.049 prospect of continuance of the war
71.049 "Union"impatient at Gen. Zachary Taylor's delay
NNR 71.050 debates in British Parliament, mediation explicitly offered
NNR 71.051 letter on the capture of John Pine Bankhead and the Truxton
NNR 71.051-71.052 loss of the Truxton on the breakers off Tuxpan
NNR 71.052 Monterey (Pacific) surrenders
NNR 71.053 Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna's passport
NNR 71.054 "Union"repeats that the country is impatient for Gen. Zachary Taylor to "act,"that he has mules now to enable him to advance, "the plan of the campaign has been concocted in a decisive spirit, we ought not to doubt,"&c. , announces advance of the Army and that Monterey is probably taken
NNR 71.055 letter from officer at Camargo as to future prosecution of the war
NNR 71.055 a night in Matamoros, a false alarm, dead bodies, pleasures of soldiering, want of wagons and munitions, letter describing state of affairs, Gen. William Jenkins Worth at Cerralvo, riot on the Rio Grande
NNR 71.055 Riot on the Rio Grande
NNR 71.056 the march from Matamoros to Camargo, letter from "the sergeant"
NNR 71.056 operation of the Army of the Center, preparations to advance on Chihuahua, San Antonio de Bexar occupied
NNR 71.056-71.057 Army
of the West, additional regiments mustered into service, paid, and discharged
NNR 71.057 departure of Maj. A. D. Stuart to pay the troops at Fort Leavenworth
NNR 71.057 dismissal of the regiment of infantry called for by the requisition of the governor of Missouri
NNR 71.057 letter from a volunteer at Bent's Fort, difficulties with provisions
NNR 71.057 disappointment to a volunteer of courage, consistency, and indomitable perseverance
NNR 71.057 New York California expedition delayed
NNR 71.057 Col. Jonathan D. Stevenson's effects seized, difficulties later resolved
NNR 71.057-71.058 letter from an officer at Matamoros
NNR 71.058 comment on Gens. Pedro Ampudia and Mariano Arista
NNR 71.058-71.060 Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna's proclamation from Veracruz on a plan for regeneration of the republic
NNR 71.065 arrest and execution of Mexican spies at Camargo, attack on Americans between Camargo and Matamoros
NNR 71.065 suspension of building of wagons for the Army
NNR 71.065 Mexican show of
resistance
71.065 Gen. William Jenkins Worth's division approaches Cerralvo
71.065 Gen. Zachary Taylor's forced march to join Gen. William Jenkins Worth
71.065 Mexican proclamation interdicting trading with or supplying the invaders under penalty of treason
71.065 Gen. Zachary Taylor's orders respecting trade and individuals locating at Camargo
71.065 Col. Clark shot, Mexicans disarmed at Matamoros
71.065 sickness on the Rio Grande
NNR 71.066 curiosity respecting reply received by government from Mexican government, speculation thereon, hopes of a peace diminished, the "Union"for going to war in earnest, another campaign required
NNR 71.066 Gen. Stephen Watts Kearny marching for Santa Fe
NNR 71.066 condition of the Mormon infantry
NNR 71.066 prizes taken by Mexican privateer
NNR 71.066 Infantry assembled at Ft. Leavenworth
NNR 71.067 intelligence from John Charles Fremont, &c.
NNR 71.067 Gen. John Ellis
Wool nearly ready to advance on Chihuahua
71.067 Col. William Selby Harney returns from his excursion, is arrested
NNR 71.067 arrival at New Orleans of sick and discharged volunteers from the Rio Grande
NNR 71.067 Gen. Zachary Taylor concentrating at Cerralvo
NNR 71.067 Col. Hay's marching
NNR 71.067 hospitals crowded at Camargo and Matamoros
NNR 71.067 Gen. Robert Patterson in command from Camargo to the mouth of the Rio Grande
NNR 71.067 Gen. Pedro Ampudia reinforces Monterey
NNR 71.067 doubts expressed by the "Union"as to the account of "desertions"
NNR 71.067 notice by Col. Samuel Hamilton Walker about desertions
NNR 71.067-71.068 letter relative to the campaigns, munitions, supplies, &c.
NNR 71.068 departure of the New York California expedition
NNR 71.080 Santa Fe taken by Gen. Stephen Watts Kearney
NNR 71.081 advance on Monterey
NNR 71.081 letter anticipates battle at Monterey
NNR 71.081 Kentucky regiment encamped at Lavaca
NNR 71.082 settling accounts with volunteer officers: Capt. G. H. Tobin's correspondence with Jonathan M. McCalla
NNR 71.083 Gen. Stephen Watts Kearny's proclamation at Santa Fe to the inhabitants of New Mexico
NNR 71.086-71.087 proclamation issued by Gen. Zachary Taylor on crossing the Rio Grande, announcing the course to be pursued toward Mexicans [incomplete]
NNR 71.087 announcement of the "Union"that the effort to negotiate a peace is to be abandoned and more coercive measures pursued, comments of the "Intelligencer"thereon
NNR 71.087 departure of Gen. Thomas Sidney Jesup to take personal command of the quartermaster's department
71.087-71.088 proclamation issued by Com. John Drake Sloat on taking ports on the Pacific
71.088 particulars of the tragic affair of the Georgia volunteers at Camp Belknap
NNR 71.088-71.089 condition of the volunteers on the Rio Grande
71.089 operations of Gen. John Ellis Wool's division
NNR 71.090-71.092 diary of an officer of the Army of the West to Santa Fe
NNR 71.096 rumor of design to call out volunteers to assail Veracruz, amount of forces now in field operating against Mexico
NNR 71.100 review of the progress of the campaign
NNR 71.100-71.101 Monterey attacked, defended for three days, surrenders to Gen. Zachary Taylor, armistice concluded, incidents
NNR 71.101 official dispatches announced by the "Union"on the battle of the 22d of Sept.
NNR 71.102 report on the battles of the 23rd Sept. and 25th Sept. , correspondence and articles of capitulation of Monterey INCOMPLETE
NNR 71.103-71.104 letters from the Army detailing approach to Monterey, storming of Bishop's Palace
NNR 71.105 adjustments in territory of the United States and other North American powers as a result of the conquest of California and New Mexico, and the Oregon treaty
NNR 71.112 Juan Nepomuceno Almonte appointed president of Mexico ad interim, Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna assumes control of armies
NNR 71.112 Gen. Stephen Watts Kearny operating from Santa Fe
NNR 71.112 prize brig Naiad at New Orleans
NNR 71.113 Gen. Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna assumes the military and declines civil supremacy, Gen. Jose Mariano Salas defers determining whether to receive a minister from United States until Congress, which alone has power in the premises, shall assemble
NNR 71.114 Gen. Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna's reply to the tender of supreme executive authority, his arrival and reception at the capital, levy of men for the Mexican Army, articles relative to funds for the war
NNR 71.114-71.115 notice of groups of recruits for the war in Mexico
NNR 71.115 force of the several divisions of the Army employed against Mexico
NNR 71.115 opinions stated relative to Gen. Zachary Taylor's movements, "plan of prosecuting the war,"government said to be dissatisfied with Taylor for delaying so long at Matamoros and to have ordered him on to San Luis Potosi, &c. , letters detailing the operations against and surrender of Monterey
NNR 71.117 notice of the corps of sappers and miners on their way to Mexico
NNR 71.117 design on Veracruz contemplated
NNR 71.117 deaths in hospital at Matamoras, rumors
NNR 71.117 "progress of the war,""plan of invasion to be changed,"rumors at Washington that Gen. Zachary Taylor is to be superseded in command, inquiries as to Gen. Winfield Scott
NNR 71.117 letter detailing the negotiations for surrender of Monterey
NNR 71.118 order of Gen. Stephen Watts Kearny for an expedition from Santa Fe, speculations on operations in New Mexico and California
NNR 71.118 report of affairs at Forth Leavenworth
NNR 71.118-71.119 march
and route of Illinois volunteers through Texas
71.119 notice of volunteers preparing to leave Fort Leavenworth for
the west
NNR 71.119-71.120 accounts of disease among the Tennessee volunteers
NNR 71.120 sick Tennessee volunteers retiring
NNR 71.120 Col. Samuel Ryan Curtis' letter about the health of troops at Matamoros
NNR 71.120-71.121 notices of officers and men
NNR 71.121 account of a Delaware hero
NNR 71.122 sundry additional
incidents in the battles on the Rio Grande
NNR 71.122-3 Col.
Humphrey Marshall's Kentucky regiment of volunteers; lack of supplies
and pay for the Kentucky volunteers, extensive illness
NNR 71.123 troops embark for Mexico
NNR 71.123 sickness of Illinois volunteers, troops dispatched from Norfolk for Point Isabel and Tampico, word of the position of Col. John Charles Fremont
NNR 71.123 speculations about forces gathered to oppose the Army of the West
NNR 71.123 French brig captured while trying to force the blockade at Tampico
NNR 71.128 requisition for additional regiments of volunteers, "mum"as to future operations, "mental food for the Army"
NNR 71.128 comments on the inability of Secretary of the Treasury Robert John Walker to negotiate a loan with the banks, speculation on his future course
NNR 71.129 Gen. John Ellis Wool's division marching for Chihuahua
NNR 71.129 incidents and results of the recent battles
NNR 71.129 Gen. Zachary Taylor orders up additional forces to Monterey: Kentucky and Tennessee mounted regiments marching for Chihuahua
NNR 71.129 Gen. Zachary Taylor's
general order No. 6, issued 29th Sept. at Camargo, respecting Mexican
outlaws, provocations inducing the measure
NNR 71.129 Tennessee and Kentucky regiments in Army of the Center under Gen. Wool marching to Chihuahua
NNR 71.129 infantry marching for Camargo
NNR 71.129-130 George Wilkins Kendall's letter giving interesting details
NNR 71.130 Gen. Zachary Taylor's general order No. 115 directing the march from Cerralvo to Monterey
NNR 71.130-71.131 "march of the second division of the select six thousand"
NNR 71.131 Gen. Pedro Ampudia's address to his "companions in arms"prior to attack on Monterey
NNR 71.132 description of the castle of San Juan de Ulloa
NNR 71.133 Sir George Francis Seymour, in the Collingwood, arrives in California
NNR 71.133 California ports taken by Com. John Drake Sloat
NNR 71.133 Gen. Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna inspires new vigor amongst the Mexicans, assembles a formidable force at San Luis Potosi, orders Monterey and Saltillo to be evacuated before the attack, but not in time to reach before the former was besieged
NNR 71.133 operations of the squadron in the Pacific
NNR 71.133 loss of schooner Bonita
NNR 71.133-134 capture of the
Mexican brig of war Malek Adhel in the port of Mazatlan;
Monterey and San Francisco and "Alto California"taken by Com. John
Drake Sloat [see also: 71.186, 71.226]
NNR 71.134 Com. Robert Field Stockton arrives in the Congress and Sir George Francis Seymour in the Collingwood, eighty-gun ship, civilities; Com. John Drake Sloat organizes a corps of dragoons and sails for Mazatlan, leaving Com. Robert Field Stockton in command, who issues a proclamation of blockade, operations of squadron
NNR 71.134 Commodore Sloat arrives at Havana
NNR 71.134 Gen. Jose Castro employed to revolutionize California
NNR 71.138-140, 157-159, 174-175 Lt. William Helmsley Emory's journal of Gen. Stephen Watts Kearny's march to Santa Fe
NNR 71.140 Gen. Stephen Watts Kearny's proclamation organizing territorial government in New Mexico
NNR 71.144 Gen. Pedro Ampudia's evacuation of Monterey, occupation by American forces
NNR 71.144 troops to leave Fort Moultrie for Mexico
NNR 71.144 Gen. Stephen Watts Kearny's excursion south and return to Santa Fe
NNR 71.144 Col. Canales reported at San Fernando
NNR 71.144 troops embark at New York for Mexico
70.337 Aug 1, 1846 Gen. Mariano Paredes y Arillaga requests permission, which is granted, to place himself in command of the Army in the North, arrangements with regard to other Mexican commanders
Paredes Elected President. Shortly after the meeting of the Mexican congress, that body proceeded to organize the executive power, by a decree that it should be deposited provisionally in a magistrate elected by a plurality of the votes of congress, and that a vice president should be elected at the same time to act in the absence of the president. This decree was passed on the 10th of June, and on the 12th the election was help. Gen. Paredes was elected president, receiving 58 out of 83 votes. Ben. Bravo received 13 votes, and Gen. Herrera 7 votes. Gen. Bravo was then elected vice president, receiving 48 out of 82 votes. The highest opposing candidate was D. Luis G. Cuevas, who received 17 votes.
Gen. Paredes took the oaths of office on the 13th as provisional president, and at the same time pronounced another discourse, in the most notable passage of which he expresses his confidence that congress will grant all the supplies and make every effort necessary to defend the national cause. He reviews at length the wrongs which Mexico has endured at the hands of the United States, and concludes with desiring permission to assume of Senor Bustamente, who was ill, Dr. D. Louis Gonzaga Gordoa presided over congress. He replied to the president in substance, that every question of domestic policy shrunk into insignificance compared with the invasion of the country on the Rio Bravo; that the Mexican who should think of aught else than the injustice and treachery with which their soild was trampled, and the necessity of avenging their outraged honor, had no right to claim a share in their patriotic devotion.
On the 18th permission was granted to Paredes to place himself at the head of troops, and proceed to join the army of the North. Gonzalez Arevalo was to leave the capital on the 19th in command of the advance of the forces of Paredes. Gen. Mejia was in the actual command of the army of the North, Arista having been ordered to Mexico, and Ampudia to remain at San Luis Potosi. [A paper of the 27th ult. says that Gen. Arevalo, instead of proceeding to the frontier, had marched for Guadalajara to put down the insurrection.]
Gen. Bravo left Vera Cruz for the city of Mexico on the 24th, to discharge
the functions of president in the absence of Paredes.
[RCG]
70.337-338 Aug 1, 1846 consideration by the Mexican Congress of a declaration of war against the United States
Declaration of War Proposed. The committee of congress upon foreign relations and upon war made a joint report upon the 16th upon that part of the message of Paredes relating to the United States. The reports recommends the passage of a bill declaring Mexico to be in a state of war with the United States. We do not find that the bill had actually been passed. Bocanegra and Valencia were among the members of this committee. After a short report upon the circumstances of the case, the committee proposed the following:
Project DE LA Loi. The extraordinary national congress of the Mexican republic considering:
That the republic of the United States of America, with notorious violation of all right, has instigated and protected openly and perseveringly the insurrection of the colonists of Texas against the nation which had admitted them upon its territory and generously shielded them with the protection of its laws:
That is has incorporated the same territory of Texas into in union by an act of its congress, notwithstanding it has always belonged by undisputed right to the Mexican nation, has been recognized as such by the United States themselves, as appears by the boundary treaties of 1832 and 1835:
That is has not maintained the solemn assurances and reservations in regard to the rights of the Mexican republic, which by means of its agents it had made conformity with whose treaties:
That is has also invaded the department of Tamaulipas, introducing an army upon the left bank of the Rio Bravo, giving occasion and origin to the battles of the 8th and 9th of May of the present year:
That in time of profound peace, and during established relations of amity, between the two countries, it has invaded by land and sea that territories of the Cali:
That it has blockaded the ports of Matamoros, Vera Cruz, and Tampico of Tamaulipas, opening its fire upon the defenses of the latter:
That it has authorized a levy of troops against Mexico:
That it has declared war against the republic under the pretext that the said states had been invaded, when in fact they made the invasion:
And lastly, considering that the nationality of the Mexicans is seriously
compromised by the power and the spirit of usurpation, flagrantly
manifested by the neighboring nation of the United States.
[RCG]
70.341-342 Aug 1, 1846 letter from "The Corporal"with the Army of Occupation at Matamoros
"THE CORPORAL,"whose exceedingly lively and well written articles, communicated to the New Orleans Bee, keep the public well posted up as to the affairs on the Rio Grande, writes from
Matamoros, July 4th, 1846
I was in conversation with Mr. De Grey, who has returned here from Chihuahua, near two hours this morning. He says that he left San Antonio with others about two months ago with good on a trading expedition to Chihuahua, and proceeded on the route unmolested until he had reached Santa Clova, where they were stopped by the guard stationed on the river and their goods taken from them, in the name of the revenue laws of Mexico. Mr. De G. then left his party and traveled down the east bank of the Rio Grande, for a few days, when he crossed over and went to Saltillo, where he was advised of the bloody battle of the 9th, by its citizens, who stated to him that they would never go against the Americans again, and that it was a generally expressed thing at every place they had heard of. He says he was stopped by Arista, who was at his rancho, near Monterey, for two days, and although the general had quit the Mexican army forever, he still though it his duty to detain and would likely have kept him had he not managed to escape and get into Monterey. This place he found dull and "heavy"and not one Mexican soldier in it--the people damning Paredes and the government, saying the soldiers had eat them out of every thing and then left them for the Americans to prey upon, whom they were looking for with much anxiety. They told him at this place that there was much eagerness displayed by the inhabitants of Caohuila and the upper part of Tamaulipas before the news of the fight reached them, but all operations in military affairs ceased after it, and patriotism was sunk. The remnant of the army--not 500--have gone to Lenares, and were in a pitiful condition, and lessening the number daily by desertion. They had recruited a little whilst there, and fortified several points, but the citizens said it was labor thrown away. He heard that 600 men volunteered at Monclova, and were "eager for the fray;"but the startling news from the Rio Grande gave them a lick back; they mutinied, and 500 of them left sans ceremony. They had been made to believe that our pockets were lined with gold. (How they would have been so sucked had they got into the pockets of some folks I wot of.) He saw General Cannales near Reynosa, who told him that he commanded but 125 men at the time. Carabajal, his cher ami, gave De Grey, a passport to protect him from the band.
I am happy to inform you that the present swell in the river has had the good effect of clearing a channel at the mouth, by washing away the sand, and leaving it open for vessels of 5 or 6 feet water. The vessels at the mouth have gone out and several steamers have come in laden with military stores.
Several rows have occurred in this place during the last few days, which have compelled General Taylor to resume strict measures again. Several Mexicans have been killed and others wounded. Those of our men who engage in these broils are bad men--who come to town and remain here about during the day, in connection with some rangers of similar character, but I am proud to say, for the honor of the service, they are few in number.
There are, and have been for ten days, a set of mountebanks here performing
on the tight rope and cutting "fantastic tricks before high heaven.
About half an hour before the commencement of their performances
they mount each a mustang, and proceeded by a base drum and charionets,
parade through the principle streets--dressed in their performing
costumes, and followed by all the juveniles of the town. They are
natives, and style themselves, "Compania del Norte. I have not
had the courage to visit them.
[RCG]
70.342 Aug 1, 1846 visit of British naval officers to Gen. Zachary Taylor
"Curiosity runs high"to know the object of a visit of two British naval officers to General Taylor, who arrived here in a vessel of war from Tampico. Communication being cut off, they sent their dispatches by mail to their consul at Matamoros, to be laid by him before the consul general. Nous verrons.
Appearances indicate a move of the army into the interior as soon as the waters subside.
Report says Gen. Paredes has sent a proclamation to the people of
Matamoros, calling upon them to treat our regulars with every kindness
and consideration, because of the unparalleled kindness and
attention to the wounded, as well as prisoners and citizens.
He takes occasion to score the Texans, &c. If this be true, it
argues more favorable than otherwise.
[RCG]
70.343 August 1, 1846, Court of Inquiry, charges against General Gaines, Library for the Army of Occupation, Volunteers
The Court of Inquiry ordered to assemble at Fortress Monroe, (Old Point), for the investigation of the charges against General Gaines, met on the 21st, and organized for the transaction of business. - The Court sat with closed doors of course. All the members had not arrived. Gen. Gaines was, upon his arrival at Fortress Monroe, received by Col. Walbach, commandant, and saluted with 13 guns, together with the honors due to his high rank.
A LIBRARY FOR THE ARMY OF OCCUPATION. - Presuming, probably, that the army would have leisure for study, the following publishers in New York have contributed a very excellent library for the army on the Rio Grande: - Harper & Brothers; Burgess, Stringer & Co.; Wiley & Putnam; Saxton & Miles; Mark H. Newman; W. Taylor & Co.; J. & G.A. Langley; Baker & Seribner; M.W. Dodd; Darius Mead; J.S. Redfield; Fowler & Wells; C.S. Francis & Co.; Wood & Son, and Stanford & Swords. The idea was suggested by the Rev. Mr. Marshall, of Vicksburgh, Miss., at present in New York on a visit.
The government is buying mules in Tennessee, at $100 apiece.
Lieut. DEAS, who, it was reported at the time, had been attracted by some Mexican damsel, on the banks of the Rio Grande, opposite Fort Brown, but who in reality had swam the river in search of the lamented Col. Cross, and was captured by the enemy, has been restored to his company.
DESERTERS. - The two Sergeants who deserted from Capt. Deas's company of Alabama volunteers on the Rio Grande, were arrested in Mobile, and were about to be sent back to be tried by a military court, when a writ of habeas corpus was taken out for their detention, and the examination of their case before a civil court. After hearing the case, the judge decided that they should be returned to the camp for trial by court martial. From this decision an appeal was taken to the court of appeals, where the matter now lies
DEATH OF C. J. McNULTY. - Capt. Hicks, of the New Era, arrived yesterday from New Orleans, reports the death of C. J. McNulty, on his way to the seat of war. He died just below Memphis. He was a private in the Knox county volunteers, and formerly well known as the clerk of the house of representatives.
GEORGIA VOLUNTEERS. - Two men were drowned - Farrar and McNier - in the Alabama river, while on their way to Mobile. They jumped overboard from the steamer in a fright.
The Mobile papers gives the particulars of an affair, on the wharf in that city, connected with a corps of volunteers from Georgia. Some of the men undertook to torment some negroes fishing at the wharf. Two were knocked into the river and one of them drowned. Excitement followed, and the troops were for hurrying off the boat on which they were embarked - but the mayor ordered their detention, and three men were arrested and taken before the mayor. Two were, after examination, discharged, and the third sent to prison to answer for his crime.
SOUTH CAROLINA VOLUNTEERS. - The secretary of war has informed the governor of S. Carolina that there is no necessity at present for calling the regiment of that state into service.
EXPEDITION AGAINST CHIHUAHUA. - The company of U. States dragoons that have for some time been at Austin, Texas, left there on the 16th June, for San Antonio.
Capt. R. M. Snell, of the Texan volunteers, has arrived at Galveston for the purpose of raising three or four companies of foot, for what service is not stated.
THE
SANTA FE EXPEDITION. - Col. Price's regiment. A letter from Lexington,
Mo., dated the 2d, says - "Col. Price has been informed by Col. Kearney,
that his regiment will be received, provided he raises eight hundred infantry
- more cavalry not being wanted in the expedition. Col. Price, it
is said, objects to this arrangement, and a doubt exists whether he will
be able to succeed in raising the number of men. There can be no doubt
that Col. Kearney has more mounted men with him than is necessary for the
expedition, and we are surprised at the opposition which Col. Price makes,
to the new service with which Col. Kearney desires to invest him.
He ought not to hesitate about obeying Col. Kearney's requisition, more
especially as it may conduce to the safety of the expedition, and to the
promptness with which his men may be brought into the field.
[GLP]
70.343 Aug 1, 1846 arrival of the first, second, and third regiments of Ohio volunteers at New Orleans
Ohio Volunteers. The first regiment of Ohio volunteers, commanded by Col. Mitchell, and Lieut. Col. Weller, arrived at New Orleans on the 8th of July, by steamers New World and Carolina, from Cincinnati, and encamped at the battle ground blow the barracks.
The 3rd regiment, under the command of Col. S. R. Curtis, Lieut. Col. McCook, and Adj. Eaton, arrived on the 9th.
Two steamboats arrived at New Orleans on the 16th with the 2d regiment.
[RCG]
70.343 Aug 1, 1846 arrival of five companies of Indiana volunteers at New Orleans
Indiana Volunteers. A steamboat arrived at N. Orleans on the
16th of July, with five companies of the 2d regiment of the Indiana
volunteers.
[RCG]
New York Volunteers. We learn that the full complement of seven
regiments of volunteers required from this state, for service in the
war against Mexico, has already been obtained, and all the line officers
commissioned. It is expected that the field officers will also
receive their commissions in the course of twelve or fourteen days,
when the whole force will be complete, awaiting orders from the war department.
An excess, nearly sufficient for another regiment, we understand,
has been reported to the adjutant general's office.
[RCG]
70.343 Aug 1, 1846 account of traders, emigrants, and soldiers setting out for Santa Fe, Oregon, and California
Trade to Sante Fe, California, and Oregon.
Dr. J. Gregg, the author of "Commerce of the Prairies,"in a letter to the editors of the Boonslick (Missouri) Times, gives the following important statements.
Independence, June 30th, 1846.
The traders having left this place in detached parties, as each proprietor finished his preliminary arrangements and got his goods and chattles, freight and cattle ready for starting, it is difficult to form a correct estimate of their numbers or quantity, unless one had taken the pains of stationing himself upon the borders at the opening of the navigation, in the spring, and counted them when passing. I have, however, by minute and frequent inquiries ascertained that there are "en masse"upon the Santa Fe trail, 216 wagons.
Still behind to start during the summer, principally belonging to Mexicans, say, Small carriages, buggies, &c., 150 " 50" 416
--having on board, as near as I can estimate it, an amount of merchandise, costing a fraction over one million of dollars, which in more than treble that of any previous season.
These vehicles, of various sorts, are accompanied by people as various--compromising traders and wagoners, loungers, on and connoisseur travelers, loafers and loungers, amounting to about one thousand men.
The Oregon and California emigration, (much the larger part of which is for the latter country,) amounts to , men, women, and children, about two thousand persons, and in all probability, I think, at least 400 wagons of all descriptions.
Then, there is our army, the number of which is quite uncertain, although, including dragoons and volunteers, infantry, and cavalry, it will, from present indications, amount to about three thousand men accompanied by two hundred and fifty wagons.
Thus, we have about six thousand souls, with one thousand wagons, moving westward, across the great prairies, during the present summer, from this part of our frontier, How many may put off from other portions of our western border, I know no more than you; but report says that a large number of troops will leave Arkansas next month for our southwestern frontier and Mexico.
Your Friend,
Josiah Gregg.
[RCG]
70.344 Aug 1, 1846 mustering of the New York regiment destined for California, complaints of favoritism to Col. John D. Stevenson
The expedition to the Pacific. -- The regiment under the command of Col. Stenvenson, destined for California, was mustered and inspected at the New York arsenal yard on the 21st ult. It is said they intend to encamp on Bedloe's Island, and pass the time previous to their departure in active drill.
The Mechanics' Journal says. -- "Very just complaints are made
of the favoritism of the administration in allowing John D. Stevenson
to raise a regiment for immediate service, while volunteers are enrolled
in New York and waiting to be ordered into survive, waiting without
pay, and even without any provision for their maintenance. A
son of Mr. Marcy is to be paymaster of this regiment, for the administration
has long since assumed the right of appointing the officers of the
militia, though in direct defiance of the constitution, which reserves
that right to the states respectively. Sir Robert Peel, with
the immense patronage in his power, made it a rule never to appoint
a relative to office. With all the admiration which this administration
exhibits for British examples, this is a precedent which there appears
no disposition to follow.
[RCG]
70.352 August 1, 1846, Steamer Princeton detached for Pensacola
THE
PRINCETON, U.S. STEAMER, which has been exceedingly useful in maintaining
the blockade of Vera Cruz, performing what no other vessel in the navy
was as capable of doing, has suddenly been detached by Commodore CONNER,
in order to bring despatches, with which she arrived at Pensacola, on the
20th , in five days from Vera Cruz. The despatches are
said to be from our Pacific squadron. Of their purport nothing has
transpired.
[GLP]
70.352 August 1, 1846, ARMY OF OCCUPATION
Our latest dates from the Rio Grande left the army still waiting for means of transportation and for supplies to enable them to progress. Gen. Taylor is now encamped with four regiments, (Colonels Walton's, Davie's, Dankin's and Mark's,) with the Alabamians, under Capt. Desha, at Buena Vista, on the borders of a lake, seventeen miles northwest of Matamoros. The health of the volunteers here, with Gen. Taylor, had much improved, owing to the fine air they enjoyed and splendid encamping grounds they occupied.
The roads were perfectly impassable for wheeled vehicles, owing to the swampy soil, occasioned by the immense falls of rain which had recently taken place. - The steamer Mercer arrived at the mouth of the Rio Grande, all safe, on the 17 th inst. There were no signs of Mexican soldiery in the vicinity of Camargo.
Capt. Walker had returned from his expedition to Monterey, and delivered a report which is said to be an exceedingly interesting one of the state of the country through which he passed, halting places, &c. &c. - There is no probability of an opposition being made to the advance of the American troops between Camargo and Monterey, and from what could be collected, the Mexican force concentrated at the latter point, is extremely insignificant. Nothing regarding the reported approach of Paredes, with the army of reserve, of an authentic nature has been ascertained at headquarters, although ??? are out in some numbers for that purpose. Everything, however, seems to announce that the possession of Monterey will be fiercely disputed, as it is by nature and art, one of the most powerful strongholds in Mexico. The inhabitants and soldiers are daily employed in improving its defences.
Our informant states that it was reported by the Rangers that they had penetrated to the precipitous cliffs that overhang Monterey, when a trooper, a very adventurous soldier, named Cummins, reached a point overhanging the Bishop's Palace, which commanded a view of the whole city. The utmost activity seemed to prevail among the Mexicans, who were busily employed in repairing the old fortifications and erecting new ones. - The number of troops was not ascertained, but from the movements observable, it was evident they were preparing every means of defence.
The crops it is feared, are almost irreparably injured. The cotton harvest is annihilated; as for the corn much will be saved, although greatly deteriorated.
The Mexican peasantry are employed very diligently in cutting wood and piling it on the banks of the river, for the steamboats. They receive $2.50 a cord. It is muskeet wood, and burns very well. Gen. Taylor put it to them, whether they would cut it and get paid, or oblige him to have it cut by his own men, when they would lose the price of labor. Wood, however, he added, must be had.
Business is very brisk at Matamoros. Fine weather had again assumed
a permanent aspect; the waters were every where falling, and the whole
of the military were joyfully preparing for the opening campaign.
[GLP]
70.352 Aug 1, 1846 mounted riflemen and Mormon infantry for California
"Army of the West"
We find the above designation fully assumed in an official order from Col. Kearney, 1st U S. dragoons, dated "Headquarters, Army of the West, Fort Leavenworth, June 19th, 1846,"directed to Capt. Allen, of said regiment, which together with Capt. Allen's "circular to the Mormons,"dated "Camp of the Mormons, Mount Pisgah, June 26th,"are published in the St. Louis Republican, of the 24th, as taken from the Nauvoo Eagle, of the 17th June. The overture to the Mormons in the orders and circular are very comprehensive. Gen. Kearny distinctly point to California as his place of destination, and that he stipulates for the discharge of the Mormons from service in that country. He asks for five companies of infantry. The Mormons are eager to embrace the overture. The Republican adds: "We learn from the same source that Gen. Kearny in consideration of their having placed five hundred men at the disposal of the government, has emigrating Mormons, and that they shall have the use of "any of the Indian lands they may think proper to select,"until they are ready to cross the mountains. The Mormons have, in accordance with this arrangement, selected Grand Island, on the Platt river, for their temporary residence. It is a large tract and has a salt spring upon it. There they will winter, and collect the entire Mormon population of the west, preparatory to their march to California next spring. They propose to push forward from this point as rapidly as possible, and, after reaching in, to send back from five hundred to one thousand wagons, for the purpose of helping along those who may yet be in Illinois, Iowa, or Missouri. This is to be done with all possible expedition. Grand Island is stated to be between one hundred and two hundred miles west of COuncil BLuffs. At the last dates the requisition of Gen. Kearny was rapidly filling up; and on the 17th, the United States officers gave the Mormons a splendid fete or ball, which is said to have been a fine affair."
A letter from an officer date --Camp at Cotton Wood, July 10th, published in the National Intelligencer, of the 30th, states that the detachment crossed Kansas on the 2d, and were 180 miles from Fort Leavenworth, without meeting with any accident. They had no intelligence as yet from the detachment sent under Captain Moore to overtake the Santa Fe expedition.
The companies of Mormon infantry and col. Price's regiment of mounted
Missourians, are expected to join general Kearny at Bent's Ford, at
which place he halts for them to come up. Including these he
will have about 3 200 men with which to invade Mexico and Santa Fe.
[RCG]
NRR 70.368 Nashville "Union's"correspondence on the campaign, move toward Monterey anticipated
70.368 Aug 8, 1846 Camargo taken
Camargo was taken possession of by the advance corps, without a shadow
of opposition.
[RCG]
70.368 Aug 8, 1846 wagons purchase and contracted for in Atlantic states
The U.S. Quartermaster at Baltimore, a few days since, advertised
that he would purchase as number of wagons for the U.S. army.
The notice came to a ready market. The way his quarters were beset
forthwith, and the crowd of wagons that were ready for Uncle Sam's cash,
was a caution. We have heard of persons obtaining $150 for second
hand wagons, that cost when now $90; and again we have heard of persons
who had their eyes open for a speculation, realizing $600 in a single
day by purchasing up wagons, and selling them to the government --
all scandal, perhaps. Yesterday's American contained a
laconic notice from the Quartermaster, that he had "wagons enough, and
would purchase no more."
[RCG]
70.368 Aug 8, 1846 expenses of the war
Expenses of the War. The St. Louis Republican of a recent date has the following:
"It is only by ascertaining the actual cost of particular items that the expenses of the war with Mexico can be estimated. The government agents, a few days since, purchased five hundred barrels mess pork for the "use of the army of the West." This pork is to be transported to Santa Fe. It cost $10 per barrel. Three or hour years ago supplies were needed for an expedition on the same route, and contracts were made with Bent & St. Vrain, for transportation. They were paid 8 cents per lb., from Independence to Bent's Fort. The government, of course, paid the transportation to Independence. It is alleged that the contract to which we have alluded was a losing concern, and that no one will undertake it for less than ten cents per pound. A barrel of pork will average 320 pounds. The cost of its transportation from Fort Leavenworth, to which point all public stores are shipped to Bent's Fort, will then be thirty-two dollars. But this is not all. It has there to be wagoned to Santa Fe, and it is a very moderate calculation to say that the additional cost, with the transportation from St. Louis to Fort Leavenworth, will increase the cost to $40 per barrel. Add the original cost and it makes the actual expense of the barrel of pork, on its delivery at Santa Fe, fifty dollars. In other words, the government pays $25,00 for the 500 barrels of pork.
"The cost of all other freight must be charged in the same way --
by the pound-- and the expense cannot be much less than we have estimated."
[RCG]
70.368 August 8, 1846, move toward Monterey anticipated
"It is now understood that we will move towards Monteray, a beatiful town at the head of the San Juan (river), about two hundred miles distant. I think it is probable that in two weeks more the mounted force, viz. the Texas mounted riflemen and the United States dragoons will be on their march thither. If we can get the needful transportation, we will overrun and occupy, before the end of summer, all that part of Mexico lying on this side of the Auahuae mountains. This I imagine will be the end of our operations in this direction. If the war continues, the main blow must be stricken through Vera Cruz. The means of reaching that point by water are always abundant, and we are taken at once into the heart of the enemy. where every blow will count. To approach the city of Mexico by Monterey will require immense transportation of provisions and forage, over an uninhabited desert of a thousand miles, with roads through mountains and defiles.
We hear but little
of the enemy. The rumor is, and has been for some weeks, that they are fortifying
the pass this side of Monterey. It is said to be a strong place.
Yet we will pass it, if we try."
[GLP]
70.368 August 8, 1846, CAMP, ON THE BATTLE-FIELD
MAY 10TH, 1846.
SIR, - In compliance with your request, I have the honor to report that, in the deployment of the 4th Infantry, I found myself in command of companies B, D, and K, on the left of the road as we entered, and having been ordered to cross to the right abd advance, did so. After crossing the pond, I had with me Lieuts. Hays and Woods and about twenty men of different regiments, mostly however, of the 4 th. Upon deploying my men on the crest of the hill, I discovered one of the enemy's pieces about fifty yards in my front which was defended by about 150 Infantry. I charged and took the piece and attempted to spike it, but not being able to do so, took it back to a place of safety. - The enemy had a breast-work in my rear, and opened a heavy fire on me, with about ten men, I dislodged him and drove him across the road. Too much credit cannot be given to Lieuts. Hays and Wooda, of the 4 th. They were among the very first to reach the piece, and to them belongs the credit of its capture. - Whilst I was engaged in driving the enemy from his breast-work, these officers, with their men, repulsed a party that charged them in order to recapture the piece. I cannot refrain from calling your attention to Sergeant Major Maloney and Corporal Farrall, who behaved with remarkable coolness and gallantry. - Everybody did his duty nobly, as becomes American soldiers.
I have the honor to be, your obedient servant.
ROBERT C. BUCHANAN, Capt. 4th Infantry
To
Maj. G. W. ALLEN, Command'g 4 th Inf'y.
[GLP]
70.368 August 8, 1846, Death of Lieut. Blake, deaths at Palo Alto and Resaca de la Palma
LIEUT. BLAKE. A letter from Gen. Worth, dated New Orleans, May 18, 1846, says. - You will probably by mail, hear of the loss of that gallant ornament and devoted member of your corps, my warmly cherished friend, Blake. The manner adds poignancy to our sorrows. Had he fallen in the conflict, in which by all accounts, he had especially distinguished himself, regrets would have been turned into envy. After the battle, on casting aside his weapons, one of his pistols accidently discharged, and gave him a mortal wound. Knowing and valueing him as I did, you will readily conceive how I deplore his loss, both as a gallant and true hearted friend, and accomplished comrade. He has left no better soldier behind."-
"Our troops hav ebehaved with great intrepidity. - Every man has done his duty. My own gallant regiment speaks for itself in the list of the killed and wounded - verified by the colors of the crack Mexican regiment, that of Tobasco. Would to God I could have been with them; but a sad fate ordered otherwise. There is time yet; it is but the beginning of the end. I sail to-morrow, and, with God's blessing will be in line by the 21st.
(Lieut. Blake served with Gen. Worth throughout his operations in Florida.)
THE MORTALLY WOUNDED. The Surgeon General of the Army on the Rio Grande has sent to the editor of the Washington Union a list of the private soldiers who were mortally wounded in the battles of Palo Alto and Resaca de la Palma, and who expired on the days of the battles, or have since died of their wounds. It is as follows:
William Atherton, Lewis H. Tucker, George Bates, Charles Wilson, Frederick Papae, James Manning, Thomas Cantwell, - Martin, - Eichler, Owen Hawkins, James Morgan, William B. Fuller, John Forsyth, Matthew Niddy, Charles Marsland, George Chisholm, Philip Lee, Orlando Pierce, Robt. Mathews, Daniel Mc-Dardie, - Eldridge, James Stockley, - Albertson, - Shermaher, Weigart Horace, - Francis, - Anthony, - Fisher, - Mullen, - Hunt, - Hart, - Wallace, - Farrell, - Lewis, - Murray, - Waldron, - Patton, - Haddock.
The
names of the men who were killed outright, or who did not come under
the observation of the surgeons, have not been reported to the Surgeon
General's Office.
[GLP]
70.371 Aug 15, 1846 volunteers return to New Orleans
The brig Empresario, the steamer New York, and the schooner Native, all reached New Orleans on the 1st from Galveston and the seat of war -- bringing a number of volunteers that had been discharged under orders from government. Among the passengers by the New York and Col. Morgan, Capt. Holton, and Lieut. Alvord, of the U. States army; Col. Narks, Adj. Hunter, Lieut. Harris, of the Andrew Jackson regiment, Louisiana volunteers; Col. Dakin, Maj. McCall, Capts. Fowles and Clark, and Lieut. Mace, of Dakin's regiment; and Col. Walton, Lieut. Col. Forno, Maj. Breedlove, and Dr. Wilson, of the Washington.
The Empresario brought back Capt. Desha's company of Alabama
volunteers, who have been ordered to New Orleans, to be mustered
out of the service, in compliance with the instructions of the war
department. Six additional companies of Alabama volunteers and the
St. Louis Legion are to be disbanded. The regiment of Cols.
Peyton and Featherston are not recognized by the department as attached
to the service. Not a single company, and very few of the men
had accepted the alternative offered to them by the department, of
enlisting twelve months.
[RCG]
70.371 Aug 15, 1846 various items
A number of fine artillery companies arrived at the Brazos before
the departure of the Empresario. Gen. Smith, with the
3d and 4th regiments U.S. Infantry, had proceeded to Camargo. Brig.
Gen. Hamer was to be left in command at Matamoros, with a regiment of
volunteers and a supply of artillery to garrison the ports. Gov.
Henderson, at the last accounts, was lying dangerously ill at Matamoros,
little hope was entertained of his revovery.
[RCG]
70.372, August 15, 1846, War with Mexico, Volunteers, Navy
The brig Empresario,the steamer New York, and the schooner Nutwe, all reached New Orleans on the 1st from Galveston and the seat of war - bringing a number of volunteers that had been discharged under orders from government. Among the passengers by the New York are Col. Morgan, Capt. Holton, and Lieut. Alvord, of the U.States army; Col. Narks, Adj. Hunter, Lieut. Harris, of the Andrew Jackson regiment, Louisiana volunteers; Col. Dakin, Maj. McCall, Capts. Fowles and Clark, and Lieut. Mace, of Dakins regiment; and Col. Walton, Lieut. Col. Forno, Maj. Breedlove, and Dr. Wilson, of the Washington.
The Empresario brought back Capt. Desha's company of Alabama volunteers, who have been ordered to New Orleans, to be mustered out of the service, in compliance with the instuctions of the war department. Six additional companies of Alabama volunteers and the St. Louis Legion are to be disbanded. The regiment of Cols. Peyton and Featherston are not recognized by the department as attached to the service. Not a single company, and very few of the men had accepted the alternative offered to them by the department, of enlisting for twelve months.
A number of fine artillery companies arrived at the Brazos before the departure of the Empresario. Gen. Smith, with the 3d and 4th regiments U. S. Infantry, had proceeded to Camargo. Brig. Gen. Hamer was to be left in command at Matamoros, with a regiment of volunteers and a supply of artillery to garrison the ports. Gov. Henderson, at the last accounts, was lying dangerously ill at Matamoros, little hope was entertained of his recovery.
The propeller Massachusetts arrived at the Brazos on the 26th ult. The brig Crusoe struck on Brazos bar in going over, and upon making the landing she unfortunately sunk. The clerk of the New York reports that he saw on the 29 ththe bark Lazan, hence for Brazos Santiago, ashore ten miles to the east of the Brazos. The troops on board were all saved. - Her cargo consisted of government stores which were all saved; the vessel was a total loss.
Nothing was known of the movements of the Mexican forces. Letters from the city of Mexico stated that Paredes was to leave the capital to join the army on the 29th ult.
INCIDENTS OF THE BATTLE FIELD.
The Maryland Line. A letter from Point Isabel on the 2d inst., says: "There were four gentlemen from Baltimore in the battle of Palo Alto: the gallant and ill-fated Ringgold, who fell at the close of a long fight, in which he did incalculable damage to the enemy; Capt. Magruder, who, when the Mexican army charged upon the square of the artillery battalion, then unsupported by any other battalion, seized a musket which had fallen from the hands of a man killed near him, and fighting with the soldiers in the ranks, assisted in repelling the charge; Lieut. Randolph Ridgely, who, commanding two pieces, dashed to the assistance of the fifth infantry in the square, when charged by the Mexican Red Lancers, and in the most gallant manner assisted that regiment in repulsing it; and lastly, Mr. Lloyd Tilganan, a gentleman amateur, who graduated at West Point and resigned; but who, upon this occasion, reconnoitered the enemy's whole line before the battle, and, as a volunteer aid to Gen. Taylor, exposed his person every where, and was always in the hottest part of the field."
THE VETERAN OF NAPOLEON.
As Churchill's battalion of artillery were advancing to take their position in the second line of battalion on the 8th, a private in the 4 th regiment was come up to, who lay upon the battle field with both his legs shot off. He was one of the first that fell after the cannonade commenced, and was a veteran in Napoleon's wars. After having escaped in the terrible conflicts of Austrelitz and Wagnam, and in the retreat from Moscow, and the battle of Waterloo, he lived to fall on the Palo Alto, by a cannon shot from a Mexican battery. As his fellow soldiers passed him and noticed at every pulsation of his heart, that the blood flowed from his wounds, they stopped an instant to sympathise with him, the noble hearted fellow, as his eyes were glazing in death, waved them on, and with his last breath, said, "Go comrades, I have only got what a soldier enlists for."
A
private, on the 9th, who had followed Lieut. Dobbins through
the thickest of the fight, raised his musket at a Mexican, and would have
blown him through if the poor fellow had not most petiously cried out amigo,
amigo, at the same time dropping his weapon; the private did the same and
advanced towards the Mexican to take him prisoner, the Mexican then perfidiously
raised his piece and instantly killed the generous American. This
so enraged Lieut. Dobbins, that he drew his bowie knife and at a bound
reached the coward and literally split his head in twain.
[GLP]
70.373 Aug 15, 1846 notice of the departure of Maj. E. Kirby for the war
Major E. Kirby. Among the distinguished officers of the army
that embarked on board the steamship Alabama, on Saturday evening bound
for the seat of war, we noticed Major E. Kirby, of the regular army.
Major Kirby, has rendered his country much service in his time, having
served in the last war, and in the Black Hawk and Florida campaigns.
He belongs to the Cincinnatus school of soldiers; for when his country
needs not his services in the field, he may be found tilling the
soil on his farm near Brownsville, Jefferson county, N.Y., formerly
the residence of his distinguished father-in-law, the late Major Ge.
Jacob Brown. It was the good fortune of the writer of this to
meet Major K. last September, at the exhibition of the New York State
Agriculture Society, at Utica, and well could he descant upon the beauties
of a Burham, a Decon, and a Hereford. Major K. has gone out as
paymaster general, and took with him $100,000 for the pay of soldiers--and
it may be safely ventured that he is shipper of Mexican dollars to Mexico.
N. Orleans Tropic.
[RCG]
NNR 70.373 Aug 15, 1846 Account of the Heroine of Fort Brown
THE HEROINE OF FORT BROWN. The N. Orleans Picayune has a letter from Matamoros which furnishes some interesting particulars respecting the heroine of Fort Brown, who is generally known in the army of the south as "The Great Western."- The writer says: -
"She was first brought to the notice of the public in a few remarks by Lieut. Bragg, at the collation given by the army to the Louisiana delegation at Gen. Arista's headquarters in Matamoros. He mentioned her gallant conduct and noble bearing during the whole of the bombardment. A few of the incidents ofthe life of this extraordinary woman, which I have been able to pick up in camp, will be read with some interest; they prove that the sex has not been unrepresented in the soul-stirring and bloody scenes on the Rio Grande.
The Great Western belong to a class known and recognized in the organization of the army as "Laundresses,"three of whom are allowed to draw rations in each company, and are required to wash for the soldiers thereof, at a price regulated by a council of officers. She arrived at Corpus Christi last autumn with the 7th infantry, to one of the companies of which her husband was attached. Up to the time the army marched for the Rio Grande, she performed all her appropriate duties, and in addition, kept a "mess"for the young officers of the regiment.
When the army took up its line of march for the Rio Grande, the women, with a few rare exceptions, were left behind to come by sea. A very few procured ponies and followed thier husbands on their tedious and arduous march. Not so with "The Great Western." Her husband was sent by water, whether on duty or for disability I am unable to learn; but she, true to her character, declaring that "the boys"(young officers of her mess) "must have somebody to take care of them,"purchased a mule and a cart, packed her luggage, cooking utensils, and supplies, mounted behind her donkey, with whip in hand, and displayed upon the whole route qualities and attainments which the best teamster in the train might have envied. During the whole journey she kept up the "mess,"a relief from the burdens of which is the greatest boon to an officer on the march. The brigade to which she was attached arrived upon the banks of the Sal Colorado as Gen. Taylor was preparing to cross with the dragoons and the 1st brigade of infantry. The Mexicans upon the opposite bank were making great demonstrations by blowing bugles, &c., &c. After calmly surveying the scene from her cart, she remarked, with great coolness and determination, that "if the general would give her a good strong pair of tongs, whe would wade that river, and whip every scoundrel that dare show himself!"It may be imagined that the men were not backward in crossing after that.
When Gen. Taylor marched to Point Isabel with his army, on the 1st May, the 7th infantry, and of course, The Great Western, remained to garrison Fort Brown. How that noble regiment and the two companies of artillery left in this work sustained themselves, is already known, but nothing will more gratify them than to have justice done their gallant heroine, of whom they speak in the warmest terms. She, with all the other women left behind, some eight or ten, moved into the fort, where her mess was soon put in operation, the position of her tent and fire being near the centre of the fort. The enemy's fire opened on the 3d, just as she was commenceing her arrangements for the "boys"breakfast. Every security that could possibly be provided was offered to the women, to whom the gallant soldier always gives his first attention. The magazines were the only "bomb proofs"in the fort, and as the government had sent no amuninition to fill them, the next most inflammable material - the women - found perfect security in them. These women, however, be it said to the honor of the sex, were not idle. - Most nobly did they ply the needle in preparing sand bags out of the officers' and soldiers' tents, wherewith to strengthen the work, and protect the artillerymen when serving their guns. The Great Western, true to herself again, declined participating in this protection of sewing, and continued her labors at the fire, in the open air. From the firing of the first gun all hands were at their posts, Lowd's and Bragg's artillery speaking in tones of thunder the indignation they felt at being thus saluted on a bright May morining.
When the hour arrived for breakfast, but few expected the luxury which awaited them. The mess was as well attended to as if nothing but a morning drill with blank cartridges had come off, and in addition a large supply of delicious hot coffee was awaiting the thristy, who had but to call and partake, without distinction of rank. To some of the artillerymen, who were unable to leave thier guns, the beverage was carried by this 'ministering angel,' and, as may readily be believed, no belle of Orleans, as much as she might be admired and beloved, ever met a more gracious reception. The fire of the artillery was kept up almost incessantly until dinner hour - a soldier's dinner hour is 1 o'clock - when the good and generous woman again provided for those who were almost utterly exhausted and worn out, a delicious dish of bean soup - this bean soup is declared by the Mexicans to be the foundation of that invincible spirit which they have seen so strikingly displayed by the Yankee soldiers. This she distributed again, without money and without price. Thus did she continue to discharge her duties during the seven days that the enemy kept up an incessant cannonade and bombardment. She was ever to be found at her post; her meals were always ready at the hour, "and always of the best the market afforded."
When the despatches were made up for General Taylor on the evening of the 4th, a number of officers and others had written to their friends at Point Isabel, and among them "The Great Western"had found time to communicate with her husband; and I have frequently heard it said by those who saw her letter, for it was loudly called for and made public, that her description, if not the most accurate, was certainly the most grapic which was given of the events of the 3d and 4th May. She expressed her full confidence in the ability of the garrison to sustain itself, and only regretted the absence of her husband. To supply his place, however, I am told that she applied, early in the action, for a musket and ammunition, which she received and put in a secure place, expressing her determination to have full satisfaction whenever the enemy should dare approach within range of her piece. This they never did, and our heroine must rest contented with the refelction that she nobly performed her own duty and will long be remembered by the besieged garrison of Fort Brown.
She is probably as celebrated for her personal appearance as she is for
her deeds. With an erect and majestic carriage, she glories in a height -
six feet - which fully entitles her to a place in the grenadier, any soldier
of which might well envy her athletic but graceful form. But her reputation,
the dearest of all things to a woman, is what she prides herself on. The
tongue of slander has never yet dared to attack her well earned and well
sustained character. With virtue as a basis, and such heroic coduct to build
with, she never need fear the necessity of exercising her extraordinary physical
ability in defence of that reputation. But if attacked, the gallant defenders
of Fort Brown will, I doubt not, be found pressing forward in her defence,
and woe be to the dastard who receives a discharge of artillery from such
gunners."
[LA]
70.384 Aug 15, 1846 the Mormon infantry at Fort Leavenworth
Mormon Volunteers. Capt. (now Lieut. Col.) Allen has reached
Fort Leavenworth with 500 Mormon volunteer infantry. They proceed
forthwith to join Gen. Kearny in his expedition against Santa Fe.
[RCG]
70.385 Aug 22, 1846 rumor of Mexican request that Great Britain and France mediate the end of the war with the United States
The Offer To Negotiate For Peace
President Polk's overtures to Mexico, to send or to receive a minister
plenipotentiary with powers to settle the existing controversy and
terminate the war, will not only meet the cordial approbation of the
people of this country, but will also elicit the plaudits of all the
Christian powers. This proposition of the president, it will be
observed, was not at all dependant upon the success of his application
to congress for the two millions of dollars which he asked that body
for, with a view to aid him in the negotiation. The letter from
the secretary of state, Mr. Buchanan, to the Mexican minister of foreign
relations, proposing negotiation, was dated the 27th of July, 1846,
and was winging its way towards "the Halls of the Montasumas,"a full
week before the president, in confidential message to the senate,
apprised that body of his having any such design. The confidential
message was sent to the senate on the 4th of August--informing that
body of the step he had taken, and asking money to aid him in negotiation
a peace.--That the Mexican government will be constrained to accept this
overture of our governments under which they are laboring, will now
be added beyond doubt--the earnest advice of the British legation, and
the offer of that governments to mediate for a peace between the United
States and Mexico. England might have been disposed to promote
a dispute between Mexico and the United States, very naturally, so long
as she had a quarrel of her own with the latter, which there was a probability
would terminate in war, but having now settled all disputes of her own,
she has such obvious interests to sub serve by a restoration of peace
in Mexico--her commerce and her capitalists have so much to loose by
Mexico being blockaded, invaded, overrun, and dismembered, that there can
be no doubt of the sincerity of their interposition.
[RCG]
70.385 Aug 22, 1846 comments on the offer to negotiate for peace
To the influence of the British diplomatic agents at Mexico, it is
probable will soon be added that of a new French minister, with whom
a frigate was about to proceed to the gulf with, when the last steamer
left Europe. No potentate of Europe is more anxious to maintain
a general peace amoungst the Christian powers, that Louis Philippe.
The continuance of a war between the United States and Mexico, would
soon embrace other powers in the conflict.
[RCG]
70.386 Aug 22, 1846 promotion and appointments for distinguished services in the campaign
Military Appointments
The following brevet appointments have been made in the army by the President, and confirmed by the Senate:--
In Executive Session.
Senate of the United States, August 8, 1846.
Resolved. That the Senate advise and consent to the following promotions in the army and brevet for gallant and distinguished services in the battles of Palo Alto and Resaca de la Palma, in Texas, on the 8th and 9th of May, 1846, and in the defense of Fort Brown, Texas, during its bombardment from the 3d to the 9th of May, 1846, agreeably to their nominations respectively, viz:
Lieutenant Colonel James S. Mc-Intosh, of the 5th regiment of infantry, to be colonel by breet, to date from the 9th of May, 1846.
Lieut. Colonel Matthew M. Payne,of the 4th regiment of artillery, to be colonel by brevet, to date from the 9th of May, 1846.
Brevet Lieut. Colonel William G. Belknap, major of the 8th infantry, to be colonel by breet, to date from the 9th of May, 1846.
Captain Edgar S. Hawkins, of the 7th regiment of infantry, to be major by brevet, to date from the 9th of May, 1846.
Capt. George A. Mc-Call, of the 4th regiment of infantry, to be major by brevet, to date from the 9th of May, 1846.
Capt. Joseph B. F. Mansfield, of the corps of engineers, to be major brevet, to date from the 9th of May, 1846.
Capt. Alexander S. Hooe, of the 5th regiment of infantry, to be major by brevet, to date from the 9th of May, 1846.
Capt. Robert C. Buchanan, of the 4th regiment of infantry, to be major by brevet, to date from the 9th of May, 1846.
Capt. Charles A. May, of the 2d regiment of dragoons, to be major by brevet, to date from the 8th of May, 1846.
Capt. P. W. Barbour, of the 3d regiment of infantry, to be major by brevet, to date from the 9th of May, 1846.
Capt. James Duncan, of the 2d regiment of artillery, to be major by brevet, to date from the 8th of May, 1846.
First Lieutenant Randolph Ridgely, of the 3d regiment of artillery, to be captain by brevet, to date from the 9th of May, 1846.
First Lieutenant William H. Churchill, of the 3d regiment of artillery, to be captain by brevet, to date from the 9th of May, 1846.
Second Lieut. James S. Woods, of the 4th regiment of infantry, to be first lieutenant by brevet, to date from the 9th of May, 1846.
Second Lieut. Alexander Hays, of the 4th regiment of infantry, to be first lieutenant by brevet, to date from the 9th of May, 1846.
Captain James Duncan, 2d artillery, to be lieutenant colonel by brevet, for gallant and highly distinguished conduct in the
battle at Resaca de la Palma, to date from the 9th of May, 1846.
Captain Charles A. May, 2d dragoons, to be lieutenant colonel by brevet, for gallant and highly distinguished conduct during
the battle of Resaca de la Palma, to date from the 9th of May, 1846.
Subsequently to the nomination of the above, which was on Saturday, a list of names for brevet appointments was received from Gen. Taylor, containing the following in addition to the above. These additional names were submitted to the Senate yesterday morning; but as that body did not go into Executive session before its final adjournment at 12 o'clock, the list lays over for the future action:
Lieutenant Colonel Childs, 3d artillery.
Captain C.F. Smith, 2d artillery.
Capt. J.B. Scott, 4th artillery.
Captain Lewis N. Morris, 3d infantry.
Lieutenant Colonel J. Garland, 4th infantry.
Brevet Major George Allen, 4th infantry.
Major T. Staniford, 5th infantry.
Captain M. Scott, 5th infantry.
Captain Montgomery, 8th infantry.
Lieutenant C. R. Gates, 8th infantry.
Lieutenant G. Lincoln, 8th infantry.
Lieutenant C. D. Jordan, 8th infantry.
Captain A. Lowe, 2d artillery.
Lieutenant B. Bragg, 3d artillery.
Captian D. S. Miles 7th infantry.
Lieutenant F. N. Page, 7th infantry.
Colonel Twiggs, who is on General Taylor's list, having recently (since the battles of the 8th and 9th of May) been appointed a brigadier general in the army, his name for brevet of that grade was not included in the list submitted to the Senate. About twenty more officers were presented as deserving brevets, if it should not be deemed proper to extend the number beyond the first class, but this was not done. As the list now is, it is believed to be large beyond any former precedent.
70.386 Aug. 22, 1846 General Gains, Court of Inquiry, Col. Thornton acquitted
General Gains-- The Military Court of Inquiry, at old Point, concluded their task, and on the 11th ist., sealed and despatched their verdict to the war department. The conducing part of the gallant old general's defence occupies four columns of the Norfolk Beacon.
Col.
Thornton. It is stated that the Court Martial has honorably acquitted
the brave officer.
[AEK]
70-386 Aug. 22, 1846 Capt. Thornton's defense
The trial of Capt. Thornton, 2d dragoons, on the charges preferred against him by the commanding general, for the loss of his squadron of dragoons, captured on the 25th April last, terminated on Wednesday. It is a long established custom, we believe, in both the army and navy, to bring to trial the commander of and expedition, whenever unfortunate; and this however, unfortunate to individuals, appears but just to the accused and the country--truth is vindicated, and the community learns whether her intersects are committed to safe hands. Capt. Thornton was assisted, in the management of his case, by Capt. Barbour, 3d infantry, and Lieut. Bragg, 3d artillery; and at 10 o'clock, on Wednesday, his written defence was made to the court by Mr. Bragg.
Several members of the court, veterans who had stormed the breach, could not restrain a tear of sympathy--and many a moist eye was to be seen in the large audience which attended to hear the vindication of this gallant and universally popular officer.
We regret that we are not able to lay before our readers the whole of the admirable defense of the gallant captain. He commenced by stating that a long established principle of his profession, and a stern sense of duty on the part of his accusers, had brought him before the court in his present position. Success, he was aware, was, with military men, often the best of merit: yet he hoped to be able to show, even if he were not successful in his expedition, his failure was not owing to the omission of necessary precaution.
On the night of the 24th of April, with a command of three commissioned officers and fifty rank and file, he was ordered to reconnoitre a country some 27 miles in extent, and to bring information, whether the enemy had crossed the Rio Bravo, his numbers, and his position; and he had also further vested orders from the commanding general, to ascertain, if possible, whether he had crossed his artillery, and to report by the next day at 12 o'clock. He referred to the testimony of Capt. Hardee and Lieut. Cane, for the manner in which he executed these instruction. He regretted that he could not lay before the court the testimony of Lieut. Mason, but regarded his loss as nothing, compared with that of the friends and relations of the gallant young officer, who fell as he had lived, in the discharge of his duty.
From the recapitulation of the testimony of Capt. Hardee and Lieut. Cane, in the defense, it appears that every precaution was used to guard against surprise--that an advance guard was thrown out, that flanks were impassible for the most part, form the nature of the country it being a perfect defile, admitting at times a single horseman with difficulty, that when Captain Thornton halted his squadron to rest his men and horses, which was extremely necessary, a sentinel was placed at both ends of the road, so that no one could approach without his knowledge. About daylight next morning the command proceeded toward the river, and to the constant inquiries made of every one that was met, "whether the enemy had crossed,"the reply was "he had,"but all spoke from rumor--this Capt. Thornton believed to be unreliable authority upon which he could not base a report, and he referred as an evidence of this, to the numerous false rumors with which the American camp had abounded for a month previous. Captain T. alluded to the suspicious confidelity; and subsequent events, he though, proved to lead him into a position from which retreat was impossible. Subsequent information upon which he could rely, satisfied him that his return to camp had been cut off, that the enemy was in his rear with a force of 500 cavalry and a party of Indians. Upon the receipt of this information, he redoubled his precautions--he increased his advance guard and placed it under the command of Lieut. Mason, with minute instructions to keep ahead and be vigilant, but not to fire upon the enemy unless forced to do so. Form this time, Captain Thornton proceeded without a guide, Chapito having deserted him. Captain Thornton here argued, and we think conclusively proved that an attempt to return would have been more disastrous than his move forward; he also contended that a "rear guard,"with such a small force, owl have been untactical, and, in his opinion, unnecessary; and, further, that it was not prescribed. The rear was assigned to Captain Hardee, and he never left it without being ordered back by Capt. Thornton. He went on further to state, that if the command had obeyed his instructions, they would not have entered the field in which they were afterwards captured; but, he remarked, "no precaution from myself, or any one else, could have altered the result, our fate was sealed long before entering the field."
Captain
Thornton, here summoned up the facts of the case, as shown by the testimony,
from which it appeared that he had too responsible and somewhat variant
duties to perform, that of commander of the squadron, and reconnoitering
officer. For a guide, a Mexican of doubtful fidelity; a country of
twenty seven miles in extent, with which he was totally unacquainted, and
fifteen hours, and eight of them in the night, to perform this duty in.
In the opinion of his officers, his rear could have been gained by day without
his being able to know it. Spies were upon his actions from the time of
his leaving the army, until his capture. Ordered to keep an attitude
of peace, until the first blow should be struck. The following portion
of this manly and soldier like defense, struck us so forcibly, that we believe
that we can repeat it verbatim. "It was my misfortune,"said Captain
Thornton, "to secure that first blow, upon my devoted head, but it had to
be secured, and why not by me?"Captain Thornton, here contended, that the
information he obtained was important; that by means of his capture Gen.
Taylor was able to understand his real position, that he was no longer on
debated ground, and as an evidence of this, referred to the immediate call
for reinforcements, the industry in the completion of Fort Brown and the
march to Point Isabel for provisions. But for the loss of his squadron
probably, the thanks of a grateful people would not now be showered upon
the heroes of the battles of the Rio Grande, but instead, the tears of widows
and orphans might have been met with the usual indifference, by the national
legislature. Capt. Thornton, reminded, that to prevent this he would
be willing again to hide in his bosom, the only bleeding heart amid the rejoicings
of a victorious army.--Capt. Thornton, here remarked if he neglected any
of the usual precautions, it was form want of knowledge, and begged the court
to acquit him of {?} and to find a verdict, if necessary, against him in
incapacity. He then referred to his services in Florida, and thought the
manner in which he discharged his duties there, well known to some of the
court would enable him to defy such an imputation. Capt. Thornton concluded
by saying, that his honor and military reputation, were in the hands of the
ocuts that the country had found her's safe in their hands, and with confidence
he submitted his to them.
[AEK]
70.386 Aug 22, 1846 account of the Kentucky mounted regiment
Volunteer Army. --The Kentucky mounted men left Memphis about the 21st July. The Tennessee regiment left there on the 26th July, both en route for Mexico. The former are designated as,--
"The Hunters of Kentucky-- The Calvary regiment of Col. Humphrey
Marshall, mustering 100 strong, are represented as a body of martial
men. They are generally athletic young men, riding splendid horses,
and their picturesque dress imparts to them a romantic appearance.
The hat particularly is very fanciful. It is a drab beaver with a
broad brim, ornamented with several gold stars, and looped up with
gold lace in the three cornered fashion of the Revolution. They all
wear their beards unshorn(t) with boots over the legs of their trousers,
reaching above the knee, armed with huge spurs on the head and faced
with red morocco.
[RCG]
70.386 Aug 22, 1846 distrust of the members of the California expedition of the government's promises
The California Volunteers. The U. States Gazette says--It
appears that the volunteers of California, who are at present encamped
on Governor Island, are not quite as willing to go further than they
have gone--at least upon the faith of the promise which the government
has made to them. It was the general impression that after
the term of their enlistment expired, they were to receive grants of land
in California, as a reward for their services. Of course, this
intention implied that California was to be made an integral part
of the union
[RCG]
70.387 Aug 22, 1846 baggage wagons being made for the Army
Baggage Wagons. We understand that 6 or 700 baggage wagons,
and about as many sets of harness, for the U.S. army, are making in
this city and the neighboring towns, and an unusual activity, for the
season [ . . .] prevails therefore in those branches of trade.
[RCG]
70-400 Aug 22, 1846 Army of Occupation
We have nothing form General Taylor's corps, to report this week. The discharge of Louisiana and Alabama volunteers, and their return home, occupies the southern papers for the time being, --and much dissatisfaction is expressed on all hands.
The difficulties with which this whole system of volunteer forces is surrounded, can hardly be appreciated by those that have not had an opportunity of observing how it works, and how it will not work. The embarrassment which government would have to encounter in the instances of these very men, was distinctly foreshadowed in remarks which we submitted at the time they were being embodied. The secretary of war is now heavily censured, and the treasury of the Union severely taxed, --the gallant troops that waited for nothing but to ascertain that the army of the nation was surrounded with difficulties, and threatened with destruction, to induce them to seize their arms and report to the scene of danger, after spending just sufficient time to completely organize, discipline, and fit them for action--no a day too much for that--are now discharged, without having seen an enemy.
The secretary of war had difficulties to encounter, take what course he would. To discharge those forces must have been unpleasant to him. But the organization of the army was imperative. The twelve months volunteers were crowding toward Gen. Taylor' lines, already incommoded with more troops than he had the means of transporting or of provisioning, in an enemy's country, beyond the margin of navigation. Other officers, proud of their distinction, lead these new levies. It will take as long, at least, to organize, discipline, and fit these forces for efficient service in the field, as was expeded upon the volunteers now discharged.
Gen. Taylor at the last dates, was urging on the supplies towards Camargo as expeditiously as he had it in his power. the roads had been impassable, and by the river, he had as yet and inadequate supply of light draught steamers to get his troops and munitions to that place.
The following are the latest we have from the Rio Grande.
"Camargo, (Mexico) July 23--We are furnishing transportation for the army, and securing supplies of forage on the route to Monterey. We have contracted for 1,000 to 2,000 mules,"(another letter fixes it positively at (1,500) "with the packing equipment's complete; and these, with the 500 wagons expected here, will be ample for the marching columns. A large portion of the 19.000 men of this corps d'armes will be left at the different depots and entrepots, from Brazos Santiago to China, about 60 miles from this place on the route to Monterey.
"The
troops are now fast arriving here in our steamboats; and the General
will, in all probability, move forward from here about the middle of
the next month,-- (August). Now comes the commencement of those operations
which will require all the capacity, skill, and energy of our General to
accomplish. The great difficulties of an army invading Mexico begin
here. So far, everything has favored Gen. Taylor, and he has acquired
not only a most enviable reputation, but his good fortune has become a proverb.
I hope, of course, for his further success; but in order to secure it, the
most careful combinations of every kind, preparatory to the march, are
absolutely necessary. Too much haste may prove as great and evil as
a faulty tardiness. It takes time for the requisite arrangements for
the transportation required for so many men, suddenly collected here.
Meantime, the General is impatient of the least delay, and the officers of
our department are incessantly occupied in preparations.
[AEK]
70-400 Aug. 22, 1846 Yellow Fever.
The
British steamer Vesuvius, reached Bermuda on the 11the inst.,
having twenty-seven cases of yellow fever on board, besides losing ten
of her crew with the disease, on her passage from Vera Cruz. The
captain reports that the fever had broken out on board the American squadron
and the British frigate Endymion, off Vera Cruz.
[AEK]
70.400 Aug 22, 1846 regiment of volunteers for Santa Fe organized, artillery expected
Expedition against Santa Fe. The last accounts we have from Fort Leavenworth are up to the 9th inst. Seven companies had arrived at the fort, and three more were expected, to complete the regiment. The seven companies had voted for field officers, and Sterling Price, ex-member of Congress had been elected Colonel of the regiment, by the unanimous vote of the companies present. The companies to arrive could not, of course, although privileged to vote, change the result. The St. Louis Republican states that the election of Col. P. was forced upon the regiment by an unmistakable imitation that it would be disbanded if he was not chosed. A private in one of the companies named Allen was elected Lieut. Colonel over D.D. Mitchell, Esq., of St Louis, the person designated by President Polk for the office, by a majority of 90 votes. Four of the companies were to leave the fort, on their line of march, on the 10th inst.; the others were to follow as soon after as they could be furnished with transportation for provisions, &c.
Four companies, composing a separate battalion of artillery, were also daily expected at the fort.
Lieut. Col. Allen, of the U.S. Army, in command of the five hundred Mormon volunteers, was still at the fort. There was much bad feeling between this corps and the other volunteers. Liet. Colonel A. and his command were to take up the line of march on the 12th inst.
Still later accounts from Fort Leavenworth are up to the 11th inst.
About one thousand more Mormons had arrived at the fort, in hopes
of being mustered into the United States service. Two of the
additional companies of volunteers had arrived at the fort, and Colonel
Price's regiment marched out on the 10th inst.
[RCG]
70.400 Aug 22, 1846 Mormon volunteers reach Fort Leavenworth
Still later accounts from Fort Leavenworth are up to the 11th inst.
About one thousand more Mormons had arrived at the fort, in hopes
of being mustered into the United States service. Two of the
additional companies of volunteers had arrived at the fort, and Colonel
Price’s regiment marched out on the 10th inst.
[RCG]
70.401 Aug 29, 1846 decree relative to the powers of the extraordinary Congress in Mexico
Mexico, July 7th. The following decree, sanctioned by the army, is published:
"The present extraordinary congress of the national powers conferred
upon the chambers of the national congress by articles 76, 77, and
78 of the organic bases."
[RCG]
70.401 Aug 29, 1846 Indian threat to Chihuahua, approach of the vanguard of the American Army
Chihuahua, July 7. Our enemies on the East are the four tribes
of Camanches, with their allies, the Cahiguas and others; on the North,
the Apachas, subdivided into nine tribes, more numerous in population
than the Camanches. On the same side also, are the Anglo-Americans,
rocked in the cradle of the Indian whom he abhors, and nurtured with
the blood and sweat of the negro whom he despises.
[RCG]
70.401 Aug 29, 1846 movements of Mexican troops for San Luis Potosi
Mexico, July 21. The Diario del Govierno says --"Two
brigades completely equipped, have already left this capital for San
Luis Potosi and in a short time the Provisional President (Paredes)
will depart with the remainder of the army of reserve.
[RCG]
70.401 Aug 29, 1846 Mexican arrangements to use the interior resources of Mexico to sustain the war with the United States
Thus the nation will see that the government has not made use of the
extraordinary powers conferred upon it by congress for providing means
to carry on the war. Our unjust invaders, who in the delirium
of their ambition, have proclaimed that out want of resources would
make us slaves without a conflict, will find that the Mexican nation
has great resources in the interior, and that they will be sufficient in
any event--for the administrative order and moral power of the government
increase them. The government of the United States, with little
reflection, will perceive that the war which it wages against us,
is not to be terminated by a conquest of our country, but by honorable
propositions of peace.
[RCG]
70.401 Aug 29, 1846 departure of Mexican troops from the capital
July 22. Left the capital for the interior, the 2d brigade,
of 1,200 men, of all arms, with seven pieces of artillery, 500 horse,
400 mules, with ammunition and warlike stores. The 1st brigade
had left on the 18th, in the direction of Matamoros, under command
of Gen. Garcia Conde.
[RCG]
70.401 Aug 29, 1846 Assassinations by the insurgents of Guadalajara, dismay over the deplorable state of Mexico
The insurgents of Guadalajara by a surprise assassinated the troops
of General Arevalo; but the papers state nothing positive as to the
fate of the General himself. (The commander of the steamer says
he was killed. Letters from Mexico also state that he lost his
life.)
[RCG]
70.401 Aug 29, 1846 American troops reported leaving Camargo for Monterey
Mexico July 28. An express has just arrived, announcing that
the United States troops to the number of 8,000 men have left Camargo
on their way to Monterey. Last night the secretaries of departments
withdrew, and to-day at 1 o’clock P.M. Gen. Bravo took possession
of the presidency.
[RCG]
70.401 Aug 29, 1846 Gen. Nicolas Bravo assumes the presidency of Mexico, resignation of the ministers
Letters of Marque. A decree has been issued by the Supreme Government, in respect to cruises which may be made by privateers against the commerce of the U. States.
On the 28th, the Vice President, Gen. Bravo, assumed the reins of
government in the Mexican capital. It was stated that the Paredes
ministry continued in the exercise of its functions until that day.
Gen. Bravo was about to appoint a new ministry.
[RCG]
70.401 Aug 29, 1846 Mexican Army assembles at San Luis Potosi
According to the statements of the Mexican Diario Official,
the army assembled at San Luis Potosi, numbered 10,000 men, and when
this force and that under Gen. Azpeitia consisting of two regiments
of infantry, a squadron of lancers, and a section of engineers with
three 12 pounders, numbering in all 2,000 men, which was to leave the
capital on the 24th, would join Mejia, the army in the field would number
from 12,000 to 15,000 men. But 1,500 men were left to garrison
the capital. Mejia who succeeded Arista in the command of the army
on the frontier, reports on the 9th that he was about to march for Monterey
with his column.
[RCG]
70.401 Aug 29, 1846 "pronunciamento"in favor of Gen. Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna at Veracruz, he embarks from Cuba
Revolution in Favor of Santa Anna.
Jalapa, July 21, A pronunciamento was made on the 20th instant, in
the town of Coatepec. We are ignorant of its object.
[RCG]
70.401 Aug 29, 1846 steamer Princeton dispatched express for Pensacola
It is a remarkable coincidence, that just as the steamer Princeton
was demonstrated to be of all the vessels of the squadron the most
efficient in blockading the port of Vera Cruz, and was performing prodiges
in that service, all at once she was detached by Commodore Conner,
and arrives at Pensacola with important despatches for our government.
The British steamer Dee must have left for Vera Cruz very speedily
after the Princeton. The messenger dispatched by President
Polk with instructions to Commodore Conner respecting the propositions
to the Mexican government to send a minister to negotiate for peace,
if he has good luck, will reach Vera Cruz about the same time that
Santa Anna calculated to arrive there. We say if he has good
luck, for the N. Orleands Picayune furnishes rather an unfavorable
account of his progress.
[RCG]
70.401 Aug 29, 1846 progress of the messenger bearing President James Knox Polk's overtures to Mexico
The messenger dispatched by President Polk with instructions to Commodore Conner respecting the propositions to the Mexican government to send a minister to negotiate for peace, if he has good luck, will reach Vera Cruz about the same time that Santa Anna calculated to arrive there. We say if he has good luck, for the N. Orleans Picayune furnishes rather an unfavorable account of his progress. That paper says--
"We stated in the Picayune a few days since that a bearer of
dispatches for Com. Conner had arrived at Pensacola, and that the
Wolcott, revenue cutter, Capt. Fatio, had received orders to proceed
to the Gulf with him. She went to sea on Monday last but the
captain fearing the approach of a storm, put back and Mr. Habersham, U.S.
navy, the bearer of the dispatches, proceeded at once to this city,
where he arrived yesterday. He will proceed to the Brazos to-day,
and from thence proceed in one of the revenue cutters at that point
to Vera Cruz."
[RCG]
70.401 Aug 29, 1846 John Slidell's mission to Cuba
There was a report widely circulated some time since, that Mr. Slidell, a connection of the late minister to Mexico, had been dispatched to the Island of Cuba by our government, and it was inferred that his object was to ascertain the views of the illustratious Mexican exiles there, in relation to affairs between Mexico and the United States. The Washington Union promptly and emphatically contradicted the insinuation at the time.
But to return to the news from Mexico, furnished by this arrival of
the Dee, at Havana. The following are the prominent items:
[RCG]
70.401 Aug 29, 1846 Mexican decree authorizes privateers
Letters of Marque. A decree has been issued by the Supreme
Government, in respect to cruises which may be made by privateers against
the commerce of the U. States.
[RCG]
70.401-402 Aug 29, 1846 description of Camargo
Route to Mexico
Camargo. --As the army of occupation has commenced its advance upon the interior of Mexico, by pursuing the Rio Grande up as high as Camargo, both by land and water, and as this will be the place where a permanent depot will be established, and from which the advancing army will leave the Rio Grande when it takes up its general march upon Monterey, it will naturally hold a conspicuous place in the estimation of the American people. The Matamoros "Flag"furnishes the following:
Camargo is situated immediately upon the banks of the San Juan river, three miles from its junction with the Rio Grande. It is a small rudely constructed village, with some few stone building, many built of mud bricks dried in the sun, some constructed by driving stakes into the ground, and then plastering them with much, and others formed of cane and platered in like manner. The number of inhabitants will not exceed two thousand; but as the Mexican government has never thought her population worthy of enumeration, no possible statement can be made of the population of any of their towns. The late extraordinary rse of the Rio Grande has caused the San Juan to back up and literally inundate Camargo, to the great damage of houses and property; also to the sacrifice of several lives.
Camargo may be considered the head of navigation, as above here the
bed of the river is so filled up with rocks that its navigation higher
up has never been attempted. The road upon leaving Camargo and
crossing the San Juan, becomes higher and less obstructed by swamp
grounds. and it then becomes an important inquiry what other obstacles
may present themselves in the distance between this place and Monterey,
which is 210 miles. The road passes through a level country,
thickly set with a small underwood, the largest timber being ebony
and the mesquite, neither of which grow to the height of more than 12
or 15 feet, and 12 or 14 inches in diameter. So dense is this undergrowth,
armies of 10,000 men each might march for half a day within a mile
of each other without the vicinity of one to the other being unknown.
[RCG]
70.402 Aug 29, 1846 description of Monterey and Caiderete
Monterey. -- The literal meaning of Monterey is the king's woods; but to those who have been raised in a heavily timbered country, it would seem more appropriate to call it a grove of brush. It is a common saying with Texans who have traveled through the forest that "it's so d--d which you can't shove a bowie knife through it." And what may appear somewhat singular, every bush and shrub is armed with thorns curved in the shape of fish-hooks, and the hold they take upon the clothes and skin of travelers is not easily shaken off, as the jackets of the soldiery will testify to before they reach Monterey.
The whole distance is well watered from August until March, plenty of wood, reasonable pasture, many herds of cattle, numerous flocks of sheep and goats, now and then a small village-- which all have the appearance of decay. Scattered along the road are miserable huts, singularly picturesque from their original construction, not quite equal to rail-pen stables built in the backwoods of Arkansas and Texas for scrub ponies. Yet nature, in her mighty formations, has formed some positions on this road, which, if taken advantage of by a skilful and daring enemy, would prove a second Thermopylae to those might have the temerity to tread these formidable passes. The American army will no doubt look ahead before entering these dangerous and shady pavilions. The mazes of the labyrinth are beautifully pictured out by meandering paths and conflicting cross-roads, leading to some farmer's hut, some watering place, or the wily lure of some Mexican bandit.
Caiderete.--When within fifteen leagues of Monterey the village of
Caiderete presents itself, enjoying the most lovely situation,
standing upon a perfectly level plain, surrounded with green groves,
presenting everlasting summer; the fields blesses with natural fertility.
The beholder involuntarily exclaims, Why should a Mexican toil or labor?
[RCG]
70.402 Aug 29, 1846 difficulty over supplying Gen. Steven Watts Kearny's expedition to Santa Fe, reports of alarm in New Mexico
Provisions must of necessity also be vary hard to get, and unless
some other means of securing them be found out than such as was anticipated
previous to their departure, they will be in a very bad way this winter.
It was pretty certainly known before they left, that there would
not be even a show of fight on the part of the Mexicans, unless a
very small force was sent along at first, for the assertion of the
governor was made, and word sent to General Kearney by our informants
to that effect; and he further says that if a respectable force comes
upon him, he shall immediately abandon the country, and remove south
of the Rio del Norte.
[RCG]
70.402 Aug 29, 1846 engineer corps at West Point being readied for Mexico
VOLUNTEERS.
West Point. An extra exertion is making at West Point to get the Engineer Corps ready to start for Mexico. Out of 67 men and 20 are from Philadelphia, and chiefly mechanics, fine fellows, "and to the marror bone." The officers have been assigned, Capt. Swift and Lieuts. Smith and McClellan. As fast as the recruits are perfect in the infantry drill, they are put into another squad and drilled as engineers, in which they are fast learning the rudiments.
The rubber "ponton" train has been tried, and succeeds well.
Two of the boats sustained 67 men, two horses, and two pieces ordnance,
and the corps think they can bridge the river at West Point in an hour
and a half strong enough to take a whole army over. All at West
Point betokens that strict discipline that has given us such a gallant
set of officers that will give as an effective army, with such good
material as we have in our volunteers.
[RCG]
70.402 Aug 29, 1846 disorder among the New York troops gather for the California expedition
"It is said that the recruits for California now encamped on Governor's Island, are not behaving with the propriety which is becoming. It is said that the "regulars"were called out upon a day or two since
70.402-403 Aug 29, 1846 letter from A. Moses of the Ohio regiment
The Ohio State Journal publishes the following letter from one of the Ohio volunteers in the army in Mexico:
Dear Brother:
Be not the least surprised if you should see me in Cincinnati in the course of six weeks. When I volunteered it was to fight, and not to be idle for a year. But I now find the regulars are to be able to defend any post of danger. Gen. Taylor says that one regular is worth five volunteers, and that he only wants volunteers for a stand-by. It would seem that we are kept merely to do the drudgery; and such is the case.
We had quite an affair a short time since. Colonel Mitchell as commandant of this post, ordered a volunteer from Baltimore to bring him something. The volunteer pained no attention to his order. Our colonel then commanded him a second time to perform the service. The volunteer turned upon his heel, and replied that "he would see him d--d first." I was close by doing duty, when Col. M. ordered me and five other cadets to arrest the Baltimorean. He immediately placed himself in a defensive position, and drew a knife, swearing at the same time that he would cut the first man that dared to come near him. Lieut. Col. Weller then approached and ordered us to "stand back"when all party got to fighting. So you see we have had one fight at least.
Our whole regiment and the Baltimore regiment were then all ordered out. But as we had but sic men on the ground, and as the colonel's tent was about two miles from our encampment, out colonel was disarmed and carried to the ground by a superior number of stout fellows, where they laid him down. Two of them were about to stab him, when I backed by our boys, jumped into the melee and released our commander from the ruffians. By this time the field was full of soldiers and the Baltimoreans left. I presume the case will undergo investigation.
Affectionately
your brother,
A. Moss
[RCG]
70.403 Aug 29, 1846 Account of mosquitoes on the Rio Grande
A volunteer, writing to Louisville from the Rio Grande, says that
the mosquitoes there "can stand flat footed upon the ground, and without
difficulty drink water out of a pint tin cup."
[RCG]
70.403 Aug 29, 1846 Gen. John Ellis Wool's force, supplies, wagons
ARMY JOURNAL.
Illinois Volunteers. Gen. Wool, accompanied by his aides, and a large portion of the Illinois volunteers, reached New Orleans on the 23d ultimo. These troops, it is stated, are destined for San Antonio de Bexar.
Troops for Chihuahua. Light company B, of the 4th regiment of U.S. artillery, under the command of Capt. J.M. Washington on the 18th ultimo. Capt. W. furnished the editor of the Sentinel with a statement of the forve which is to proceed to the Mexican state of Chihuahua, by the way of San Antonio, as follows:
| Light
Company 4th artillery |
112 men. |
| 2
companies 6th regiment infantry |
200 " |
| Squadron
2d regiment dragoons |
150 " |
| 2
regiments Illinois infantry |
1,554 " |
| 1
regiment Arkansas horse |
777 " |
| 1
battalion Arkansas foot |
388 " |
| 1
regiment Texas horse |
777 " |
| 1
regiment Texas foot |
777 " |
| Total |
4,734 " |
This force, it is stated, constitutes an independent command, which
will be under Gen. Butler. It is to strike into the province
of Chihuahua, between Santa Fe and Gen. Taylor's position; and it will
no doubt interrupt the retreat of the forces which will fall back from
General Kearney at Santa Fe. It will take the Santa Fe route to Mexico,
and there cooperate with General Taylor. Its route is through
the most healthy and richest parts of Northern Mexico.
[RCG]
70.403 Aug 29, 1846 Col. Churchill departs New Orleans for Texas
Col. Churchill, Inspector General, has left New Orleans for
Texas. This indefatigable and veteran officer has, within the
last six months, traveled over twelve thousand miles, inspected last
spring on and near the Gulf of Mexico and in Florida, mustered into service
all the volunteers in Indiana and Illinois and now goes to join Gen.
Wool as chief of his staff, on the march to Chihuahua, in Mexico.
The good wishes and the prayers of his numerous friends and the country
attend him.
[RCG]
70.403 Aug 29, 1846 complaint about the manner of buying and treating wagons for the Army
Wagons for the Army. New Orleans dates of August 7, says -- "A large ship from Philadelphia brought a cargo of these wagons, which
were landed some time since, and after laying exposed to out tropical
sun on the Levee for eight or ten days, splitting and cracking, with
their wheels and springs, the same ship is chartered to reload them
for the Rio Grande, at a greight double that from Philadelphia--at least
doubt what it ought to be from thence, though I think it probable
there, as well as here, the government pay at least double
what individuals would. It is really enough to disgust any bosy
to see the manner the whole affair is being conducted; and the way
they are going on, the treasury, even after issuing the ten-millions
of teasury notes, will be bankrupt before congress again meets."
[RCG]
70.406-408 Aug 29, 1846 proceedings and decision of the court of inquiry on Gen. Edmund Pendleton Gaine's efforts to raise volunteers
GENERAL GAINES.
1. The court of inquiry, whereof Brevet Brigadier General H. Brady is president, instituted by "General Orders," No 23, of June 30th, to investigate certain transactions therein set forth on the part of Brevet Major General E.P. Gaines, commanding the western division of the army, and which convened at Fort Monroe, Virginia, on the 20th day of July, 1846, has reported the following fasts and opinion:
"FACTS"
"General Gaines learned at New Orleans, about the 1st May, 1846, that a Mexican army, of superior force to the army under General Taylor was advancing to invade Texas, and that actual war was impending. He was informed officially from General Taylor of his situation, and what auxiliary force of volunteers he had called from the states, viz: four regiments from Louisiana, and four regiments from Texas and he was requesting by General Taylor to aid the governor of Louisiana in equipping and forwarding the troops of that state."
"On the receipt of this information, Gen. Gaines wrote to the governors of Mississippi, Alabama, Tennessee, Kentucky, and Missouri, advising them to anticipate a call from the president of the U. States for volunteers, and to make preparations to raise the troops. It was not, however, in form, a requisition on them to send forward troops before they were called for by the president.
"On the 3d May, General Gaines sent an officer to Mobile to raise volunteers for Taylor's army. On the 4th, one company was raised and embarked for New Orleans. The whole volunteer force to be raised at Mobile, Gen. Gaines limited by order of May 6, no to exceed two regiments of twenty companies.
"About the 4th May, the governor of Missouri, being at New Orleans, tendered to General-Gaines a regiment, which offer General Gaines accepted.
"On the 8th May, General Gaines authorized Col. Crane, commanding at Pensacola, whence General Gaines had withdrawn the garrison of regulars to send to Texas, to muster into the service one or more volunteer companies; also, informing Col. Crane that he had requested the governor of Alabama to send there two volunteer companies; making three or more companies called out, or authorized to be called out, for the protection of Pensacola.
"On the 9th May, he authorized A. M. Dunn to raise a company of 100 men to guard the arsenal at Baton Rouge.
"On the 12th May, he authorized A. Rust to raise a regiment of mounted gunmen-from five to ten companies; each company to number from 60 to 100 men; thereby authorizing the levy of 300, or 500, or 600, or 1,000 men.
"May 12th. He authorized W. B. Lewis to raise a regiment of mounted gunmen- five to ten companies of 70 to 100 men - amounting to 350, or 500, or 700, or 1,000 men.
"May 13th. He authorized Balie Peyton to raise a regiment of ten companies- each 60 to 100 - amounting to 600 or 1,000 men.
"May 14th. He authorized F. Buisson to raise a battalion of two companies - each 60 to 100 - amounting to 120 or 200 men, to garrison forts Jackson and St. Philip till firther orders.
"May 16th. He authorized I. S. Gilbert to raise a regiment of mounted gunmen- five or ten companies; each compnay to be 60 to 100 men- amounting to 300,500,600, or 1,000 men.
"May 20. He authorized E. Fetherston, W. M. Fulton, W.S. Hays, J. R. Creecy, and E. L. Tracy, to raise each one regiment of ten companies, each 60 to 100 men. The whole amounting to 1,500, 2,500, 3,000, or 5,000.
"May 22d. He accepted the offer of the governor of Mississippi to furnish 2,000 volunteers- including the regiment to be raised by P.B. Starke.
"May 31st. He issued orders to complete the muster of two regiments of volunteers from Alabama- only three companies having been at this time raised on his previous requisitions.
"In the latter part of May, General Gaines raised and mustered into service Gally's battalion of light artillery- three companies- 286 strong. The precise date of this levy does not appear in any document before the court, and it is not remembered by the witness, examined to this point- Gen. Gaines assistant Adjutant General.
"The court find further, that in consequence of General Gains' communication to the governor of Kentucky, about the 1st or 4th of May, representing the situation of General Taylor's army, the governor raised and sent forward a regiment from Louisville; which on its arrival at New Orleans, about the latter part of the month, General Gaines accepted and mustered into the service of the United States.
"The foregoing statement shows all the troops raised or called for by General Gaines. It appears, however, that the only troops actually raised and brought into service by him on these calls, were the St. Louis Legion, of Missouri, the Louisville Legion, of Kentucky, Peyton's and Featherston's regiments of Louisiana volunteers, and Gally's battalion of light artillery, and three companies of Alabama volunteers, raised at Mobile.
"The court find further, that when General Gaines was relieved from command of the Western Division, and ordered to repair to Washington City, and in excecution of said order, had arrived at Mobile on the 12th June, he was then and there informed by the governor of Alabama that much disorder prevailed among the regiments of volunteers assembled at that point by the president of the United States; for which reason the governor applied to General Gaines to receive into the service of the U. States, for the proper government of those volunteers, Brigadier Gen. Smith, whom the governor had commissioned to command them, and his staff. Whereupon Gen. Gaines did receive and muster into service:
Walter Smith, as Brigadier General.
Thomas Caey, Assistant Adjutant General.
John J. Walker, Assistant Inspector General.
William P. Brown, Brigade Quartermaster.
Henry K. Zettyplace, Paymaster.
Charles B. Sandford, Aid-de-camp.
Richard Lee Feam, Brigade Surgeon.
"The order of General Gaines published in this case, directed that it should remain in force till final instructions should be received from the proper authorities at Washington; and further directed Gen. Smith to organize the volunteers, and as soon as the said organization should be completed, to proceed with them without delay to the seat of war.
"The appointment by General Gaines of certain volunteers and others to staff offices, as shown in the official documents sent as evidence to the court, not being stated in the order appointing the court, as one of the matters into which it is directed to inquire, it is not considered in this statement of facts, nor in the opinion of the court. The facts and circumstances, however, are set forth in the evidence for the information of the department of war.
"In regard to issues of public stores by order of Gen. Gaines, the court find that he ordered the issue of ordinance and ordnance stores to arm and equip all the volunteers called out by him; also, when necessary, for those called out by Gen. Taylor; also, that he ordered the quartermaster's supplies; also, he ordered the commissaries to furnish subsistence to all volunteers arriving at the general rendezvous for muster, and to issue to them previous to the muster.
"The court also find an issue by order of General Gaines of two pieces of field artillery, and twenty five rounds of ammunition to two private gentlemen and planters in the parish of West Baton Rouge, for the protection of the parish against the slave population, on condition of the return of the guns when called for.
"In regard to orders by General Gaines to staff officers to issue or pay public money, the court find only two such payments indicated in the documentary evidence. 1st. He ordered that quartermaster to pay $2,500 to Major Gally's battalion for commutation in advance of clothing; and 21. He ordered the ordinance officer to pay accounts contracted by Maj. Hally for ammunition for his batteries, amounting to $1467()50. Both of which sums and accounts were paid accordingly. And further, the court find that he ordered the quartermaster's department to pay in advance to all volunteers’ commutation of six month's clothing. That any payments were made under this order does not appear by any evidence sent to this court.
"And upon the foregoing findings of the facts in the case, the courts submitted the following
OPINION.
"It is contended by General Gaines that he acted in accordance with his instructions from the war department. The court find that these instructions were as follows:
"1st. August 28th, 1845. The secretary of war wrote to General Gaines: 'It cannot be necessary to apprise you that the authority to make a requisition upon the governors of the respective states for the militia thereof, to be employed in the service of the United States, is vested only in the president, and limited in its exercise to two or three specified cases. The emergency which would tolerate or excuse the assumption of this authority by a military officer in command at a distance from the seat of government, in anticipation of the president's action, must be one indicating great and imminent peril to the country--a peril so great and so imminent as to leave no reasonable doubt that the president, with a full knowledge of all the circumstances of the case, would have felt it his duty to resort to such aid. The assumption of this authority by an officer so situation, should be under circumstances which would be sure to command his subsequent ratification of it."
"2d. On the 13th September, 1845, the secretary of war wrote to General Gaines: 'You misunderstand your position in regard to the commanding general in Texas. His command is wholly independent of you; the orders and instructions for his conduct emanate only from the government here; and you are directed to abstain from all interference with him.'
"3d. And again, on the 30th September, 1845: 'The power which you have exercised could only be resorted to in cases of extreme public peril. An error of judgment, with such motives as the president has with pleasure conceded to have governed your conduct in this case, cannot be regarded as a crime, or an offence subjecting the officer to trial."
"The court find further instructions to General Gaines from the office of the adjutant general, of date May18, 1846, from which the following is extracted:
'The volunteer force called into the service from Louisiana and Alabama, &c.. and which you have previously reported, meets the approval of the department.'"
"In the opinion of the court this approval ratifies the call and orders of General Gaines to raise two regiments at Mobile, and three of more companies at Pensacola.
"The court also deem it unnecessary to consider the case of the St. Louis Legion received into service by General Gaines; as he was informed from the adjutant general's office, May 22d, that 'the said regiment had been accepted, and would be regarded as a portion of the force called out by the president.'"
"In regard to the Louisville Legion, it appears from the statement of General Gaines, and testimony of Lieut Calhoun, to have been raised without a direct call from General Gaines; though accepted by him into service before he had received special authority from the war department. It was, however, subsequently accepted by the department-- by instructions to General Gaines of May 28th-- in which instructions, however, written on the supposition that he called on the governor for the troops, he is informed of the disapproval of the department, and then the call was without authority of law.
"The court cannot find that General Gaines, at the time he received this legion into service, (about the last of May) had authority to do so under his instructions. But as the regiment was already sent forward he felt himself, on its arrival at New Orleans, under the necessity to receive it, and to trust to the subsequent ratification of the department.
"In regard to the other calls made by General Gaines, before the 17th May to raise troops for Taylor's army, the court are of opinion, that, under the previous instructions of the war department, and in the situation of Taylor's army, and upon ascertaining the slow progress of the enrolment of the Louisiana volunteers, and upon ascertaining further that General Taylor could not receive more than a small portion of the force which he had called from Texas -- that under these circumstances General Gaines was justified in endeavoring to supply Gen. Taylor to the amount of auxiliary force could not be obtained from the states to which General Taylor had applied, then General Gaines was justified in applying to the other states. The court do not extend this approval to the requisitions for mounted gun-men. The four regiments of this description of force, amounting to 4,000 men, which he authorized to be raised before the 17th May, destined to march overland to the army, however useful Gen. Gaines may have considered them for the future operation of the way, not being required or intended for the immediate emergency, were not authorized by his instructions or by law.
"It is proper in this connection to bring to the favorable native of the war department the prompt recall, by Gen Gaines, of all his requisitions for mounted gun-men on receiving orders to that effect; and that the government incurred no expense on account of these calls.
"For the calls made by General Gaines for volunteers, after the 16th May when he knew of the victories of Taylor, the court cannot find any necessity at the time, any authority in his instructions, or any warrant of law. These calls authorized the levy of 7,000 men, besides Gally's battalion of artillery. It does not appear, however, that any, except the artillery, were raised before the calls were countermanded.
"Two of the requisitions made by Gen. Gaines for volunteers appear to the court to be of a special character, viz: to raise a garrison of volunteers for Forts Jackson and St. Phillip, and for the arsenal at Baton Rouge. As the government had withdrawn the garrison from the arsenal, and had not seen fit to garrison the forts, the court are of opinion, that General Gaines ought to have felt himself specially restrained from raising volunteer garrisons without authority.
"In regard to the authorities given by General Gaines to certain individuals to raise troops, it appears to have been his motive to avail himself, under what he felt as the pressure of the emergency, of the supposed influence of these individuals. In Louisiana, where troops were actually raised under such powers, it was with the sanction and concurrence of the governor of the state, who commissioned the officers and organized the troops according to the state laws. It does not appear in any case to have been the intention of General Gaines to act independently of the state authorities.
"In General Gaines' proceedings at Mobile, on 12th May, [June,] in mustering into service General Smith, and his staff, after he was relieved from his command, and instructed by the war department, to 'cease his independent action in these matters, and to confine himself to carrying out the orders and views of the president, so far as they might be communicated to him from that department--the court are of opinion that he transcended his authority, and violated his orders, particularly in appointing such a staff officer as an inspector general, after the recent and emphatic instruction to him by the secretary of war, that 'such appointments would not be recognized or confirmed, and that the president himself had no authority under existing laws to make such appointments."
"yet the court are satisfied that Gen. Gaines had not the intention to act in defiance or in disregard of his instructions. He though that the disorganized state of the volunteers assembled at Mobile made it a matter of very urgent importance that a commander should be appointed over them. He acted, too, at the special application of the governor of the state; and the court, therefore, recommend his conduct to the favorable construction of the president.
"the issue of rations to volunteers before muster is not provided in the regulations of laws. But the court present to the consideration of the department, the necessity of the case, when the volunteers had arrived at the rendezvous, and were absolutely without means of subsistence.
"Such issues, as of the two pieces of field artillery and ammunition to planters of Baton Rouge parish are not provided for by the regulations of the army. But under the circumstances, being required for the security of the parish, and issued to responsible persons, on condition of their safe return whenever demanded, the court are of opinion that is ought to be approved.
"In the absence of certain official information on the subject, the court suppose it to be the practice of the government to make advances to the militia called into service, in commutation of clothing; and that the orders of General Gaines on this subject did not introduce a new practice. Of the correctness of the particular account of $2,500, which General Gaines ordered to be paid to Gally's battalion, the court have not the means of judging, and therefore leave it as an account to be settled, according to law and regulations in the auditing offices of the treasury.
"The court cannot approve General Gaines' order to Captain Whitley to pay Major Gally's bill of $1,467 50, for ammunition, as it does not appear that whatever ammunition was required might not have been furnished from Baton Rouge arsenal, or otherwise procured by the ordnance officer.
"The court have not considered, as connected with the issues of stores and payments of funds before mentioned, whether the persons or troops to whom, or on account of whom, the issues and payments were made, were legally in the service of the United States, inasmuch as the act of congress of the last session has since provided for the settlement of such accounts. Of the lawful authority of General Gaines to raise the troops, the have expressed their opinion in the several cases.
"Having now reported their finding and opinion, the court recommend to the favorable consideration of the president the good and patriotic motives, and the public seal, by which, as the court believe, Gen. Gaines was actuated in all these transactions, and therefore they recommend that no further proceedings be had in this case."
II. The proceedings of the court of inquiry in the foregoing case having been duly submitted, the following are the orders thereon--
War department, August 18, 1846
The proceedings of the court of inquiry in the foregoing case have been laid before the president, and carefully examined.
It is seen that the court have found that several of the acts of Brevet Major General Gaines "were not authorized by his instructions or by law; and that he has violated orders,"
That for the calls made by him "for volunteers after the 16th of May, when he knew of the victories of [General] Taylor, the court cannot find any necessity at the time-- and authority in his instructions, or any warrant of law."
That in mustering into service at Mobile certain general and staff officers, after he was relieved from his command by instructions from the war department, "the court are of opinion that he transcended his authority, and violated his orders."
The president views with deep regret the exercise of this assumed authority on the part of the late commander of the western division; and while he is disposed to give every consideration to the circumstances which may tend to qualify or mitigate his conduct he can see nothing in them which would justify him for withholding the expression of his decided disapprobation of the irregular and unauthorized proceedings of that officer. But in consideration of the recommendation of the court and concurring with them in their opinion of the "good and patriotic motives and the public zeal by which he was actuated,"the president directs that further proceedings in the case of Brevet Major General Gaines be dispensed with.
The president cannot dismiss the case without inviting the serious attention of the army to the grave subject which has been presented for his consideration and decision. The officers belonging to the military service zeal, gallantry, and skill have long been established. The country duly appreciates their value, but unremitted care should be taken to abstain from any act which may tend to impair their high character. And what so likely to derogate from this as the assumption of important executive or ministerial authority by a military commander, or the disregard of his orders?
The exercise of authority not possessed nor delegated--the non observance of instructions, or the expenditure of the public treasure, not warranted by law nor justified by imperious necessity, cannot be disregarded. A just responsibility of all in authority makes it a public duty of imperative obligation to observe and strictly enforce the law and the rules of the service.
By order of the President,
W.L. Marcy
Secretary of War.
III. The court of inquiry, of which Brevet Brigadier General
H. Brady is president, is hereby dissolved.
By order,
R. Jones, Adjutant General.
[RCG]
70.416 Aug 29, 1846 Gen. Stephen Watts Kearny arrives at Santa Fe, friendly reception
The Santa Fe Expedition. -- An express from Gen. Kearney reached Fort Leavenworth on the 14th instant. The general with several companies United States dragoons, the 1st regiment Missouri volunteers under Col. Domphan, and Major Clarke's battalion of volunteer artillery left Bents' Fort for Santa Fe, on the 1st of August, all in fine health and spirits. They had information that so far from a resistance, the Mexicans were anxious for the arrival of the Americans. The ladies of Santa Fe were making extensive preparations for a fandango dance and other sports to welcome their reception, and some of them expressed a desire to accompany the expedition to California. Captain Moore, United States dragoons, had captured three spies, sent by the Mexicans to look out. They were taken to camp, and there told to examine every thing and make what enquiries they please, and were then dismissed. Gen. Kearney would remain at Santa Fe till Colonel Price's regiment arrived, and then proceed to California.
Col. Allen with 500 Mexican infantry was progressing rapidly and would
probably reach Bents' Fort before Col. Price's mounted men.
A great member of traders and a large quantity of goods were met on
their way out.
[RCG]
70.416 Aug 29, 1846 unsuccessful attack on Alvarado
A demonstration, by order of Com. Conner, was made against Alvarado,
on the 8th inst., in which the Mississippi participated. The
difficulty of passing the bar and the appearances of an approaching
storm, induced a signal to haul off, after some shots had been exchanged,
without injury on our side.
[RCG]
70.416 Aug 29, 1846 chartering of ships for the California expedition, charges of malfeasance by Thomas Jefferson Sutherland against Col. John D. Stevenson in connection with outfitting the California expedition
The California Expedition. -- We learn that Col. Stanton has chartered the ships Susan Drew, T.H. Perkins, and Loo Choo, to convey the California expedition to their place of destination. These vessels are all of the best class of ships and of about 700 tons custom house measure--well ventilated and admiraly calculated for transports.
We are please to learn, that while millions of dollars have been squandered in extravagant charter parties at the south, these vessels have all been taken up at what would be considered reasonable terms if engaged by individuals. The gross amount paid to the three ships is only $65,000. Those who are acquainted with Col. Stanton will not be surprised at this, while the public will of course be prepared to learn that certain friends of the administration were anxious to do the work for double the sum!
For ourselves we have never believed that this expedition would sail under the command of J.D. Stevenson; and warrant for such an opinion, may be found in the well known Glentworth affair. A man who has ever found it necessary to be an alias, should never be entrusted with a military command or made the associate and companion of gentlemen. How Governor Marcy can justify it to his conscience and the country for having recommended Stevenson for this highly important command, we can not conjecture.
We have now lying on our table a paper, signed Thos. Jefferson Sutherland making many grave charges against Stevenson which he pledges to prove before a court of enquiry if an opportunity be afforded him. Of course we know nothing of their truth; but whether true or false, the government will not be held excused by the people, if the expedition be permitted to sail under the command of Stevenson without an investigation into these charges.
We copy the following iron this paper, which has been handed us by Sutherland who is himself a captain of volunteers.
4th. That he has purposed a fraud upon the members of his regiment by procuring a large quantity of clothing, not American in its fashion nor suited to the climate of California, which he designs to compel his men to purchase from him at prices far above the real value; his son-in-law being the pretended contractor.
5th. That he reported company rolls to the governor of this state as complete according to the requisitions of the war department, when in fact the companies did not contain the men protessed to have been enrolled, and thus procured commissions for favorites to the exclusion of competent men and good officers who had reported perfect rolls of companies, whose ranks were filled with respectable men.
6th. That he has used his influence to exclude from the corps of officers of his regiment all men of capacity and experience, and those who would be most likely to be directed by a nice regard for the interest and honor of their country, and to constitute it a body of weak, or very young and unexperiences men, who must needs be his suppliant underlyings.
7th. That he has publicly declared that if he was sent out by the government in a convoy, he would run away from the naval commander; and that after he had landed in California he would no longer obey the President of the United States nor any other authority of the government.
8th That he has practiced duplicity on the President, the Governor, and other persons in office in this state, unbecoming an officer and a soldier.
These are grave charges which concur not me alone, but the whole country,
and they are now declared with the fullest sense and understanding
that I endorse their truth with the commission which I myself hold,
and a time and imprisonment on an indictment for libel, if the charges
should prove to be such- and with this I am content.
[RCG]
70.416 Aug 29, 1846 Gen. Zachary Taylor leaves Matamoros for Camargo
Gen. Taylor left Matamoros on the 5th August, in the steamer Whiteville,
for Camargo, accompanied by about one half the Texan regiment of infantry
and a few regulars.
[RCG]
70.416 Aug 29, 1846 order barring spirituous liquors from Matamoros
"General Order, No. 94. No spirituous liquors will be permitted to enter the river or the city of Matamoros for the purposes of barter or traffic on the account of any person whatever, whether sutler in the army or private dealers. Any liquors found in violation of this order will be confiscated and sent to the quartermaster in N. Orleans to be sold--one half of the proceeds for the benefit of the informant, the other half to be applied to the support of the hospital department.
The merchants at Matamoros will be permitted to vend the liquors they may actually have on hand but to receive no new supplies.
The commanding general issues this order under the sanction of the general government, and calls upon all officers to give their aid in executing its provisions. The quartermaster's department and Col. Clark will take the necessary measures to have it communicated to the persons interested, particularly to the dealers in Matamoros, and the masters of all public transports or other vessels in the river. Any steamboat captains or other hired persons that are found violating it, will be at once dismissed from the service."
We judge from the numerous articles in the Matamoros papers, that
the above order has occasioned no little excitement. How far
it is possible to evade its provisions, is the question. "Spirituous
liquors?" says the sulter, and the government wines and malt liquors
they insist are included in the prohibition.
[RCG]
70.416 Aug 29, 1846 probability of reaching Monterey in September
By the close of September this column will reach Monterey, where the
chances of a battle are sufficiently uncertain to make it a
matter of daily doubt and speculation. The very air is rite
with rumors. It is said that Wool is now in command; if so, and he
continues there, it is a guarantee of hard knocks
[RCG]
70.416 Aug 29, 1846 health of the army
The health of the regular army is represented to be good. The
volunteers are suffering considerably, mainly from indiscretions, to
which want of strict discipline renders them liable.
[RCG]
70.416 Aug 29, 1846 Col. Archibald Yell's letter about the lack of equipment for Arkansas volunteers
LETTER FROM COL. YELL, OF THE ARKANSAS VOLUNTEERS.
Headquarters, Shreveport, La. July 28.
MY DEAR SIR: I have only a moment to write to you. We reached this place on yesterday at 11 o'clock A.M. and by 10 P.M. we crossed the river, and will take up the line of march for San Antonio. I regret that we have been disappointed in receiving our public arms and camp equipage. There has been inexcusable negligence somewhere, and I shall make the report to the proper department; and if that negligence should be continued, and we reach San Antonio without finding our arms, I shall make a final and direct report of the case to the secretary of war, and in he does not correct such inattention he will deserve to be removed from his present position. I hope, however, all will yet be satisfactorily explained, and that we shall be furnished on our arrival at our point of destination.
I am pleased to say that our troops are remarkably healthy yet, and in good spirits. They will, when an opportunity offers, give a good account of themselves.--
In haste, yours,
A. YELL
[RCG]
NNR 71.001 5 Sept 1846 indications of government aiding to restore Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna to power, contradiction of the "Union"notwithstanding, he is allowed to pass the blockade, enters Veracruz, assumes command and the revolution progresses, Mariano Paredes y Arillaga overthrown and imprisoned by Gen. Jose Mariano de Salas, who aids Santa to power
WAR WITH MEXICO.
All eyes are now directed towards Ver Cruz waiting the progress of the new revolution in Mexico. Even our cabinet, if may credit the Washington correspondent of the N. York Journal of Commerce, at a meeting held on the 27th ult. determined to take no step in reference to the demonstation of the Santa Anna party, until the result of the revolution shall be known. The fleets are to remain inactive and Gen. Taylor is to continue to menace invasions. The "Union"has repeatedly denied, that our government has any connection with any Mexican faction. Notice the fact of Santa Anna not being prevented to enter Vera Cruz in the dull British steamer Arab, which he effected on the 16th of Aug. although it was known to the whole squadron that he would about that time make the attempt--and although our crack steamer, Princeton made a show of attempting to intercept the Arab. Yet it may have been that wind, weather and fortune, all conspired in favor of the daring enterprise. Certain it is, that a letter from the American Ex-Consul, Campbell, introduced Gen. Santa Anna to the Commandant of the American squardron, Com. Conner.
The Savannah Republican says--"We have been frequently asked whether
Com. Conner will be likely to allow Santa Anna to pass unmolested into
Ver Cruz? We unhesitatingly answer yes--if he has received hi despatches
from the government at Washington. We have no positive information
on the subject, but we rather guess so from few facts and circumstances
which may be easily connected. In the first place, we think that
the government and Santa Anna understand each other thoroughly. Mr. Slidell
McKenzie, who may now be considered the man with the "white hat,&"has been to Cuba--has conferred with the fleet off Vera Cruz, and with
General Taylor. Senor Tamariz, secretary of the treasury of Mexico
during the last administration of Santa Anna, has been in the United
States--probably at Washington. He came to Charleston, and there
chartered a steamer for a large sum to caryy him to Cuba, where he arrived
only a day or two before the announcement that Vera Cruz had declared
in favor of the exiled chief. Private letters received in New York
from Havana as late as the 8th instant, state on high authority that Santa
Anna is not so averse to peace on high authoritythat Santa Anna is not
so averse to peace with this country as has been generally supposed, and
that he will rejoice at the appearance of any liberal offer was in contemplation
by the administration, we may not only infer from the call for the passage
of
the two million bill but from the well ascertained fact that
Mr. Polk has actually depatched a messenger to Mexico.
Now, putting all these facts together, we are inclined to the belief that this whole movement is well understood, and that the assendency of Santa Anna, and the banishment of Parades will be followed by an early adjustment of the difficulties between the two governments. If, therefore, the scheme has worked right, it is highly probably that there will not be the slightlest difficulty interposed to the triumphal entrance into Vera Cruz by Santa Anna and his friends.
OVERTHROW AND IMPRISONMENT OF PAREDES. The N. Orleans papers of the 24th ult. furnish an account of the arrival of the British brig of war During, with Vera Cruz dates to the 16th.
General Santa Anna reached Vera Cruz on the 16th and immediately placed himself at the head of the movement in that department.
Mexico and Puebla had declared in favor of Santa Anna. General Bravo had scarcely assumed the presidency to act in the absence of Paredes, before Paredes was seized and placed in confinement in the Citadel of Mexico. Gen. Salas "assumed the responsibility"and took command. His two sons proceeded immediately to Vera Cruz to meet and welcome Santa Anna. They reached Vera Cruz on the 8th.
The Picayune say--"Before Santa Anna left Havanna he took letters from Gen. Campbell to Com. Conner, and avowed himself, in reply to some inquiries as to his intentions, as follows--"If the people of my country are for war, then I am with them; but I would prefer peace."
Gomez Farias aided the revolution at Mexico. Slas has issued a proclamation, directing congress to meet on the 6th of December, under the constitution of 1824; the retoration of which he declares to be one of the chief objects of the revolution. That is, the federal Constitution--of which he was always a warm advocate.
Santa Anna will be an indifferent hand to govern under confederate authority,
or we have mistaken his character.
[RCG]
NNR 71.001 Sept. 5, 1846 rumor of annexation of California
ANNEXATION OF CALIFORNIA. Various rumors brought by the British steamer
to N. Orleans, from Vera Cruz, assert that California--meaning we presume,
Monterey-- Mazatlan, or some other port on the Pacific has been taken possession
of, or has declared in favor of annexation to the United States. The most
plausible version of the report is from Mexican letters dated 8th August,
stating that "some of the disaffected citizens of Monterey,
in conjunction with a few inhabitants of American origin, who were aided
by the crew of the U.S. sloop of war Falmouth, took possession of
the city, hoisted the American colors, and proclaimed California’s annexed
to the United States." The crew of the Falmouth will be surprised
to learn the caper they have been cutting beyond the Cordilleras whilst
they supposed themselves quietly blockading Vera Cruz all the while.
[RCG]
NNR 71.001-002 Sept 5, 1846 Capt. John Rogers Vinton take Mier
ENTRANCE OF THE ARMY INTO MIER.
Mier, (Mexico,) July 31, 1846.
Captain Vinton's command entered this place this morning without the least
show of opposition, the inhabitants thronging to the Plaza in crowds as
the troops filed into it and stacked their arms in front of the house
of the Alcade. It seemed to me as though there were men enough in the square
to have beaten us off with nothing else save the loose rocks lying about;
yet not a hand was raised.
Mier is by far the most pleasant, cleanly, and well regulated place we have yet seen in this part of Mexico. It is built on a hill overlooking a clear running stream of the same name, three miles from the Rio Grande, and is said to contain 6,000 inhabitants, although I do not know where they stow them all. You may well recollect that it was in this place that the Texans under Col. Fisher were compelled to surrender after they had killed twice their number of Mexicans.
I have stated that the number of the inhabitants is put down at 6,000; admitting that it is 4,000, it was still entered and taken possession of by 93 men only --85 regulars and 8 of McCollock's Rangers, acting as a mounted guard. You could not serve any town in the United States in that way, and this place is a perfect fortification from its position and the strength of the houses, which are of stone. Captain Vinton's command occupies a large school house in one corner of the Plaza, near the church--strong, and at the same time commodious and comfortable quarters.
It is company B, of the third artillery, or "Redlegged Infantry,"as it is now called from the fact that the men are at this time serving as infantry, while they wear the red artillery stripe down their pantaloons. I give you a list of the officers, who are all in good health: Capt. J. R. Vinton, Assistant Surgeon Prevo, Lieuts. S. Van Vliet, and E. J. Thomas.
I return to Camargo in the morning with the Rangers. If I could have my
own way I should remain here, for it is worth forty of Camargo.
[RCG]
NNR 71.002 Sept 5, 1846 attempt on Alvarado
UNITED STATES SHIP CUMBERLAND,
Off Vera Cruz, July 30, 1846.
SIR: Shortly after closing my letter of the 28th instant, the Cumberland, Potomac, and two of the schooners sailed from Green Island for the purpose of attacking the enemy's vessels in the river of Alvarado. In passing through the channel leading to the roads of Antonio Lizard, I regret to inform you this ship, owing to a strong current, ran on the northwest part of a coral reef, called the Chopas, in three fathoms water. This was about half past 4 o'clock in the afternoon of the 28th.
After great exertions, and lightening her more than a foot by pumping off the water, removing the provisions and shot to the other vessels, and depositing most of the spar deck guns on a shoal part of the reef near the vessel, (whence they can be easily removed,) with the assistance of the Mississippi, she was finally extricated from her perilous position at about 8 o'clock, P.M. , on the 29th, after grinding in the coral reef for upwards of 27 hours. With the exception of her false keel, of which small crushed fragments rose to the surface of the water alongside, the ship does not appear to have sustained any material injury, as she makes no more water than usual. It is reasonable to infer, however, that much of the copper on the bottom has been rubbed off.
It affords me great satisfaction to add that the officers and men of the Cumberland performed their incessant labor with untiring zeal and assiduity; and my acknowledgements are due to Captain Fitzhugh, his officers, and men, for the very efficient aid rendered by the Mississippi, whose services were of the greatest importance, and to Lieutentant Le Roy and the men of the Potomac, who shared our labors.
I am, very respectfully, your obedient servant,
D. CONNER
[RCG]
NNR 71.002 Sept, 5 1846 effect of Gen. Zachary Taylor's temperance orders at Matamoros
By the steamer McKim, from Brazos Santiago, which reached New Orleans on the 30th we have the following, extracted from N. Orleans papers:--
Col. Clark has succeeded in re-establishing order at Matamoras, by promptly executing the recent temperance orders of Gen. Taylor.
Capt. F.L. Ball, of the Kentucky volunteers, is supposed to have been
murdered by the Mexicans on the road between Barita and Matamoras.
[RCG]
NNR 71. 002: September 5, 1846 -expedition of the Rangers to the interior
Camargo, Mexico, Aug. 11, 1846.
One step towards Monterey is to be taken tomorrow. Captain Duncan's battery, accompanied by a small portion of M'Cullough's men, leave this place in the direction of the mountains, and by some road on the opposite side of the river. It may be looked upon only as a reconnaissance, although an artillery force is along. Of whatever befalls them on the road you shall be made acquainted all in good time. If the command does not take Mier in the route, it will go close to that place.
News has reached here this morning to the effect that the city of Guenero has pronounced in favor of the United States government. The people of that place have all along been friendly towards the Americans, or have so seemed; but whether from any love they might bear them, or from fear of the encroachments of the Camanches, is a matter I am not able to determine at this present writing. I believe, honestly, that the people of Guenero have some intelligence and are better disposed than those of any place on the river.
The crack steamer Brownsville, by which I send this, brought up two companies
of the advance of the Baltimore troops last evening, the rest coming on
by land. They are a hardy looking set of "b'hoys"by all appearance, but
I have no doubt will do good service. Captain Blanchard's company of
twelve-months Louisiana volunteers, recruited from the regiments recently
disbanded, entered camp this forenoon.
[JTW]
NNR 71.002 Sept 5, 1846 China occupied
The town of China, on the Rio St. Juan, about 65 or 70 miles from Camargo,
was taken on the 5th instant by Capt. M'Cullough of the Texas Rangers,
without opposition. Col. Seguin with one hundred Mexicans were in the
town, but on the appearance of the Americans they retreated.
[RCG]
NNR 71.002 Sept 5, 1846 Gen. Taylor proceeds to Camargo, grand review
A letter from Camargo, dated August 9, says:
The steamer Hatchee Eagle arrived here last evening, Gen. Taylor and his staff coming up on her. The talk is of an immediate movement at some point on the route. Whether the army is to move by way of China, or is to cross the San Juan at this place and march on the other side of the river, has not yet been settled upon I believe. There are now near 3,000 men, all regulars encamped here, and hosts, of volunteers are en route and shortly expected--some of them this afternoon.
The general impression among the best informed, as regards the chances
of the Mexicans giving another battle, is that Gen. Taylor will have an
opportunity of gaining fresh laurels at Monterey or near that place. On
the river the inhabitants appear friendly enough, but in the interior the
case is different.
[RCG]
NNR 71.002 Sept 5, 1846 Gen. William Jenkins Worth's division prepares to move to Monterey
Editors of the Picayune-- Gentlemen: I have just heard of the arrival
of the remainder of the Texas infantry, under Col. Johnson -- also of
portions of the 3d and 4th U.S. infantry, under Col. Garland, with Capt.
Bragg's battery. I have already mentioned that Gen Worth's brigade was
under marching orders for the interior, the order being to be in readiness
to move within eight days from yesterday.
[RCG]
NNR 71.016 Sept 5, 1846 complaints from volunteers at Matamoras about high prices for provisions
PRICES CURRENT AT MATAMOROS. In a letter from one of the Ohio volunteers, published in the Cincinnati Gazette, we find the following quotation of prices which they have to pay for anything beyond their rations, in that direction, viz: sugar, per lb. inferior, 40 cents; coffee, do. do. 35 cts.; cheese, do. do. 30 cts.; cider per gallon stale, $2.50 whiskey per gallon, inferior, $4; shoes, stogas, per pair, $2 50; shirts each, hickory, $2.
Another Ohio paper says--"The volunteers in the army of invasion complain
bitterly at the exorbitant exactions of the sutlers. One poor fellow,
troubled in spirit says: "it is pretty tough, I can tell you--wages only seven dollars a month, whiskey from one to two dollars a gallon,
and other necessaries of life in the same proportion."
[RCG]
NNR 71.016 Sept 5, 1846 junta at Santa Barbara declares independence of Mexico, Gen. Castro declares martial law
CALIFORNIA. The Washington "Union"furnishes the substance of the information received by the government, from which, and from the Philadelphia Ledger, we obtain the following facts.
On the 15th of Jun, a junto met at Santa Barbara, headed by Governor Pico, for the purpose of declaring California independent.
The Mexican Commandant General, Castro, to resist this movement, proclaimed
martial law throughout the country.
[RCG]
NNR 71.016 Sept 5, 1846 Sonoma occupied by Col. John Charles Fremont
Col. Fremont's advanced detachment, about the 1st July, took possession
of Sonoma, situated to the north of San Francisco. Col. Castro immediately
placed himself at the head of his forces to dislodge them. Col. Fremont
met the movement in person. Castro retreated.
[RCG]
NNR 71.016 Sept 5, 1846
Com. John Drake Sloat takes Monterey
71.016 Sept 5, 1846 Capt. John Berrien Montgomery in the Portsmouth
takes Yerba Buena
On the 6th of July, Commodore SLOAT, entered the harbor and took possession of Monterey, hoisted the American flag, and issued his proclamation, as commander-in-chief of the U.S. forces in the Pacific, giving the inhabitants every assurance of protection and friendship, announcing that they were destined to become apart of the Union, and to enjoy the privileges of its citizens--enjoins them, in the mean time, to preserve their present Alcades and other magistrates. Those who decline to become American citizens are, on laying down their arms, permitted to depart in peace, with their property.
On the 9th of July, Capt. Montgomery, of the U.S. ship Portsmouth,
entered the harbor of Yerba Buena, and issued his proclamation, in virtue
of instructions from Com. Sloat, similar in import.
[RCG]
On the 9th of July, Capt. Montgomery, of the U.S. ship Portsmouth,
entered the harbor of Yerba Buena, and issued his proclamation, in virtue
of instructions from Com. Sloat, similar in import.
[RCG]
NNR 71.016 Sept 5, 1846 transport wagons contracted for the Army
WAGONS.--We understand that 6 or 700 baggage wagons, and about as many
set of harness for the U.S. army, are making in this city and the neighboring
town, and an unusual activity, for the season, prevails therefore in those
branches of the trade. Several of the wagons passed through this city
yesterday.
[RCG]
NNR 71.017 Sept 12, 1846 dispatches to Mexico
DESPATCHES TO MEXICO. The New Orleans Picayune of the 29th ult. says: "As there were two or three revenue cutters at Brazos Santiago, when the Alabama left there, we presume that Mr. Habersham had no difficulty in procuring an immediate conveyance to Vera Cruz. Mr. Habersham, it will be recollected, was the bearer of Mr. Buchanan's letters to Commodore Conner and the Mexican secretary of war, but had been detained here for the want of a vessel going to Vera Cruz."
The Charleston Partiot of the 4th inst., has the following: "U.S.R. steamer Legare, off Rio Grande, Aug 22. I have just received on board a bearer of dispatches for Vera Cruz, and sail immediately. You may expect to hear of my arrival at New Orleans about the 10th or 12th of Sept. The steamer Mclean arrived here yesterday, and will go back for coal."
Mr. McLane, has been received with as great cordiality on his return to
his native country as he appears to have been parted from with regret
at the court to which he was a representative. English journals and English
statesmen, all speak of the American minister with respect, and testify
to the services he has contributed towards a restoration of harmony and
of comparative good feeling between that country and the United States,
and also refer to the deep solicitude he has evinced no less than to
the business like capacity and statesman like views which have distinguished
his intercourse with their government. The New York chamber of commerce
and the common council of New York, on Mr. McLane's arrival on the 5th
at that city from Boston, by deputation, met him with congratulations
on the happy success of his mission, and with expressions of good will and
good wishes.
[RCG]
NNR 71.020 Sept 12, 1846 difficulties attending the California expedition preparing at New York
The Albany Argus publishes the following letter, we presume, from one of the volunteers.
"The California regiment is still stationary here in New York, though
every effort is making to expedite its departure. The government has
engaged three noble ships, 700 to 800 tons, for transports, at a cost
of $65,000. The preparations made for arming the regiments are very extensive.
We are to be furnished with 800 percussion lock muskets, 800 do, with
flint locks, and 800 rifles. In addition to this there will be equipments
and cannon sent out for one company of artillery, and all the appointments
for the corps of dragoons. This is done to provide against any possible
contingency, and to make success any thing but problematical. If, therefore,
on out arrival, we should not be enabled to co-operate with Gen. Kearney,
immediately, Col. Stevenon will probably at once organize the dragoon corps.
It is also expected that one company will be furnished with rifles, so
that we shall form a complete army in ourselves, having one company of artillery,
one of dragoons, seven of infantry, and one of light infantry or riflemen.
I have had the pleasure of examining some of the muskets destined for
our use, and I hesitate not to say that a more perfect article was never
made. They are of the latest and best army pattern, perfect in their construction,
and of most exquisite finish. The bayonet is secured from being wrenched
off in action by a moveable ring, which renders it utterly impossible
for the most expert swordsman to change the position or unfix the bayonet."
[RCG]
NNR 71.020 Sept 12, 18 1846 reasons why the "peace with Mexico"now anticipated may prove delusive
"The peace with Mexico,"from the measures which have been promulged, and other measures supposed to be in process, our readers no doubt are by this time looking out for an announcement of, instead of a continuance of the caption, which, however, encircles with laurels, has not yet became an agreeable one to the peace-loving citizens of our happy republic. As yet, however, we cannot cry "peace", we have on one hand, the assurance that every member of the new cabinet of the (late?) acting President of Mexico, Bravo, is in favor of a peace with the U. States, and the assurance on the other hand, that Santa Anna "prefers peace,"though, it is added, if the Mexicans insist on war, that he must needs obey their will, putting that and that together, and then adding a third assurance which we also find on just about the same reliable authority, (the public journal and their letter writers,) that the people of Mexico are exceedingly anxious for peace, giving credit to all these, and not doubting the official assurance which President Polk took occasion in his late communication to the Mexican minister of foreign affairs, so emphatically to repeat, the he was all along been most solicitous to restore, as he was before hostilities, to preserve peace, putting, we say, all these together, and adding the now admitted anxiety of both France and England for an amicable settlement of the difficulties between the United States and Mexico, such assurances as these, that all parties concerned, as well as of others not concerned, are anxious for a restoration of peace, and it would seem as if the deuce must be in it, if we cant obtain a peace under such favorable circumstances, more especially, as it is not at all concealed that our executive would be willing to stipulate to pay a few millions to obtain the terms he designs to propose.
Yet, with all these inducements, these apparent facilities towards a restoration
of harmony, and not withstanding the general impression that an understanding
exists between President Polk and Santa Anna, an impression which has been
fortified almost into a certaintyon many minds, by the fact of Commodore
Conner going on board the Princeton himself,"on discovering the British
steamer Arab approaching, on board of which Santa Anna was known to be,
and his allowing the latter to slip into the port of Vera Cruz without
boarding, all these favorable appearances notwithstanding, there are those
that still apprehend that way may be continued. Some, through want of
faith in Santa Anna; some from a certainty that Almonte, who accompanied
Santa Anna, is an inveterate opponent of the dismemberment of Mexico; others
from the fact that Santa Anna was accompanied by several distinguished
military officers, one of them said to be the best cavalry officer in Mexico,
(as, though Santa Anna redes); and others again who are not without suspicions
that Paredes, Bravo, Santa Anna, and Almonte all understood each other,
and are playing a Mexican game upon us; others doubt the disposition of
the people of Mexico being friendly to a settlement on terms of dismemberment,
and think that let Paredes, Bravo, Santa Anna, or whoever may be dictator,
he will be compelled to defend, or attempt to defend the integrity of
the Mexican territory.
[RCG]
71.020: September 12, 1846 General Taylor delayed
"THE ARMY OF OCCUPATION"
General Taylor with, it is believed, the whole of the "regulars"under his immediate command, were concentrated as high up the Rio Grande as Camargo, by the 10th of August, a few advance detachments being pushed a little in advance of that post, in the direction of Monterey. It was expected, at the latest dates from thence, that wagons, horses, and mules, as well as munitions and provisions, for which he had been impatiently waiting, might arrive there by the 20th or 30th of August, sufficient to authorize his quitting navigable water and commencing a march for the interior of Mexico.
In the mean time, whilst General Taylor was detained, after the victories of the 8th and 9th of May, for want of these indispensable "materials"for an offensive campaign, from pursuing the enemy, the terms of the volunteers who had hurried to his relief on the first requisition, expired, and they have been discharged without a man of them having been afforded a chance to meet a Mexican in arms. No fault of theirs, or of the general in command. It may have been the fortune of war.
"It is not in the power of mortals to command success. You have done more, my countrymen,
"You have deserved it."
Fresh volunteers, or twelve month's of men, to the number of ten or twelve thousand, have just reached the scene of action, and whilst they garrison the positions which General Taylor has left in his rear, or gradually march to sustain him, they are devoting most of their time, as they should do, to acquiring sufficient discipline to qualify them to meet a disciplined enemy. A few companies only, and those composed of troops from vicinities in which they have had opportunities to acquire considerable discipline, have as yet been associated with "the regulars."It must take some time to qualify troops gathered from the interior, and who have never seen service, to meet such troops as were met with on the 8th and 9th of May, without imminent risk of a very different result.
An abstract of the latest intelligence from this division of the army
will be found in this number.
[JTW]
NNR 71.020: September 12, 1846 THE EXPEDITION UNDER GENERAL WOOL .
Without waiting for arrival of the general and his volunteers and munitions,
we perceive that a detachment has advanced from Antonio de Bexar to the
Rio Grande in the direction which this division was to take, between Santa
Fe and Camargo. We shall hear from them shortly.
[JTW]
NNR 71.020(2): September 12, 1846 OPERATIONS UPON THE PACIFIC .
We are yet without authentic information from our squadron, other than was noticed in our last, received by the British brig of war Daring, at New Orleans. Government may possibly be in our possession of intelligence not yet promulgated. Of the occupation of at least two of the ports on the coast of California, by our squadron, there is no doubt. The British commandant on that station, it is said, was at a loss how to act in such a case, and dispatched an officer for advice or instructions from the British minister at Washington or the governor general of Canada.
As Commodore Sloat has had all the tedious, inactive service, and had,
no doubt, made himself familiar with the whole concern on that station,
we sincerely rejoice that the little share of éclat which was to
be obtained in that remote latitude, has fallen to his lot, before officers
sent for the purpose of superceding him in the command arrived.
[JTW]
NNR 71.021 Sept 12, 1846 Lt. James Duncan's report on the battles of the 8th and 9th May
BATTLES ON THE RIO GRANDE
The report by Lieut. Duncan, of the operations of the corps under his
command in the battles of the 8th and 9th of May, has but lately reached
us through the columns of the New York Courier.
[RCG]
NNR 71.021-022 The affair of the Baltimore battalion "and their Ohio commander"
The following letter is from the camp of the Baltimore volunteers on the
Rio Grande:
Camp Belknap, August 2, 1846.
Our battalion is joined to one from Ohio, which forms a regiment, and
this in connection with two other regiments from Ohio, comprises a brigade.
There are also regiments from Alabama, Georgia, and Tennessee, quartered
at this same camp, which is situated on a high bluff of land, from which
we can see thousands of tents, and hear the drums beating the reveille.
Yesterday, Lafayette Hands, Andrew Metteer, and some of our boys went
over to Barita, and returned in rather high spirits. As they were returning
home, some one gave Andrew Metteer a catfish, which Col. Mitchell, of
Ohio, who is Colonel of the whole brigade, claimed as his own, and ordered
three of his men to take it from him. On the men seizing him, in compliance
with the orders of their commander, Metteer drew a dagger and stabbed two
of them. Colonel Mitchell then rushed on Metteer with a drawn sword and
inflicted several severe gashes on his head, from the effects of which
he fell as if dead. Layafette Hands then seized the Colonel, wrested his
sword from him, and chased him with it for some distance around the camp,
until another sword was handed him, when they had a regular sword fight,
lasting some minutes, until the Colonel's sword broke, and he again ran,
finally escaping to his own quarters. He then gave immediate orders for
his men to turn out, armed with ball cartridge, when out Captain gave similar
orders, and marched the Chesapeakes down to meet them. When we arrived,
Captain Stuart, who in the absence ordered out the battalion, and we were
all full of fight, and I verily believe that our 600 Baltimorians could
have whipped the whole 2 500 Ohioans. Dan Wells had taken dead aim at the
Colonel, and would have blown him sky high, had it not been for Charles
Ehrman, who struck his musket. The Colonel then claimed the command of
the whole brigade, and ordered us to out camp, which order we were compelled
to obey. Colonel Watson was at Barita, where we immediately sent after
him, and on his arrival he started for the camp of Colonel Mitchell, to
demand an exploration of his conduct. On his arrival there, however, he
was told that the Colonel had started for Matamoras to report to Gen.
Taylor, but Colonel Watson is now after him, and I do not know how the
spree will end.
[RCG]
NNR 71.022 Sept 12, 1846 letters
detailing march from Matamoras to Camargo, difficulties encountered,
progress impeded, incidents, movements, and position, advance under Gen.
William Jenkins Worth proceeds to Cerralvo
Extract of a letter from young Stettinius, of the Baltimore volunteers
to his parents, dated Camp Belknap, opposite Baritta, July 29, 1846:
"My dear father and mother--It is with pleasure that I again write to inform you of the past, the present, and of the anticipations of the future. When I wrote my last letter, we were at the mouth of the Rio Grande. The ground was very low and marshy, and when it rained we were completely deluged. It was, however, far preferable to the Brasos. The water which we drink is from the Rio Grande. It is of a dark yellow color, caused by the muc with which it is mixed. After standing, however, for a few hours, it becomes pure and sweet.
On the 25th, we left the mouth for this place, a distance of nine miles, but our guide, the adjutant, not knowing any precise road, led us out of the way about 25 miles. During the whole march we had not a dry place for the "sole of our foot." We had to wade through tow canals, supposed to have been dug by the Mexicans during the Texan war. It was quite amusing to see the men in the water, struggling to get to the opposite shore, falling down, others falling over them. Many, one of whom was Lieut. Boyle, stuck fast in the mud, and were near being lost. We all, however, arrived safe at night, tired enough. We slept on the bank of the river, and awoke next morning, covered with sand crabs.
There are a great many birds of various kinds here which we hunt. Among them are the mocking bird and the red bird. There are also many rare plants, such as the wild cactus--some grow like a pineapple and bear a yellow flower, while others are flat like a cap, and bear red blossoms. Out colonel says we shall probably remain here until we start for home, as there appears to be no likelihood of our having a fight. There is a great deal of wild cattle about us which we shoot. They afford us a good supply of fresh meat, We have been here three days, and have already killed three beeves.
The place abounds in rattlesnakes, scorpions and lizards; also a reptile called Santa Fe, whose sting produces death in a short time; likewise large red ant which bite terribly; poisonous spiders, and last, but not least, the mosquitoes.
One might be led to think that in this desolate and far distant country
we were wholly destitute of music, but at night we have plenty of it.
The concert is opened by the mosquitoes, who is soon followed by the cricket.
Then comes master wolf, with Soprano; the basso is admirably performed
by Monsieur Jackass, whose tremendous voice nearly drowns the tenor of
the frog. The concert cease by a piece called the reveille, which is composed
of the fire and drum, at 4 o'clock in the morning. Father, you should
volunteer for Texas!
[RCG]
NNR 71.022 Sept 12, 1846 hot weather, Army concentrated at Camargo, advances made towards Monterey, want of wagons
THE ARMY OF OCCUPATION.
Matamoros, Mexico, Aug 18, 1846
Messrs Editors-- The army is fast concentrating upon Camargo, or at least that wing of it under the immediate direction of Gen. Taylor. This, you know, is preparatory to a movement upon Monterey. The General expects to put his column in motion by the 1st of September, may be he will start earlier, but I do not think he will be enabled, if even so soon. Monterey is, by the shortest route from Camargo, a military march of twenty days, at least, provided the army be well supplied and no obstacles, other than natural, be interposed. With the present means, I do not think it can be accomplished, at this season, much short of a month.
I conceive the advance upon Monterey, even if I prove fully successful, to be a "feat of arms"barren of fruit: for what is to be gained by it? I have no doubt the Mexicans will make a stand at Monterey or this side of the city, and give out troops some hard work to do; but that the place will fall into out hands I've no doubt, as I have none of the ultimate success of the American forces.
In relation to the amount of force the Mexicans can bring into the field into the neighborhood of Monterey, there are various estimates; but no one knows-- for whilst the enemy, by a well organized system of espionage, knows all about us, we about them know but very little indeed, out knowledge scarcely extends beyond the precincts of out camp. Thus has it ever with the "Army of Occupation." Heretofore there was excuse in the smallness of out numbers, which disabled us from sending out scouts; but no there is now excuse on that score, and a want of knowledge of the enemy's numbers and position is an unpardonable neglect, or argues too great contempt of their valor--which was unexpectedly shown on the 8th and 9th of May last.
As I have said, I have no fear of the ultimate triumph of our arms. The greatest fear I apprehend is that whilst the main body of our army is marching upon Monterey, the enemy will make a diversion in this quarter, and attempt to regain Matamoras by a "coup de main,"or get possession of Point Isabel. Last night we had an alarm in town. Indeed, a body of some 400 Rancheros burst into the city, bent on mischief. There merely made a show however, and took themselves off; but it makes known to you how poorly we were off here, that we could not pursue and punish them. Had they remained a little while longer; an armed body of citizens, (American) would have been upon them, assembled upon the spur of the occasion. As it was, the wee regular force left here had to keep guard over the Q.U. commissary and pay departments, thus left heedlessly exposed to pillage. This late affair may stir up to the realities of our situation, the powers that be, and not leave us londer to the sport of fortune for safety. This morning Colonel Clark has taken upon himself to enlarge the force here, and has called over from the other side of the Rio Grande a battalion of Ohio volunteers, and will organize the American citizens. It is not strange that here is a captured city, with a depot for the army, left exposed to pillage, without an adequate force to prevent it; and besides no means taken to know who has a right to be here? I myself have seen "fellows"whom I am certain are emissaries from the Mexican army prowling about here; and it is a known fact that Mexican officers were killed and taken prisoners at Palo Alto and Resaca, recognized as the former "milk and chicken merchants"of Camp Taylor! Indeed, I consider out situation here a little critical, as we have not an adequate force to defend the city; and should it be seriously threatened, by a large force of the enemy, we will have to fire the place and cross the river to Fort Brown which is now all but the parapets, under water. The demonstration last night was a most daring one. The first show of another will be followed by the forcible expulsion of every "ochre-colored face"if not of a war of extermination upon the deceitful thieving Rancheros.
The Florida war is being acted over here again, both in relation to the conduct of the war and the creation of an enormous "sinking fund." The "hawks of the chapparal" like the Seminoles of the hammock, now infest every road and by path to cut off the unwary. Several have been thus killed by the volunteers who had left Matamoras for elsewhere and have never been heard of since--one a captain of the Kentucky Regiment. The "Guerrilla" system of old Spain is commenced in the new world. The only consolation we have is that at this kind of warfare the Texans are equally good with the Rancheros, and that we can put Capt. Walker against Roman Falcon.
The measles have got among the wester volunteers and plague the boys mightily.
Those from the eastern parts of the country have forunately passed through
the disease whilst young and have no fears of it. Your Baltimore and District
boys have gone up the river to Camargo--left hence two days ago. They
are generally well. but a little too much disposed to fight "a la rowdie"by
way of getting their hands in against the time of meeting the Mexicans. Some
few were in the guard house at Matamoras, but considering these were often in
the watch house when at home, it was looked over lightly, and no general reflection
passed upon the credit of the whole for the riotous conduct of the few. I have
no doubt in a fight with the enemy they will show themselves valiant and strong--bold
and fearless.
[RCG]
NNR 71.022 12 September 1846: Confusion over disbanding of the six months' volunteers
Our information is that the department ordered General Taylor, positively,
to dismiss all the six months' volunteers for whom he could not furnish
immediate service. From this order, he retained the Texas mounted men,
for he could give them immediate service, but as he could not put all
the six months' volunteers from Louisiana, Alabama, and Missouri into immediate
services as he had more men the he needed, he did not choose to make selections,
and therefore issued the orders for disbanding the whole. Previous to
the receipt of this peremptory order from the department he had attached
the St. Louis Legion to Col. Twigg's command of regulars.
[RWH]
NNR 71.022 12 September 1846: letter from young Stettinius of the Baltimore volunteers about their position in Mexico
My dear father and mother-It is with pleasure that I again write to inform you of the past, the present, and of the anticipation of the future. When I wrote my last letter, we were at the mouth of the Rio Grande. The ground was very low and marshy, and when it rained we were completely deluged. It was however far preferable to the Brasos. The water which we drink is from the Rio Grande. It is of a dark yellow color, caused by the mud with which it is mixed. After standing however, for a few hours it becomes pure and sweet.
On the 25th, we left the mouth for this place, a distance of nine miles, but our guide, the adjutant, not knowing any precise road, led us out of the way about 25 miles. During the whole march we had not a dry place for the sole of our foot. We had to wade through low caoals, supposed to have been by the Mexicans during the Texan war. It was quite amusing to see the men in the water, struggling to get to the opposite shore, falling down, others falling over them. Many, one of whom was Lieut. Boyle, stuck fast in the mud, and were near being lost. We all however, slept on the bank of the river, and awoke the next morning, covered with sand crabs.
There are a great many birds of various kinds here which we hunt. Among them are the mocking bird and the red bird. There also many rare plants, such as the wild cactus- some grow like pine apple and bear a yellow flower, while others are flat like a cap, and bear red blossoms. Our Colonel says we shall probably remain here until we start for home, as there appears to be no likelihood of our having a fight. They afford us a good supply of fresh meat. We have been here three days and have already killed three beeves.
The place abounds in rattlesnakes, scorpions, and lizards; also a reptile called Santa Fe, whose sting produces death in a short time; likewise large red ants which bite terribly, poisonous spiders, and last but not least, the musquitoe.
One might be led to think that in this desolate and far distant country
we were wholly destitute of music, but at night we have plenty of it.
The concert is opened by the musquitoe, who is soon followed by the cricket.
Then comes the master wolf, with Soprano; the basso is admirably performed
by Monsieur Jackass, whose tremendous voice nearly drowns out the tenor
of the frog. The concert ceases by a piece called the reveille, which
is composed of the fife and drum, at 4 o'clock in the morning. Father you
should volunteer for Texas.
[RWH]
NNR 71.022 12 September 1846 letter about the concentration of the Army at Camargo preparatory to a movement upon Monterey
The army is fast concentrating upon Camargo, or at least that wing
of it under the immediate direction of Gen. Taylor. This you know is preparatory
to a movement upon Monterey. The General expects to put his column in
motion by the 1st of September, may be he will start earlier, but I do
not think he will be enabled to if even so soon- Monterey is, by the shortest
route from Camargo, a military march of twenty days, at least, provided
the army be well supplied and no obstacles other than the natural, be
interposed.
[RWH]
NNR 71.022 12 September 1846 measles among volunteers from the west
The measles have got among the western volunteers and plague the boys
mightily. Those from the eastern parts of the country have fortunately
passed through the disease whilst young and have no fears of it.
[RWH]
NNR 71.022 12 September 1846 rowdyism among the volunteers from Baltimore and the District
Your Baltimore and District boys have gone up the river to Camargo-
left hence two days ago. They are generally well, but a little too much
disposed to fight "a la rowdie"by way of getting their hands in against
the time of meeting the Mexicans.
[RWH]
NNR 71.022-71.023 letter
from Point Isabel about various activities and movements
The last case of murder I heard of was that of Col. Haynes. I saw
him killed a few evenings before as Richard III, when he died as all
monarchs do- very badly. His death was a loss to the theatre at Matamoros,
as they are left destitute of a tragic hero. He was not only celebrated
as an actor, but was generally known by his having stopped the play, in
the theatre at Corpus Christi, while he and Adjutant Gen. Johnson went
out to take a drink.
The command at Matamoros is under Col. Clark, who has a portion of
regulars and the 3rd regiment Ohio volunteers under Colonel Curtis, who
are stationed on the bank of the river, at Fort Paredes and Fort Brown.
Since the movement of the army above to Camargo, the place seems very
dull and the judicious order of General Taylor, prohibiting the sale of
spirituous liquors after the 15th, has helped to make it so, and made
the place somewhat decent.
A friend of ours accompanied Gen. Smith to Camargo by land. He says they left Matamoros to join Col. Wood ’s command of mounted Texans, but Col. W. had gone another route. Gen. Smith nothing daunted, started off with only one friend as a volunteer and two servants. Rather harsh, you will say, after having heard the day before that Canules was between them and Reynosa. They went the first afternoon to Guadalupe; the next day to La Mesa, and the next into the Lagona St. Anna, about twelve miles from Reynosa. Here the water rose over the wagon body in less than half an hour. They were obliged to unhitch their mules and for three days they worked with seven Mexicans and six yoke of oxen, to get clear of the water occasioned by the overflow. At the expiration of the third day they got out and proceeded on their way. Fortune still pursued the General, as a party of Toukewa Indians supposed to be the same we saw at Matamors came over to the Mexican side and took off a family of eight persons from the very rancho at which our friend was going to pitch his tent; so you will see there is luck for him yet. They got sale at Camargo, where Gen. Smith (now Colonel) was ordered by General Taylor to take command of the 5th and 7th regimens of regular military. Since then Col. Smith has received under his command the company of Louisiana volunteers commanded by Captain Blanchard. That company have now got the regular uniform, and the officers say they cannot tell the difference between them and the regular soldier. It is certainly an ornament to Louisiana, to think there are some men that had sum sufficient to remain to defence of their country.
Gen Worth moved forward towards Seralvo on the 99th with the 8th infantry,
under Captain R. B. Scriver, of your city, Capt. Duncan’s battery, and
Bradford’s company ; and two companies of Texas mounted men to convey
back the mules, 700 in number. They were packed with provisions; General T.
throwing forward his supplies to Seralvo, Captain Duncan had previously been
up there, and reported a beautiful wooded country- the Mexicans were willing
to grant him all the assistance in their power- that there was plenty of water
and forage for horses- met with agreeable reception. One Mexican, whom they
met in the road in the night, would not stop for them, and they shot him, when
he threw his hors over a precipice and took to the chapparal. On their return
they found the horse, which had evidently belonged to an American, and no doubt
had been stolen.
[RWH]
NNR 71.023: September 12, 1846 Regiments toward Monterrey, sickness, inactivity for want of wagons
August 22, 1846.
General Taylor has started two regiments in the direction of Monterey, and several other regiments will be pushed forward in a few days. There is great complaint for the want of wagons. For goodness sake why are three or four hundred wagons permitted to remain on your levee. If the administration are serious in the prosecution of the war, why such palpable neglect? The idea of keeping 12 or 15,000 men in the hot sun, cutting chapparal, meets the disapprobation of every individual in the army. I, for one, know the arduous duties thrown upon Col. Hunt, yet there could be found plenty of assistants, and those wagons must come over in double quick time, or we shall believe, on this side, the war is a most inglorious humbug. I say, sent the wagons and give Gen. Taylor "a white man's chance."The Rio Grande has taken a second and greater rise than the first-the whole of the low lands under water.
A good deal of camp sickness-confined however, principally to the Illinois and Indiana troops. The sickness yields to medicine, and there are few deaths.
The Mexicans are very confident of giving us a severe thrashing at a pass in the mountains. They are certainly in possession of information which emboldens them, and the opinion gains ground here, that unless the administration backs out, that Parades will be found at the head of 30,000 troops in and about Monterey. Rough and Ready does not believe a word of it, and if you recollect, General Worth and most of the officers gave it as their decided opinion that Arista and Ampudia would not attack us. I say to you that we will have the hardest battle fought since the battle of Waterloo-unless, in the absence of Paredes, Santa Anna should attempt to get into power, and compel his countermarch to the capital. The administration should prosecute the war vigorously, and bring it to a close. Any treaty made now would not last twelve months. The Mexicans are as treacherous as the Sioux. They do not consider themselves whipped.
I must conclude by requesting you to send forward the wagons, and relieve us from our 'masterly inactivity'. You will receive the thanks of 15,000 dis-spirited soldiers; and it will be the means of saving thousands of dollars to the treasury. Excuse this hasty scrawl, as it is written in a hurry for the steamer, Alabama.
A VOLUNTEER.
P. S. Say to adventurers, if they do not want to get into double trouble,
they must not bring alcohol or slops to this market. The Generals swear
by all that is holy, they will have each box, barrel and package examined,
and if they find any smuggling they inflict a punishment cruel to youths
with tender skins. They are in earnest, and I think the army will improve
from this day forward. A. V.
[JTW]
NNR 71.02(2): September 12, 1846 Baltimore Volunteers
BALTIMORE VOLUNTEERS. The Patriot of the 8th states that some twenty or thirty of the Baltimore volunteers have returned, having been discharged on account of sickness.
A letter written on board the steamboat Brownsville, while on her way
from Matamoras to Camargo, says,-Two companies of our battalion, (Baltimore),
are now on this boat, on their way to Camargo. The remaining four will
follow immediately. The two which are now on board are under the command
of Captain James E. Stewart. I would here take the opportunity of speaking
a few words in reference to this officer. He is a gentleman as well as
an officer, kind and yet decisive towards the subordinates, respecting
and respected. He enjoys the greatest confidence of his fellow officers
in matters of consideration, and it seems that his judgment is necessary
before a final consummation. He is a son of the gallant Colonel Stewart,
who so triumphantly defended Fort McHenry during the last war, and the
bright laurels won by him will receive no tarnish in the hands of his brave
son. Give him an opportunity, and if I am not greatly deceived, he will
prove himself on of Maryland's brightest stars.
[JTW]
NNR 71.02(3): September 12, 1846 Letter from Camargo
A letter dated Camargo, 11th August, says- "We are not troubled
with mosquitoes here except in the houses, where they can remain cool through
the day. But the ants seem to have possession of the town. - Last night they
made a serious attempt to carry me off in my sleep. Thousands of them attacked
me.
[JTW]
NNR 71.023(4): September 12, 1846 Flare-up Among the Illinois Volunteers
FLARE-UP AMONG THE ILLINOIS VOLUNTEERS. We hear from New Orleans that
is was exceedingly difficult to keep down the spirit of insubordination
among the volunteers under Col. Hardin. This was manifested to some extent
on board the Hannibal, but was still more apparent when they were about
to be shipped to the point of destination. One steamer and three or four
transport schooners had been appointed to receive them. Lots were drawn,
and it fell to the Chicago company, under the command of Captain Mower,
to go on board a very small transport vessel. To this the Captain and all
his company demurred. They were called out, paraded, and he made a speech
to them. They determined then to march to town and thence to proceed home.
At this juncture Colonel Hardin appeared with four companies of men. The
mutineers were ordered on board, put there, and the Captain placed under
arrest. This prompt movement put an end to any further attempt at insubordination.
[St. Louis Republican , Aug. 5].
[JTW]
NNR 71.023(5): September 12, 1846 Ohio volunteers
OHIO VOLUNTEERS. About sixty of the Ohio volunteers have returned from the Rio Grande. They gave sad accounts of the condition of things there. Fare intolerable; sickness extensive; work hard; climate bad. -Gen. Taylor gave them permission to return on account of sickness. He is willing to part with more. Government has poured in upon him more troops than knows what to do with. The following is an extract of a letter from one of the Third Regiment of Ohio Volunteers, dated Camp Belknap, opposite Burita, July 29th, 1846, to his friend in Cincinnati:
"We left the mouth of the Rio Grande the next morning after I sent you my last pencil scraw. WE did not start till the sun was five hours high, and were compelled to march thirteen miles in the hottest part of a very hot day, through swamps and chapparal; sometimes wading in two feet of water and three of mud, and a pretty looking set we were. A steamboat took the heavy baggage; we beat her by two hours; we then had to carry all our baggage upon a bluff, about a mile and a half back of the river, and ther pitch our tents. The next day we pushed half a mile further up the river, and with axes and spades, commenced clearing a camping ground for the whole regiment. We had a tall time in clearing out the chapparal, full of snakes, frogs, lizards and turtles, (or gophers, as they call them here. ) We had one good mess of soup, however.
"We are now encamped two miles from the river, from which we have to carry all our water in camp kettles. We are literally hewers of wood and carriers of water, "and nothing else."The water is very muddy, and much worse than the Missouri; but we are glad to drink it, mud and all, considering the distance we have to carry it, the scorching weather, and the salt provisions. Our food is adominable; when you break a biscuit, you can see it move, (if the critters are not dead from eating bad flour. ) The pork and bacon are of the same character. We would not mind this so much, if they would only serve us out enough; we do not get half rations, and were it not for the wild beef we shoot, we should starve.
"We expect to remain her for two months. Mosquitoes abound; the "boys"are getting home sick, and trying every way to get discharged. We have a great many sick; out of nine in our mess, five are sick, one of whom we think cannot recover; a case of yellow fever is reported in Barita. Some of the "boys"who used to sing,
"Rio Grande! I would I were upon your banks,"
now reverse the case, and wish they were three thousand miles away from
it." [Cincinnati Gaz.
[JTW]
NNR 71.024 12 September 1846 complaint of a Pennsylvania volunteer about the poor arrangements for supplies
The late appointments for volunteer general officers may all be very good men, and if experience is afforded, some if not all, may become able generals, but a disaster would now involve our country in a protracted contest.
This is my experience in campaigning, and I may be deceived in supposing
that many things might be done better than they are. For instance, I think
it a great outrage that the quarter master department and commissary department,
are not so managed as to supply all the troops called into service with
provisions and forage as needed, when the fact is, that since we have
been encamped here, our men have been three times without a supply of
provisions for days together, and for a week past our horses have had
no forage furnished.
[RWH]
NNR 71.025-027 12 September 1846 account of the bombardment of Fort Brown
We have been favored by an officer of the army with the subjoined communication, narrating particular sets of gallantry and other interesting incidents which occurred during the bombardment of Fort Brown on the Rio Grande. The brilliant bravery and gallant achievements which distinguished the battles of the 8th and 9th of May command the warmest admiration; but assailed on all sides by a vigorous, incessant, and long-continued attack, as Fort Brown was there is no event in our military annals in which, it appears to us a higher degree of military skill and resource, courage and endurance, under the most trying circumstances, were displayed, than in the brave and successful defence of that post. In all of these conflicts- those in the field, under Gen. Taylor, as well as that of the fort- the high spirit and training of West Point, it should be remembered, were every where conspicuous; and if any thing were needed to sustain the friends of that noble institution against the demagogue- clamors which have assailed it they might point with pride to these actions which have shed so much luster on our arms.
The various letters which have been written on the subject of the bombardment of Fort Brown seem to have been gotten up on the spur of the moment, written during the high excitement which prevailed amoungst us, without regard to justice to officers, non- commissioned officers, and soldiers and to the importance of such an event in our military history.
Having occupied a position to judge the combined action of the garrison, and of observing all the various incidents of the bombardment, I take pleasure in furnishing a correct account of it, as I am not only anxious to do justice to all concerned, but am anxious that events which must bear an important place in our military history should be fully and correctly detailed to the public. And if I succeed in rescuing from oblivion any of those events which reduced so much to the credit and honor of our regular army, I shall feel that I have at least contributed my mile towards reestablishing its worth in the estimation of those of our people who, from long- continued peace, had almost forgotten it.
On the 26th of April, the day after the attack and capture of Thorton's squadron of 24 dragoons, we were first possessed of certain information that the enemy had crossed the Rio Grande in considerable force, and it was evident that he had in view "one of two objects, either to advance on Point Isabel to cut all our supplies, or to attack Gen. Taylor in position; either of which rendered the completion of Fort Brown of immediate necessity in order that it might be held by a small force, whilist the remainder of the army was free to move against the enemy, leaving the United States flag still planted and protected on the left bank of the Rio Grande. From this to the 1st of May the forcers were kept more constantly engaged on the work, laboring hard by day whilst at night they were kept constantly on the alert in expectation of an attack.
On the 1st of May the commanding general ordered the movement of his army, designation as the garrison of Fort Brown the seventh regiment of infantry. Captain Lowd's company of the second artillery and Lieut. Bragg's battery of light artillery, composed of two six pounders and two twelve pounder howitzers. The army moved at 3 o'clock PM on the 1st , and the garrison of Fort Brown marched in two companies and the seventh infantry being assigned to every bastion except the one occupied by Capt. Lowd's company, which manned the eighteen pounder battery of four guns, bearing on the town of Matamoros and the Mexican batteries. When the army marched it was confidently expected that the fort would not be attacked, but General Taylor would certainly have a fight, either in going or returning from Point Isabel. The fort was now far from being finished, or in a proper state of defence- on curtain entirely unfinished, the draw bridge and interior defences not yet commenced.- Our commander saw before him an immense deal of labor to be expended on the work before it could be regarded in proper state of defence, and that not a moment ought to be lost in its completion.
Immediately after reveille on the 2d of May the seventh infantry was turned out to work, and continued to labor hard during the whole day, and until long after dark on the unfinished curtain and gateway, whilist the artillery companies were not less usefully employed in placing their batteries in a condition for offensive and defensive operations. At tattoo at night our gallant commander was on the alert, and, fully impressed with the importance of his trust, ordered his command under arms, and saw every man at the post he was to occupy in case of an attck, directing that every man should be instructed to be ready to report to his place at the plarapet at a moment's warning. During the day muskets were place in the hands of every man capable of bearing arms, and our force numbered five hundred and sixty men and forty officers: thirty-two officers and three hundred and forty-one rank and file seventh infantry; three officers and forty-two rank and file of Captain Lowd's company; four officers and fifty one rank ad file of Lieut. Bragg's company, six dragoons, and one officer and ninety-two rank and file of a detachment of inefficient men from other regiments. Of this number, ninety-five were on the sick report, seventy seven being the number of inefficient men left from other regiments,, and the remainder of the five hundred and sixty were citizens and sutlers, twenty-five in number. This was the strength of our force during the whole of the bombardment, and it has been truly said that "we were surrounded by as many thousands as we had hundreds."
Reveille on the memorable morning of the 3d found the gallant Brown at his post, and whilst giving an order to his staff giving an order to his staff officer to have the seventh infantry turned out to work on the defences, his attention was attracted to the first shot fired by the enemy. With a smile of joy he turned to his staff officer and said: "Sir, we have other to do today; order the batteries manned; go to the right and see that every man is at his post, I will go to the left." Lowd's battery needed no order, it was already manned and each piece directed by an officer, Captain Mansfield, our engineer, having volunteered to aim the fourth piece. At this time it was observed that the flag had been overlooked and not yet raised, when Lieut. Van Dorn volunteered to raise it; which was done under fire from the enemy, which was drawn upon him. The work commenced, and notwithstanding the fear entertained that the axles of the old 18 pounder would not stand it, it was done, and well done.
The enemy's fire was opened onus from the nearest fort, called by us the "Sandbag Battery", by the Mexicans "La Fortine Redonda".
This was composed of one eight-pounder and two mortars, under the command
of Capt. Passamente, a Frenchman, who as he asserts took up arm for his
adopted country and for the protection of his family, but who bravely declined
to follow the fortunes of Gen. Arista when he ingloriously fled from Matamoros.
To the skill of Capt. Passamente as an artillerist we can all bear witness,
as a constant and well-directed fire was kept up from his battery until
his eight-pounder was dismounted by us. The enemy's fire was commenced
and continued with nine pieces of artillery. At this time Sergeant Weizart
of B Company 7th infantry, was killed by a round shot. The enemy's fire
was now continued from the batteries between La Fortine Redonda and the
lower fort from Las Fortine de la Fetcha, and the mortar battery in its
vicinity. After silencing La Fortine Redonda, our batteries continued a
deliberate fire on the other batteries and the town until ten o'clock,
when the enemy ceased firing to repair their batteries, the embrasures
of which were well torn to pieces. We were compellad to cease our fire,
in consequence of the necessity of using our ammunition as sparingly as
possible, the fort having been left with only one hundred and fifty rounds
of ammunition for each eighteen pounder, and the six pounder just as badly
provided. Lieut. Bragg was now ordered to place his guns in barbette in
the several bastions for defence, one, under his own direction, placed
in the bastion commanded by Capt. Hawkins, one, under Lieut. Thomas, in
the bastion commanded by Major Seawell; one under the direction of Lieut.
Reynolds, in the bastion of Capt. Miles; and the other, under the direction
of Lieut. Johnson, in the bastion commanded by Capt. Lee. In this condition
we were surrounded , and without the means of preventing our enemy from
placing his batteries almost wherever he pleased, and using against us
his immense supply of ammunition to every advantage. The conduct of the
officers and men of Capt. Lowd's and Lieut. Bragg's companies during the
cannonade with their batteries deserves high commendation, as they attracted
the admiration of the whole command by the skillful management of their
guns. From seven o'clock on the 1st the seventh infantry was kept constantly
at work on the defences, though the enemy's shells fell and exploded in
all directions around them, every man lying down, when a shell fell near,
and immediately resumed the spade and mek after it had exploded. Officers
were seen showing an example of their men, even in throwing dirt on the
parapet.
[RWH]
NNR 71.034 19 September 1846 account of the Alvarado affair
The three armed schooners got close in- the steamers Mississippi
and Princeton not near enough for their shot to take effect. I
suppose, however, the commodore felt disposed to let them know on shore
that he was there on a visit, and the two steamers and two schooners opened
their fire on the fort with round shot and shell, their shot taking wonderful
effect.- What was very strange, the fort did not return fire. The schooners
might have been injured had they opened on them. When it became twilight
three or four hundred ranged themselves under the cover of the chapparal
bushes, and commenced firing on the schooners which were near on shore,
the schooners returning the fire with the long gun, musketry, grape, canister,
and shell until the firing ceased from the shore. Certainly many must
have been killed, for at every flash from shore a stand of canister or
grape was poured right into them. When the firing ceased from the shore,
the schooners hauled off, by order, into deep water.- During the night
the weather was squally, with heavy rains. The next morning it was portentous
of a heavy gale from the northward, which here, in this gulf is generally
a terrific hurricane. Signal was made from the commodore to stand to the
northward and anchor at this anchorage. The day was one- enough to sicken
the oldest tar; thick with heavy rains, and a dead beat to windward, against
a strong current. Thus ended the visit of observation to Alvarado.
[RWH]
NNR 71.035 19 September 1846 the Cumberland Frigate on a reef
Shortly after closing my letter of the 28th instant, the Cumberland,
Potomac and two of the schooners sailed from Green Island for the
purpose of attacking the enemy's vessels in the river of Alvarado. In
passing through the channel leading to the roads of Antonio Lizardo, I
regret to inform you this ship, owing to a strong current, ran on the northwest
part of a coral reef called the Chopas, in three fathoms water. This was
about half past 4 o'clock in the afternoon.
[RWH]
NNR 71.035 19 September 1846 the brig Truxton lost
The only event of importance which had transpired of late, is the loss of the U.S. brig Truxton on the bar of the Tuxpam river, about 130 miles northward of Vera Cruz. The intelligence was brought to the squadron on the 19th by the St Mary's that ship having picked up one of the Truxton's boats, with Lieutenant Berryman on board.
It appears that Captain Carpenter of the Truxton, wishing to get
his vessel near shore to protect his boats while obtaining provisions,
employed a Scotchman he had taken out of a Mexican prize to pilot him
in, but who, whether by design or accident run him around on the 15th.
On the 17 th with the exception of Lieut. Hunter and a boats' crew she
was abandoned by the officers and men, who went ashore to the number of
about 60 in all, and surrendered themselves to the Mexican commandment
[RWH]
NNR 71.036: September 19, 1846 THE ATTACK ON ALVARADO.
A correspondent of the New Orleans Picayune gives the following account of the affair:
"U. S. Steamer Mississippi,
Off Point Antonio Lizardo, Aug. 9, 1846.
"GENTLEMEN: The commodore has just made signal that letter bags will be sent to Pensacola, and as I may not have a chance again, I write now.
"Day before yesterday we all got under way and steered down to Alvarado
for the purpose of attacking that place. We took our position, as did
the Princeton also, and commenced firing; but the current running so strong
that we were unable to spring the ship, we could only use our bow guns.
The other ships, with the exception of the schooner, were not within gun
shot. We found it useless to send the boat expedition, as we could not
stem the current. Night came on and we stopped firing- The commodore said
we would recommence next morning. When morning came, the signal was "come
here again,"and so here ends our first fire on the enemy. We shall not
renew the attack until the arrival of the steamers Spitfire and Vixen.
They drawing but little water, will be used to tow the boats across the
bar. The schrs. Bonita, Pearl, and Reefer were lying in shore during
the attack, and they received many discharges of musketry, which fortunately
did no harm; but one of them left fly a shell and knocked a Mexican lancer,
horse and all to the d--l. You will received more particular accounts
by some of the newspapers and from the officers of whatever vessel takes
this latter to Pensacola-for the commodore will not tell us what vessel
is going to Pensacola, but I think it is the Princeton."
[JTW]
NNR 71.038 19 September 1846 Gen. Zachary Taylor, having been detained from 10th May to 1st Sept. for want of material of transport, at length succeeds in purchasing 1,500 mules from Mexicans, loads with provisions and munitions, reviews his forces and advances towards Monterey
True, General Taylor has at length obtained supplies and means of transport
which enable him to leave the Rio Grande and push after the enemy in the
direction of Mexico, after having been detained for want of such provisions
from the 10th of May until the first week of September. This sufficiently
evinces that our Administration are not yet familiar with the difficulties
incident to carrying on- or rather commencing a campaign in a foreign
country.
[RWH]
NNR 71.038 19 September 1846 disposition of forces
General Twigg's Command-First Division- 3rd brigade, composed of 3rd and 4th infantry, commanded by Col. Garland; 4th brigade composed of the 1st and 2nd infantry under Col. Riley, regular cavalry, and Capt. Ridgely's battalion of light artillery
General Worth's Command-Second Division- 1st brigade, composed of the
artillery battalion, acting as infantry, and the 8th infantry; 2d brigade,
composed of the 5th and 7th infantry. Duncan's battery and Capt. Blanchard's
company of Louisiana volunteers are attached to this division.
[RWH]
NNR 71.038 19 September 1846 management of mules
The Mexican muleteers, assisted by the soldiers soon put things to right
yesterday morning, and the train went on, the nose of each mule being
tied fast to the tail of his predecessor. They cut a most ludicrous spectacle,
a long train of mules, thus tied; it effectively puts a stop to their
kicking and running away.
[RWH]
NNR 71.038 19 September 1846 march of Ohio volunteers from Matamoros to Camargo
The 1st and 2nd regiments of Ohio volunteers, six companies of the Louisville
Legion, and the Baltimore battalion, arrived here today. They have been
seven days on the march from Matamoros, and brought all the men but two
to Catamargo. One of these died from an injury in the thigh, and the other
died in convulsions soon after wading a lagoon. They suffered very much
for want of water, and, to make it harder, and more dangerous for the
men, their officers had the bad taste to march them by day instead of
night. This proves that the Northern troops can stand the climate of Mexico
nearly as well as those from the South.
[RWH]
NNR 71.038 19 September 1846 Col. William Selby Harney's expedition
Col. Harney left San Antonio on the 23rd of Jul with about 120 U.S. Dragoons,
500 mounted Texans from the Red River counties, and 18 Delewares in the
United States service under Capt. Beaver. The Colonel was marching for
Monclova, Mexico. This movement of Col. Harney astonishes General Taylor
very much but we will soon know what he thinks of it. I guess Col. H will
learn that his moving in advance of Gen. Wool (who is to take the same
route) and that too, without any authority, saying nothing about his
muster volunteers into the service on his own responsibility, will not
meet with the approval of the commander of the army.
[RWH]
NNR 71.038 19 September 1846 march of Ohio volunteers from Matamoros to Camargo
The 1st and 2nd regiments of Ohio volunteers, six companies of the Louisville
Legion, and the Baltimore battalion, arrived here today. They have been
seven days on the march from Matamoros, and brought all the men but two
to Catamargo. One of these died from an injury in the thigh, and the other
died in convulsions soon after wading a lagoon. They suffered very much
for want of water, and, to make it harder, and more dangerous for the
men, their officers had the bad taste to march them by day instead of
night. This proves that the Northern troops can stand the climate of Mexico
nearly as well as those from the South.
[RWH]
NNR 71.038 19 September 1846 Presidio occupied by "adventurers"
Letters from Monterey assert that a body of Americans, who came down by
the way of New Mexico, were joined near the Presidio by a number of Texan
adventureros, and the combined force entered the town without any opposition.
[RWH]
NNR 71.038 19 September 1846 Mexican forces at Monterey, General William Jenkins Worth reaches Saltillo
Mr. Kendall writes on the 22s ult., from Camargo, that the most authentic intelligence from Monterey represented that Mejia had 2,000 regulars and 3,000 raw recruits, all without money or shoes, and ill provided in every respect.
In the same letter Mr. K. announces that news had been received that Gen.
Worth had reached a point one third of the way to Seralvo the morning
of the 21st- all well.
[RWH]
NNR 71.038 19 September 1846 fatal explosion aboard the steamboat Enterprise, list of killed and wounded in the explosion
An explosion occurred on board the steamboat Enterprise on the Rio Grande. This casualty occurred a little after daylight on the 21st ult., about forty-five miles above Reynosa. There were over 150 persons board and many in the immediate vicinity of and directly over the boilers who were scarcely injured.
For the satisfaction of those of our reader who have friends on board the Enterprise, we give the following list of killed and wounded, made out with great care, and which is no doubt correct.
Killed-- Enoch Tucker, A. Boswell, Tenn., Thomas Gaulney, N.Y.; second cook and a stranger name unkown.
Badly Wounded-- Lieut. Dearing of the Louisiana Legion; Wm. A. Cook, C.B. Cook, Tenn., Captain Woods, Wm. Grey, Jacob Bowridge, Thomas Eagle, Texas; J.C. Howard, sutler Baltimore; Joseph Grigsby, Mr. Hickey, sutler, Louisville Legion, Thomas Henepee, Samuel Martin, Patrick Kelly, Frank Tallant, deck hands; J. P. Clark, mate.
Slightly Wounded-- Wilton Cunningham, James Wilson, Tenn.; J. Wheeler,
J. Humerick, Matthew Samson, Christian Coleman, Texas; Mr. Adams, sutler,
Louisville Legion; Edmond Newell, clerk; Captain Kelsey, Conn.; Henry
A. Emmons, mate.
[RWH]
NNR 71.039 19 September 1846 advance of Gen. John Ellis Wool's division
We learn from a gentleman who lately arrived from the Falls of the Brazos
that news reached that place a few days since that 2,000 of the mounted
men from Kentucky and Tennessee had arrived at Robbins' Ferry on the Trinity.
Several persons residing at the Falls immediately started to go to the
Trinity to contract for furnishing beef and other supplies for the troops
on their route to the Brazos. As no depot of military stores has been
established between Robbins' Ferry and Bexar, it is probable that the
troops will wait several days on the Trinity, until their horses can be
recruited and teams procured to convey a supply of provisions to sustain
them on the route."
[RWH]
NNR 71.039 19 September 1846 Col. William Selby Harney's expedition
Much curiosity as well as astonishment was exhibited amongst the officers
at Camargo and at Matamoros, on learning that Col. Harney had advanced;
crossed the Rio Grande and invaded Mexico without waiting for the arrival
of General Wool.
[RWH]
NNR 71.039 19 September 1846 Gen. Stephen Watts Kearney's division leaves Fort Leavenworth for Santa Fe, his force, account of the parties on the route
General Kearney left the Fort on the 3d ult., for Santa Fe, in advance
we presume of the main body of his forces. They remained five days at
the Fort. The troops had lost about one hundred horses altogether, but
were still in good spirits and willing to go ahead. The company of infantry
reached the Fort two days before the mounted troops: they had not lost
a man on the way, and were in excellent health. The whole regiment when
he left, were on half rations and had but few days provisions them. The
wagons taking supplies for them, were met some eight days behind them.
[RWH]
NNR 71.039 19 September 1846 difficulties obstruct the New York California expedition
The difficulties between Col. Stevenson and his regiment are not yet ended.-
The colonel has chartered four vessels to take his regiment on to California-
but as things look now, one will be amply sufficient unless he sails it
very soon. The circuit court is crowded this morning with the parties
and witnesses to a case of habeas corpus, which is to test the legality
and validity of Colonel Stevenson's commission. General Sutherland continues
to be the active instrument of opposition and perhaps will succeed in breaking
up the enterprise. If he does not, it will fall to pieces of itself, most
likely, under the operation of the new movement for peace. In either case
a partisan of the government has been liberally rewarded and it is "all right."
[RWH]
NNR 71.039-040 19 September
1846 comments of the Mobile "Register and Journal"on the disbanded
volunteers
The disbanding of the volunteers. We have little said of the disbanded
volunteers, about whom there has been so much effort to get up an excitement
in New Orleans and elsewhere, because we had not the means of deciding
for ourselves how far the war department had compromised itself in its
correspondence, as it has been accused of doing, by engagements to receive
and retain volunteers for a period of six months. We have always believed
that the course of the department in disbanding these troops and sending
them home, was in fulfillment of strict duty under the laws wherein there
is no discretion allowed- nor have we had any doubt that it is for the
benefit of the service and the interest of the country. These troops could
not be retained lawfully for a less period than twelve months- and if
they had volunarily changed their term and reentered under new law for
twelve months, they would have been, or at least some equal or larger
number of these would have been supernumeraries in camp. Gen. Taylor has,
without them, of the regular mustered troops, even more than he needs,
and more than his means of transportation enable him to send forward.
[RWH]
NNR 71.40 19 September 1846 article on payment of the disbanded Louisiana volunteers
The four companies of volunteers called out at New Orleans, by Gen. Gaines, for Texas, without any orders from the war department; and without any occasion for their services, were paid $51,600 for three months services.-
"We take the liberty to say the assertion relative to the pay of the volunteers is wholly unfounded.- There is not one particle of truth in it. So far from receiving $51,600 neither the four companies nor any individual man of them has received on red cent of pay, from the general, state, or municipal government. It was not for pay or emolument or personal advantage of any kind, that those men volunteered their services to defend the country when it appeared to be menaced with invasion by the Mexicans, and it is hard that their proceedings should misrepresented to the public. What kind of encouragement is this for men voluntarily to leave their homes and endure the hardships of a camp for months in a distant region, at an inclement season of the year? They come back,, are paraded through the streets- display the skill in martial exercises which they acquire in the service- and are there dismissed without a dollar in their pockets- many of them not knowing where they shall obtain a pillow to rest their tired limbs, or procure a morsel of food to assuage their hunger. None of them, we believe actually suffered from either of these causes but if they did not, it was because they were furnished with food and lodging by the kindness of private citizens. It is a reflection upon the justice of our national and local authorities, that payment of these patriotic men has son long been deferred. Four months have elapsed since they returned from Texas, and this sacred debt has not been discharged. We say 'sacred' because it was incurred in a sacred cause and from honorable motives.
"The fact alleged that they went into the service without a call from
the government, so far from being a bar to the validity of their claim
to remuneration, strengthens it and makes it irresistible. Their service
was voluntary and disinterested- and therefore its values is the mere enhanced
and its recompense, as we first remarked, ought to be regarded as a sacred
debt- a debt of honor, which concerns the whole country."
[RWH
NNR 71.040: September 19, 1846 Terrible Riot
TERRIBLE RIOT. A very melancholy affair, little creditable to the discipline,
order and character for civilization, which, in spite of all that has
occurred during the present campaign, we are proud to say are the attributes
of the volunteers, occurred near Burita, Rio Grande, on the 31st ultimo.
On that day a steamboat took on board at Burita five companies of one of
the Georgia regiments. A good deal of animosity had previously been exhibited
by two of these companies, one against another; one of the rivals was
an Irish company. From some circumstance or other, not explained, a row
broke out in the evening between them-close proximity, we presume, producing
hostile collision-and fire arms and bayonets and swords were very freely
used. The Colonel of the Georgia regiment did all he could to put an end
to this disgraceful affray; but so fierce was the conflict between the
contending parties that all was unavailing although it is stated he shot
one man and wounded two more with his own hand. While the battle was raging
between these insensates on the deck of the steamboat, Colonel Baker,
4th Illinois regiment, ordered out companies A and G, commanded
by Captains Roberts and Jones, to assist in putting and end to it. He
then went forward. He then went forward at the head of twenty men, and
urged the rioters to desist; but on his attempting to ascend the ladder
of the steamboat, he was fiercely attacked by those on board, and after
a desperate fight he was shot through the neck, the ball entering behind
and passing through his cheek, prostrating him at once. His small party
was obliged to retreat, having no ammunition with them, carrying off Colonel
Baker senseless. Commissary Post, Sergeant Oglesby, and six men of the
Illinois regiment were wounded-two mortally. Captain Roberts, company
A, then attempted to board the boat, but, after a desperate conflict, he
and his men were beaten off- Captain R. received a severe bayonet wound
through the shoulders into the back, three in length. The affair having
now assumed a serious aspect, Maj. Harris brought out the whole remaining
force of the 4th Illinois regiment, well provided, with ball
cartridge. At sight of this the rioters ceased their disturbance, when
the Georgians were disarmed and put under a strong guard. Colonel Baker,
who received his would while fighting hand to hand with the Captain of
the Irish company of the Georgia battalion, (also severely hurt), will
recover, it is said, as will also Captain Roberts. There were thirty lying
wounded on the boat and on shore on the morning of the 1st
instant. Those who were killed outright, some eight or ten, were said to
have been thrown overboard. An inquiry was to have been immediately instituted
to ascertain the cause of his sad affair.
[JTW]
NNR 71.040(2): September 19, 1846 Health of volunteers
HEALTH OF THE VOLUNTEERS. The Louisville Courier says-"Some eighty volunteers who were discharged from the Kentucky, Ohio, and Indiana regiments on account of sickness, came up on the steamer John J. Crittenden."
The Lexington Observer of the 9th says--"Two of these volunteers
belonged to this place and have arrived at home. Some of the Montgomery
volunteers also passed through this city on their way home. They look
to be in wretched health, and were discharged because of their supposed
inability to do further service during the period of their enlistment.
We understand they report a great deal of sickness among the volunteers.
It may reasonably be inferred, however, that as they are now on the move,
towards Monterey, the health of the men will be improved."
[JTW]
NNR 71.040(3): September 19, 1846 Illinois Volunteers
ILLINOIS VOLUNTEERS. The St. Louis New Era says- "About 20 sick volunteers
returned to this city on furlough on the Corrine. They are sad specimens
of the effects of disease, and some of them will scarcely survive. One
volunteer named Escord, who had been suffering from fever, in a fit of
phrensy, jumped overboard below Memphis and was drowned. There are said
to be about two hundred of the Illinois volunteers at New Orleans in a
lamentable situation, unwell and without money. -One of those men informs
us that when he left the regiment they were twelve miles from Victoria
in Texas, and on that day 260 of the Illinois volunteers were reported
to be sick in camp, and unable to travel. Such are some of the practical
results of war. A few heroes are made, but the mass of those who fill
the armies suffer from privations and disease. We fear that many brave
fellows will fall under the hand of inglorious disease during the present
fall."
[JTW]
NNR 71.048 19 September 1846 difficulties with supplies for the Army of the West, arrangement of forces, depredations of Indians
Col. Kearney with a command of at least 1800 men, reached Fort Bent on the 30th of July, and left for Santa Fe on the 2d of August. All these men were mounted when they left Fort Leavenworth, except a few companies of infantry, which had preceded him from hence and arrived out before him. Absolute want of forage for his horses, obliged Gen. K. to push on immediately from Fort Bent, in hopes of finding food for them on the prairies. He had but a limited supply of rations, and these were extenuated by reducing the men to half rations.
"To all our inquiries,"says the St. Louis Republican of the 10th inst., "as to the prospect of forage for his animals at Santa Fe, we have received the same uniform answer; it was not to be had, except in very limited quantities- at the rancheros from ten to twenty and more miles from Santa Fe. In the whole department, the highest estimate of the surplus wheat is 7,000 to 8,000 bushels, and corn was so scarce as to make it worth, when it could be obtained at all, $3.50 per bushel. Such is the prospect presented for the support of the horses, mules, and cattle, which accompany the expedition."
A battalion of 500 Mormon infantry are marching in the general's rear,
towards Fort Bent. These are followed by Col. Price 's regiment of mounted
men, a thousand strong, and by Major Willok's battalion, consisting of
five hundred mounted men. In the course of the present month, another regiment
of infantry will be organized, and on their way, numbering at least one
thousand men. And to these are to be added a thousand men, at least connected
with the train of the army." Should they ever reach Santa
Fe, the company will consist, in round numbers of forty eight hundred
men; and with the teamsters and attendants of the camp, it will be swelled
to six thousand. At least this number will, at all events, have to be
subsisted and that subsistence must, beyond question, be derived from
the United States."
[RWH]
NNR 71.048 19 September 1846 progress of President's James Knox Polk's "dispatches"proposing negotiations
"Those dispatches"- Mr. Habersham to whom is supposed the government entrusted
the dispatches addressed "To the Mexican Secretary of Foreign Affairs,"dated
27th July last, we find has at length reached Commodore Conner, off Vera
Cruz, by whom they were to be forwarded to Mexico. The New
Orleans Picayune says, "If it did not evince a querulous spirit, we
would say, that government carries travel to the tune of "take your time,
Miss Lucy." We have been watching the progress of the messenger with some
curiosity. He left the City of Washington on the 28th July- some days previous
to the President communicating to the Senate in confidence, his having
made pacific propositions to Mexico. Mr. H. reached Mobile on the 4th
of August and proceeding thence to Pensecola, embarked on the steamer Walcott
for Vera Cruz. The Walcott put back on account of weather and on the 13th
we find Mr. H. at New Orleans- from whence, on the 19th he embarked for
Brazos when he met with the Legare, on board of which he embarked for Vera
Cruz and at length we have an account of his arrival there with his dispatches,
which Commodore Conner the next day sent with a flag of truce to the city.
[RWH]
NNR 71.049 26 September 1846 mediation between the United States and Mexico proposed by Great Britain
From what has passed in the British parliament, it appears that their
government did propose the mediation for a peace between Mexico and the
United States, some time since. The Washington Union gave the
public to understand that no such proposition had been made. The British
minister states that the proposition was to such form as left it optional
with our government to answer or not, and that no answer was given,-
but that the offer has again been made, and in such a way as to require
an answer.
[RWH]
NNR 71.049 26 September 1846 incident of Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna's passing the blockade, his reception at Veracruz
All counts say that Santa Anna was not received at Vera Cruz on landing
with the cordiality which he had anticipated. After had an opportunity
to address them, more enthusiasm was awakened, and 500 troops proceeded
towards the capitol to which Almonte and Rejon had already repaired.
Santa Anna proceeded to a hacienda some distance on the route, where
he remained to recruit.
[RWH]
NNR 71.049 26 September 1846 doubts of reception by the Mexicans of an American minister unless forces are withdrawn, remarks of the "Union"
The impression derived from rumours at Pensecola, Mobile, and Washington, and which the public journals spread, was, that the Mexican Authority- for the time being had refused to enter into negotiations, unless the invading army was withdrawn. Others had it that they demanded an armistice as preliminary to receiving a Minister.
The last Washington "Union"however asserts that "the public journals
are under erroneous impressions about the dispatches brought by the Princeton." Nothing
can be inferred from this journal.
[RWH]
NNR 71.049 26 September 1846 French Journals
It is of some importance to notice, by the way, that some of the French
journals are loudly complaining that the British ministry had not observed
that cordiality which was to have been exposed from them, toward the
French government, in a case where the interests of the two countries
were so mutual, as in the arbitrating a peace between the United States
and Mexico.
[RWH]
NNR 71.050 26 September 1846
debates in British Parliament, mediation explicitly offered
If that discussion had ended in rupture between Great Britain and the
United States, our mediation, of course between the United States and
Mexico would have been out of the question. The offer therefore, which
was made to the United States was in effect this- that if the United States
were disposed to accept the mediation of Great Britain that mediation
would be frankly offered and tendered.
[RWH]
NNR 71.051 26 September 1846 letter on the capture of John Pine Bankhead and the Truxton
Having the honor of being a friend of your son's I take the liberty of addressing you to alleviate the solicitude of your family on the receipt of the news of the loss of his vessel, and the capture of her officers and crew by the enemy, with the exception of Lieuts. Hunter and Berryman.
The former gentleman informs me that your son was quite well when he left the vessel, and speaks in the highest terms of his conduct on the emergency.
I would also state that the officers are enjoying all the honors f war,
and are residing with the Lieutenant Governor at Tuspan- a person very
kindly disposed towards them- and that the province itself has declared
for peace. As the Mexican Government are in our debt a number of prisoners,
your son's detention must be a short one. Sincerely hoping that your
son will shortly will be restored to you.
[RWH]
NNR 71.051-052 26 September 1846 loss of the Truxton on the breakers of Tuxpan
On the 16th a small vessel was seen standing to the port of Tuxpan, and Lieut. Hunter, with nine men, proceeded in the cutter to take possession of her.- They forced their way through the breakers, and captured the vessel, which proved to be a Mexican schooner, with thirteen persons on board. After an unsuccessful attempt board the Truxtan, Lieut. Hunter anchored astern of the brig. On the morning of the 17th the brig hoisted flag of truce, lowed out the dingey with sail battened over her, and cast her adrift. The current carried her through the breakers and Lieut. Hunter took possession of her.- She contained some articles of provisions, and a letter to him from Commander Carpenter in the following words:
I have resolved to surrender the brig, and you are at liberty to use
your discretion about going in. I shall as to have assistance sent to
you immediately.
[RWH]
NNR 71.052 26 September 1846 Monterey (Pacific) surrenders
I wrote you from Monterey on the 6th of July, or shortly after, giving you a detailed account of the occurrences at this place. Fearing, however, that you may not have received it, I forward it to you by this opportunity, which will probably be the last communication you will receive from me, being now homeward bound.
On the 6th of July all was bustle in the cabin of the Savannah; some four or five men were busily employed writing letters, proclamations &c., preparatory to talking possession of California. It was long after the witching hour of midnight ere I was enabled to catch a short and troubled repose, as all was to be prepared by six o'clock the following morning, which came as bright and beautiful as a July day of our own favored island. At six A.M. Capt. Mervine came on board to receive orders, and at 7 he left with a summons to the military commandant to surrender the place forthwith to the arms of the United States, and also a similar summons to the military Governor for the surrender of all California.
At 9. A.M. of the 7th July, the expedition started from the Savannah, composed of the boats of the Savannah, Levant, and Cyane, and landed without opposition at the mole. The forces were then marched up a short distance to the custom house, where a concourse of the inhabitants were assembled. Here the marines and men were halted, and the proclamation red to the multitude by Rodman M. Price, Esq., purser of the Cyane, in a loud and distinct manner, which was received with three hearty cheers by those present. The flag of the United States was then hoisted by acting Lieut. Edward Higgins, immediately after which a salute of 21 guns was fired by the Savannah and Cyane. The custom house was then turned into a barrack for the United States forces, and everything settled down quickly.
Communications were immediately dispatched to Commander Montgomery, of
the Portsmouth at S. Francisco, at which place, and at Zanonia,
the U.S. flag hoisted on the morning of the 9th; and before ten days had
elapsed the whole California, North of Monterey, was under the flag of
the United States, much to the apparent satisfaction of the people; who
hope it will last, knowing how much better off they will be under the
Government of the United States.
[RWH]
NNR 71.053 26 September 1846
Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna's passport
The New York Telegraph states that they have received the following
information exclusively, and that it is true:
Gen. Santa Anna, when the Arab was boarded by an officer of the
St. Mary's was in bed. His handsome wife had risen a few
moments previous to the officer's arrival, and sat in the cabin in a
loose wrapper. A pass was exhibited to the officer, signed by the American
Secretary of State, and of course he was allowed to proceed.
[RWH]
NNR 71.054 26 September 1846 "Union"repeats that the country is impatient for Gen. Zachary Taylor to "act", that he has mules now to enable him to advance, the "plan of the campaign has been concocted in a decisive spirit we ought no to doubt"&c., announces advances of the Army and that Monterey is probably taken
The Washington Union of the 14th says:
The last mails bring no very late intelligence from the army on the Rio Grande. The last dispatches from General Taylor state that the army will be on advance for Monterey by the 1st of September at the latest- perhaps several days earlier.- The country begins to be impatient for action. The heroes of the 8th and 9th May displayed such energies on those memorable occasions as could not but encourage the most sanguine expectations of a prompt and vigorous campaign." Old Rough and ready"has become the soubriquet of the commanding general. We hope that he will realize the character in the end of the chapter. The General who leads the army into an enemy's country should be full of resources- "self-balanced, self-centered"- susceptible of the highest enthusiasm- capable of imparting it to all his followers- bold as well as active- confident of himself- exerting every means, and employing secondary substitutes, according to the circumstances in which he may be placed. Such, we hope, will prove to be the course of the brave commander and the gallant officers with whom he is associated. General Taylor, it is now understood, has the means of transporting in his bands- mules as well as wagons. We hope soon to hear of his rapid marches, and his victorious progress. The plan of the campaign has been conceived in a decisive spirit; and we ought not to doubt that the success of the results will correspond with the vigor of the design.
One rumor has lately prevailed for which we learn there is no sort of foundation. It came in the shape of a letter from Matamoros, about the 18th of August, and was published a few days ago in the "Baltimore Sun." It states that on the preceding night four hundred rancheros had broken into the town and created some confusion; that it was the commencement of the guerrilla mode of warfare, &c. The whole story was unfounded. It was an idle quiz, perpetrated upon the colonel of a volunteer force, which betrayed him into ridiculous blunders.
The Washington Union of the 16th says:
Dispatches have been received which agree, in the most material circumstances, about the movements of the army with the private letters. General Taylor, having sent forward the van and the body of the army, was to leave Camargo on the first days of the present month. A very experienced officer, who has the best opportunities of judging the course of events, expressed the opinion to us today, by this time General Taylor was in possession of Monterey.
We understand that no allusion is made to Colonel Harney in any of the
dispatches just received. One would suppose that General Taylor was better
acquainted with his movements than the Mexicans.
[RWH]
NNR 71.055: September 26, 1846 Letter from Camargo
Camargo, Aug. 31st, 1846.
GENTLEMEN:- "Thus far into the bowels of the land have we marched without impediment."The first Brigade, under General Worth, is now well on to Monterey, and the second, under Col. P. F. Smith, and third, under Colonel Garland, are expected soon to follow. - Captain May, with the second Dragoons and Major Munroe, with the Light Artillery, are to move forward in the same direction. These, with the Texans, Ohio, and Kentucky volunteers all under the command of Old Rough and Ready, will constitute an effective force of 7,500. But a portion of these, however, will proceed to Monterey, the remainder will be stationed at different posts in the rear, to guard them and preserve a communication with the supplies. This is not a pleasant service for those who are eager for the fray, but it can't be helped.
The want of proper means of land transportation is severely felt, although
General Taylor has an effective force of nearly 15,000 men, not a single
additional wagon has arrived, and the conveyance of baggage and accoutrements
is effected exclusively by mules, of which come 1,500 or 2,000 have been
hired or purchased from the Mexican. [Correspondent of the New Orleans Bee.
[JTW]
NNR 71.055(2): September 26, 1846 News from Carmago
Camargo, August 31st. - It is almost incredible, yet true, that whilst the Government has pressed on to this frontier more than 15,000 men, not a single additional wagon cart has been sent to transport supplies, unless they have been landed with a very short time past. - While the army is stationed on the river steamers afford great facilities, but any movement into the interior must of necessity depend upon land transportation. About 2,000 mules have been purchased or hired from the Mexicans, and by packing them, the force now in motion is enabled to advance.
General Worth, with his command, arrived at a pleasant little town called Seralvo, at the foot of the mountains, on the 24th, where he will remain until the main body of the army approaches. It is about seventy miles from here. Colonel Smith is yet within a few miles of this point, but will advance immediately.
General Taylor expects to be at Monterey by the 15th of September, and in Saltillo, about sixty miles beyond, by the 1st of October. Whether any movement beyond the latter place will be made on this line of operations is unknown to the uninitiated. Whether we shall meet with any resistance, is a question upon which opinions are divided. It is certain there will be no resistance this side of Monterey, unless it may be a skirmish between small parties, and that is not very probable. Col. Hays in his tour, of upwards of two hundred miles, met no resistance. Gen. Worth has not seen any enemy. Single companies of Texan Rangers have traversed the country in different directions and me no opposition. Small parties of men have traveled different routes without interruption. So far, every thing indicates a state of quietude and peace.
At Montgomery we understand there is from three to five thousand men,
almost in a state of disorganization, and deserting every opportunity.
Gen. Mejia commands there. I doubt if there be any serious fight. The
Mexicans have no army that can resist the one now moving against them.
They are all excellent troops, and efficient in every respect.
[JTW]
NNR 71.055(3): September 26, 1846 THE RIOT ON THE RIO GRANDE.
'Col. Baker had just returned with a company of his regiment from the
burial of one of their number, and, hearing the riot still progressing
on the steamboat, he ordered this company and one other to follow him
to the boat, with the view of quelling it. In his attempting to do so,
one of the officers attached to the Georgia companies engaged in the melee
at once attacked him with his sword. They had been engaged but a few moments,
when come cowardly villain among the rioters fired a pistol at him, which
passed through the thick part of his neck from behind into his mouth, knocking
out one of his teeth. Such is the report to me this morning from the assistant
surgeon of his regiment. The wound is not this morning considered mortal,
although last evening I did not suppose he would be alive at this time.
He is more comfortable than could be expected, and we now entertain no
doubt that he will recover. In addition to Col. Baker, Capt. Roberts was
slightly wounded by a pistol shot. Capt. Post, acting commissary, slightly;
Sergeant Helm, of company C, badly wounded, a ball passed directly through
his body; Corporal Ursary very slightly; private Dillion mortally wounded
with a bayonet-he probably will not live the day out; privates H. Martin,
Shepherd, and Lee, all slightly wounded. -This constitutes, as far as
can be ascertained, all who were wounded in the third regiment of Illinois
volunteers, and who acted under the command of Col. Baker in the effort
to suppress this disgraceful and unpardonable riot. How many are killed
and wounded among the two companies who were engaged in the riot on the
Corvette I cannot ascertain with sufficient certainty to venture any statements."[Letter to the New Orleans Delta. ]
[JTW]
NNR 71.056 26 September 1846 the march from Matamoros to Camargo, letter from "the sergeant"
After a twelve days march, I have arrived here well, although personal suffering and inconvenience have been with us all, more than you can possibly imagine. We have marched nearly eighteen miles every day, through a country of dense chapparal, the sun blazing upon us with an intensity of heat I never before experienced. But add to this a want of water, and such a condition and such a duty may well seem intolerable. We sometimes had not a drop of water for twenty and twenty four hours; and at others our relief was from drinking from the muddy pools which were found a halled with a shout of delight upon the way. Were I to relate all, you would scarcely believe that human nature could endure such privation and exposure as I have witnessed. Out men have dropped from the ranks and sought shelter among the dry chapparal, careless whether they lived or died. The spot of their retreat has been marked, and when we reach water, a party has been dispatched to bring them in- and we made the march under these trying circumstances, without losing a man.
A hot sun- a breathless atmosphere- a thick chapparal- and no water; this is another picture of campaigning. In the last I gave you, we figured in water up to our necks, and w had a taste of that also. In the early part of the march we have just completed. On our way we killed several very large rattlesnakes; they are here in great numbers, but none of our men have so far been bitten. The reptile the most obnoxious our apprehensions is a very poisonous species of spider which very often proves fatal to the person bitten. I witnessed a few nights ago the sufferings of one of our men from this cause; his agony was so great as to wring from him the most piercing screams; I am glad to say, however, that he recovered.
We have been very fortunate so far; the health of our men is upon the whole very good, and they stand the climate better than any other regimen here. Indeed, amongst the others it appears to me that the drum is continually beating the funeral note of some poor fellow who has just been "planted."
The other day a wagon of the Kentucky baggage train, passed over the fleshy part of the leg of one of their men; mortification ensued, and he was a dead man by morning. Several instances of this character have had the effect to confirm an opinion the wounded in such a climate, is but a passport to the grave; gangrene seems so sure and sudden. Our doctor is now getting ready to take off the foot or toes of one of Captain Piper's men, who was run over by the same train. But I give you these details to interest, not to alarm you that you may have definite idea about our whereabout and true condition. It is all in a man's lifetime you know, and what is to be will be. For my own part, I am happy enough. It is just the life I wanted to have a taste of, and I am by no means disposed to relinquish it.
When we left Barita, we marched through a lagune, nearly a mile of which the water was up to our armpits; I don't know that was ever more amused in my life, and it would have been an odd and ludicrous sight could connoisseur of fun have perched upon us. Imagine to your mind's eye, three men, feeling their way, wading and swaying here and there, holding their musket high over head to preserve them from the water, while now and then some unlucky fellows would souse into a hole, and tumble over out of sight, until he could scramble up or be hauled out by his comrades. Our baggage train numbered ninety-nine wagons, each drawn by six mules.
On our march from Matamoros, we were overtaken by a horse express, one of Captain May's men, dispatched after us by Gen. Twiggs, with information that intelligence had been received at headquarters, that Canales would make an attack on us so as to cut off our baggage train. If you could have seen the Baltimore boys then! The blood was up to fighting heat in a minute- a perfect thrill of exstacy accompanied the intelligence as it ran along the lines. Every musket was thoroughly examined, and all were anxious for an introduction to Canales and his army. But, alas! And alack a-day, their homes were blighted, and no Canales with his men appeared.
I am really beginning to be fearful myself that we shall have no fight. I would like to have on chance on a battlefield, if it were to only see how I should feel. There is nothing like a practical insight into human nature, as it exists in one's own breast. But I am almost certain we shall have no fighting to do. We are, however, still destined to proceed, "onward", is the word, to Monterey. We are not to have our baggage train; all our trunks are to be left behind. Provisions, air munitions, and all necessary articles are to be carried on packed mules. The route to Monterey is long, and I am told by one of our guides very difficult. Let it be ever so difficult we will let Gen. Paredes see that while war lasts, our determination to march through Mexico will never be abandoned. We have here something like twenty thousand men, which is rather more than enough to beat all the troops Mexico can bring into the field.
Excuse all errors and appearances, for I write upon a piece of the top
a flour barrel, lying in my lap.
[RWH]
NNR 71.056 26 September 1846 operation of the Army of the Center, preparations to advance on Chihuahua, San Antonio de Bexar occupied
Gen. Wool is up early and late, and is fast bringing the volunteers into form. He is still in town, but, tomorrow or next day, will pitch his tent, with the troops in Camp Crockett, as will every officer whose constant business does not make it necessary to remain in town.
I have no doubt that the general will take possession of the capital of Chihuahua some time in the month of October. The distance to the Rio Grande is calculated at about 140 miles, and from there to Chihuahua 450 miles, making our march 600 miles, over lovely country.
The Kentucky and Tennessee cavalry, it is supposed, will join Gen. Taylor's command. They have as yet, not arrived. Gen. Wool's force will amount to about 5,000.
Since writing to you on the instant Capt. Washington's company of the
4th United States artillery arrived here from Carlisle, (Pa). They entered
the city yesterday, and passed through in full uniform with four 6 pounders
and two 12 pound howitzers, with their caissons, traveling forge, baggage
train, &c, which made quite formidable appearance for this part
of the country, and much astonished the Mexicans here, they never having
seen so great an artillery displayed in an army, and believing nothing
could equal that of the Mexicans. They encamped on the San Pedro, about
two miles from the city.
[RWH]
NNR 71.056-057 26 September 1846 Army of the West, additional regiments mustered into service, paid, and discharged
The St. Louis Republican of the 8th says: "Major A. D. Stuart,
paymaster of the United States army for this district, we understand
will leave today for Fort Leavenworth, to pay the companies compromising
the regiment of infantry now forming there to join Gen. Kennedy. They
will be entitled, we suppose, to a year's clothing, and traveling expenses
from the place of enrollment to the place where they are mustered into
the service. If we are correctly informed, Major S., is anticipating
what he supposes will be the orders of the proper department, and to do
so, we understand has raised the money from the Bank of Missouri, upon
his own drafts.
[RWH]
NNR 71.057: September 26, 1846 Missouri regiment dismissed
ANOTHER COUNTERMAND. - Letters were received at St. Louis on the 12th
instant, from the war department, notifying the United States officers
at St. Louis of the determination of the government to dispense with the
services of the regiment of infantry called for by the requisition on
the governor of Missouri of 18th of July, and which regiment
had nearly all, assembled at Fort Leavenworth. The order directs that they
shall be mustered out of services as speedily as possible, either at Fort
Leavenworth, or any other point where they may be. They will, or course,
receive pay for the time which they may have passed in service, for traveling
to Fort Leavenworth, and, we presume, six months long.
[JTW]
NNR 71.057(2): September 26, 1846 Letter from a volunteer, artillery
FROM BENT'S FORT. -The St. Louis New Era has the following extract of a letter from a volunteer in Major Clark's artillery company:
Fort Bent, August 9, 1846.
"We are not encamped exactly at the fort, but about nine miles this side.
Our intelligence is very limited as regards our future course, the officers
seeming to consider that the dear people have no use for information.
The impression is we shall start after resting eight or ten days to recruit
horses and men, they are both in almost a universally use up condition,
though there are not a great number actually laid up by sickness-in all,
in our company, about ten. There is great complaining about a want of
provisions, the men actually not receiving more than about half as much
as they can eat. The issue to be made in the future of coffee is to consist
of four tin cups for the entire company for 24 hours. One company lately
attacked a provision wagon and took therefrom all they wanted; and their
example may be imitated. Some of the companies, I believe, have less or
nothing to complain of."
[JTW]
NNR 71.057(3): September 26, 1846 Disappointed volunteer
A DISAPPOINTMENT. - One of our citizens, a youth of remarkable courage
and consistency, and indomnitable perseverance, left this city some years
ago for Texas, where he became distinguished in the military service. He
was here, last spring, looking for an appointment in the mounted regiment,
in which he was promised a captaincy. Being here, he was designated and
employed by the government to carry the Santa Fe traders the intelligence
of the war with Mexico. When the Texas senators were informed that he
had undertaken the task, they pronounced that would be rash in the extreme
for Capt. Howard to undertake the enterprise without an escort. But the
captain did undertake and execute it with entire success. He returned
to this city, a few says ago, and found that he had lost his captaincy,
there being no vacancies-and the war department cut down his allowance
for his energetic enterprise one half. [Washington corres. of the N. Y. Commercial. ]
[JTW]
NNR 71.057 26 September 1846 New York California expedition delayed
New difficulties have broken out amongst California volunteers at Governor's
Island, New York. On the 18th the regiment was marched to the guard house
to receive their bounty money previous to embarking. The men of company
C- the first company marched up- refusing to pay the prices charged for
the clothing, viz: $5 for jackets, $3 for pants, and $1.50 for caps. They
were willing to pay a fair price, but were confined for insubordination.
Company A then came up and refused. They were marched back to their quarters;
and confined to their tents. Col. Bankhead, finding the refusal general,
told them they would be compelled to embark without their pay- which they
preferred to taking the clothing at the prices charged.
[RWH]
NNR 71.057 26 September 1846 Col. Jonathon D. Stevenson's effects seized, difficulties later resolved
Col. Jonathon D. Stevenson- A motion, we understand, was yesterday made
for the appointment of a receiver of the property and the effects of
this gentleman, upon a creditor's bill filed against him, in which N.
Dane Ellingwood was complaintant.- The motion was granted. Will not this
stop his supplies from the government? He is under bail, which was put
in upon his arrest under a writ of ne excal, to stay within the jurisdiction
of the court.
[RWH]
NNR 71.057-058 26 September 1846 letter from an officer at Matamoros
The main body of the army having advanced to Camargo, I am left here to follow on a few days with some of the rear parties. This leaves a few idle hours on my hands and it will be interesting for me to occupy them with a narration of facts and fancies that come within my observation or that pass through my brain: I only hope that it will be equally interesting for you and those around you to read these random thoughts strung together in a random manner.
I have seen many letters, dispatches, communications, &c. from Washington, and also letters from this place to the press of the United States, having the Mexican troops, affairs, country, and people as topics; but all that I have seen has impressed me unfavorably as regards to the knowledge received by the one class of writers, and that intended to be conveyed by the other. Something, therefore, on these subjects may be interesting. My information and opinions addressed in the following manner: Shortly after arrival at this place I received the General 's permission to take a room in town. My next door neighbor, Don is a fair representative of the most worthy class of Mexicans- well educated, well acquainted with history, and statistics of his own country and those of the United States; at the same time, without energy, enterprise or industry; bigoted as a Catholic, yet opposed to the priests as republican opposed to all the recent military Governments, and as a patriot opposed to the Americans. I was called upon almost daily to protect his family from the unceremonious visits or the rude treatment of the volunteers, so that an intimacy was soon established between us: he was pleased to see me in his house, he and his wife and sister took pains to teach me the language, and we were soon on the most amicable relations; and enabled to interest each other in conversation. From the Mexicans one meets in the streets nothing is to be learned, except probably some isolated fact. They are polite and cold- Enter their houses, which you can seldom do without intrusion, and you are treated with a still more cold civility. From the Americans and Irish merchants could learn but little of the true character of the people. They are better acquainted with the state of trade, and geographical facts, and with the mere present temper and opinion of the people. But in this family I learned that feelings exist and opinions are entertained which I neither saw nor heard else, here. For more than two months I have been intimate with this family, and have been a daily visitor, and I have always found them consistent- warm impulsive feelings, weak judgment, and weak character.
The province of Texas extended say they, to the Nueces, and the conquest of Texas extended no further. On the east bank of the Rio Grande, and as far in the interior as the Arroyo Colorado, Mexican families resided- Mexican customs, and Mexican laws prevailed. Texas presumed to lay claim to the Rio Grande and by force of arms of the United States possessed themselves the country. This they say was ungenerous, unjust, and mean; as a powerful people did wrong to a weaker one; under the cloak of a shallow claim. The presence of our troops upon the Rio Grande they looked on as an invasion of their country; when we get among finer and more intelligent race of men. As a nation they are peculiarly given to hope for something better. They are satisfied to see things as they are; they can see no way by which they are to be improved, and are unwilling to make an exertion to improve them; and yet they hope and sincerely expect that things will turn out better.- They do not believe yet but their troops are superior to our regulars; and, as for the volunteers, they consider them as useless being undisciplined. They explain the defeat of the "Resaca"in different ways; the Ampudia men say that Arista sold the army; others say that Ampudia acted as a traitor. There is no doubt but that Ampudia demoralized the army much by his seditious talk, both to his officers and men.
They believe that their cavalry is the best in the world; all that they want is good horses; provided with these; they will be enabled to break an y square or line of infantry. In their own fights, the cavalry ride over the infantry. They believe moreover that in May's charge the whole merit was due to the horse- that they ran away with the riders and carried them much further than intended. In want of other arguments, they fall back upon the history of their revolutions, when rude and undisciplined masses drove from this country the regular troops of Spain. Their first position is to doubt if we will be successful against equal numbers, and they calculate with certainty on our falling before superior forces. Second, that the great disadvantages we will labor under when in the interior of the country, far removed from our supplies, that these difficulties will defeat us, without the agency of Mexican troops.- Third, that though they may be beaten, still they will not be conquered; they will have to continue the war three years, when we must be defeated by our own expenses. That these opinions are held is proved in other ways. We can get the services and property of these people for the money, but we have not got their good will.
There is another circumstance that will make our military success unavailable: the want of stiffness in the nation. If they had a commerce for this war to destroy; if they had an internal industry which it would interrupt, or if the people possessed luxuries and comforts of which they would be deprived, there would then be something to operate against, and by which we could move the people. We could be as the whirlwind in the forest- leave the desolation of war around us. But, constituted as Mexico is, our visitation will be as the tempest in the prairie: for a moment we will agitate the grass that is in our track, but leave no impression behind us.- The country is without commerce, industry or institutions; the people are without comforts, and are armed with a panopoly of vanity and pride which is bullet- proof. They have but to step aside and let the storm pass, biding their time to set. And, should it not come, they will still smile complacently as they reflect that this tempest, which had done them no harm, has at least been expensive to their enemies.
Nothing can be more uncongenial to their feelings than the idea annexation,
or of living under American laws. They recognize the superiority of our
institutions; they see that property is protected, that industry is promoted,
that our people are not the sport of yearly revolutions, nor victims to
the exactions of a ruthless and starving soldiery. They wish that their
institutions and laws could be the same, and that they could have the
same chance of being a happy and industrious people; but they want it
among themselves. But, with annexation to the United States, they see not
their amalgamation with our people, but to their own extinction. They see
their religion sunk from the high position it now holds they will have
strange laws and strange customs thrust upon them; they will see their lands
pass from their hand through some deficiency of title, of which they are
now happily ignorant; they will have the wild restless population from
Texas and the valley of the Mississippi for neighbors, whose contempt for
all law is supreme, and whose disregard of the decencies of life, and
of property, and of life itself, is notorious.- No its better for us to
wait, say they; time may improve our Government, or we may be enabled to
set up one for ourselves. At any rate, whatever disorders we have we must
submit to; we have still our own religion, our own people, our own lands,
and our own laws and customs, and no advantage which we might gain from
annexation to the United States can compensate us for the loss of these.
Such is the spirit and feeling as expressed by themselves, and is demonstrated
by their acts. How will this affect our military operations? We must expect
to find no party in our favor, no gratuitous information or assistance-
every thing reluctantly given, even for high prices, whereas the Mexican
General will be informed of all the pariculars relative to us which he
may desire to know. They will offer no resistance to our progress, and
probably will cause us but little annoyance to our supply trains and our
foraging parties; for although imbued with the feeling of bitterness and
hate, they still want the courage and enterprise of the Spanish guerrilla
to make them formidable. Should, however, occasions present themselves
where there would be but little risk and certainty of escape, and booty
to be acquired they would not fail to make the trial; and if successful
would make it a bloody triumph. Should disaster happen to us, then would
they be about us.
[RWH]
NNR 71.058 26 September 1846 comment on Gens. Pedro Ampudia and Mariano Arista
So much for General Arista. Ampudia did all he could to destroy Arista
and, I think was gratified at the results of the two fights.
[RWH]
NNR 71.058-060 26 September 1846 Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna's proclamation from Veracruz for the regeneration of the republic
Vera Cruz, August 16, 1846. MEXICANS: Called by the people and the garrisons of the departments of Jalisco, Vera Cruz, and Sinaloa, South Mexico, and other points of the republic, I quitted Havana on the 8th inst. at nine in the evening, with the sole object of coming to aid you in saving our country from its enemies, internal and external. Great has been my joy, when, on arriving at this point, I learned that the former had been overthrown by your own forces; and that I was already proclaimed, on all sides, as general-in-chief of the liberating army. A proof of so much confidence will be met by me with the utmost loyalty; but on accepting the plan proclaimed, allow me to enter into some explanation, which I consider necessary, in order to dispel any suspicions founded on a past, the recollections of which are so painful to me.
Desiring to consolidate peace in the interior of the republic, in order to make it flourish and prosper, and to assure by that means the integrity of our immense territory, I devoted all my efforts, in consequence of the events of 1834, to establish an administration endowed with vigor and energy, and capable of keeping down the spirit of turbulence and discord. Without ever going beyond republican forms, I endeavored for this purpose to support myself on property, on high position, on creeds, and even on the few historical memorials existing in our country; hoping thus to moderate, by the inertia of conservative instincts, the vehemence of popular masses. But without ascendancy and prestige, as I was, and the elements assembled by me being viewed with distrust, resistance was made on all sides; which, however, expected to overcome in time. I call on God to witness, that in this I acted with patriotism, with sincerity, and with good faith.
After some years of trial, I began to remark that the republic did not advance; that some departments showed tendencies of separation from the others; and that the public discontent was daily increasing wavering then in my convictions, they afterwards lost all their power, when a part of the country had been occupied by strangers, and our national existence of the, whole was endangered. I called on the people to the rescue, and they answered me with threats; as if any other misfortune could have been preferable to that in which the country then was placed. Urged by the firm determination that we should be a sovereign and independent people, and knowing, on the other hand, the vast resources on which we could rely for support, I then became convinced that our government, being organized in a manner by no means conformable with the wishes of the nation, and governed by secondary legislature, not adapted for the advancement of its interests, the people revenged themselves in that way, by seeking for an occasion in which they should be called on to take care of their own good, and to organize their government in a manner which they should consider most proper.
In our time, we have seen another nation, in a similar conflict employing similar means to oblige its government to promise the representative system which it was anxious to have established, and when that had been obtained, we have seen its moral apathy changed into heroic enthusiasm against the foreign invader who endeavored to subjugate it. Is there anything, therefore, strange in the idea that our people should, in this instance, do as much to recover the full enjoyment of their sovereignty, acknowledged by all governments, though trodden under foot by all, in the practical administration of affairs? On this point I owe to my country, in consideration of the part which I have taken, to declare frankly and honestly, upon this critical and solemn occasion, that it can be saved only by a return to first principles, with entire, submission of the minority to the sovereign will of the majority of the nation. Upon proof so clear and peremptory, of the serious difficulties attending that which I had considered best calculated to secure to the republic respectability abroad, I found it right to recede, and to yield to public opinion, and follow it with the same ardor and constancy with which I had opposed it before comprehending it. To discover the most effective means of raising the spirit of the public, and predisposing it to the war, with which we were threatened on the north, was my employment; and I was beginning to develop the measures for that purpose, when the events of the 6th of December, 1844, occurred, and plunged the republic into the miserable situation in which you now see it.
Expatriated from that time forever from the national territory, with a prohibition to return to it under the hard penalty of death, the obstacle which I was supposed to present to the establishment of an administrative system, conformable with public exigencies, being removed, I believed that the men who had succeeded in placing themselves in my stead, by calling public opinion to their aid in effecting it, would respect that opinion, and summon the nation to organize its government according to its own wishes. Pained, as I was, not to be allowed to take part in the real regeneration of the country, I still most sincerely desired it; because I believed that whilst our political horizon was daily becoming darker, no other means was left to save us.
My prayers for this were redoubled, on seeing that, in consequence of the development of the invasive policy of the United States, stimulated by the perfidy of the cabinet of General Herrera, on the serious question of our northern frontiers, the European press began to indicate the necessity of a foreign intervention in our domestic concerns, in order to preserve us from the ambitious projects of the neighboring republic. That, however, which raised my uneasiness to the greatest height, was to see in a newspaper of credit and influence, published in the old world, a proposition made in October last, to bring us back, by force, under the yoke of our ancient masters. My conviction was, nevertheless, still strong, that no Mexican, however weak might be his feelings of attachment for his country, would dare to favor such ideas openly, and still less to recommend them to the consideration of the people.
Meanwhile, news reached me of a revolution projected by General Paredes, which revived my hopes; for though he had been the determined enemy of every representative popular government, I supposed that he had altered his opinions, and I honored him so far as to believe him incapable of advancing schemes for European intervention, in the interior administration of the republic. He succeeded, and his manifesto declaring his adhesion to the plan proposed by the troops quartered at San Luls Potosi, increased my uneasiness; because I clearly saw in it a diatribe against the independence of the nation, rather than the patriotic address of a Mexican general, seeking, in good faith, to remedy the evils of his country. His perverse designs were, in fine, fully revealed, as well by his summons [for the assemblage of congress] of the 24th of last January, issued in consequence of this revolution, as by the newspapers showing the tendency of his administration to the establishment of a monarchy, under a foreign prince, in the republic.
As one of the principal chiefs of the independence of our country, and the founder of the republican system, I was then indignant at this endeavor of some of its sons to deliver the nation up to the scoffs of the world, and to carry it back to the ominous days of the conquest. I thereupon took the firm determination to come and aid you to save our country from such a stain, and to avoid the horrible consequences of a measure by which its glorious destiny was to be reversed, carrying it back to what it was, and to what it never should be again. To execute this determination, was to offer up my blood to any one who, in case of failure, might choose to shed it, in compliance with the terms of the barbarous decree which drove me from the republic; but I preferred to perish in this noble attempt, rather than appear indifferent to the ignominy of my country, and see the countless sacrifices made for our independence, and the right to govern ourselves, all rendered illusory.
Mexicans: The real objects of those who, while invoking, order and tranquillity, have constantly endeavored to prevent the nation from organizing its government as it chose, have now been laid open; and the time is come when all true republicans of all parties, the body of the people as well as the army, should unite their efforts sincerely, in order to secure entirely the independence of our country, and to place it at liberty to adopt the form of government most suitable to its wishes, each sacrificing his own individual convictions to the will of the majority. How, indeed, can the minority, however wise, opulent, and powerful they may be, pretend to assume to themselves the right to regulate the affairs of the community, or to govern the majority, without an express delegation from the latter, given of their own accord, not presumed, nor still less extorted by force? This may be among people who are ignorant of their own rights, and where the want of the means of independent subsistence subjects the many to the few, who have monopolized everything; but it is not to be effected among us, in whom the democratic spirit, in the midst of so many favoring circumstances, has been developing itself for thirty-six years, and now renders imperious and decisive, the necessity of concentrating by practice, the political axiom of the sovereignty of the nation.
This most essential circumstance has been disregarded and despised in all the constitutions hitherto given to the country; and in the only one which has appeared most popular, the antagonism of the principles adopted, has rendered it ineffective; so that democracy, which alone can serve as a solid basis for our social edifice, has been unable to develop itself, and thus to afford the peace which is its instinctive law, and the other ineffable benefits which it produces. Hence the convulsions which have so long agitated us, and of which some European writers have taken advantage, so far as to depreciate our race; opposing the liberty and independence of the republic; manifesting the necessity of interference, in order to strengthen it against the febrile invasion of the United States; and declaring, in fine, that it would be as easy to conquer Mexico with a portion of the troops now quartered in the island of Cuba, as it was in the time of the native Mexican princess. My blood boils on seeing the contempt with which we are thus treated, by men who either do not know us well, or who, interested in transplanting among us the fruits of their old social systems, and of the times in which they originated, consider America in the same state in which it was in the sixteenth century. Should any attempts be made, as indicated, to carry these mad plans into effect, all interests of race would be silenced, and but one voice would be heard throughout the continent. The one hemisphere would then be seen arrayed against the other, and for the disasters each would fall on the rash aggressor who should thus attempt to interfere with the internal administration of other nations, he alone would be responsible.
To pronounce thus against the many nations which form the great Hispano-American family, to declare them incapable of enjoying republican institutions is, in fact, to be ignorant of, or to conceal, what is proved by the testimony of Chili, New Grenada, arid Venezuela, in contradiction of such assertions. It is to attribute, no doubt with evil intentions, to men of a certain race, defects of administrative forms, which, not being entirely democratic, have produced the bitter fruits of the monarchical forms, engrafted on them, without adverting to the fatal influence of the latter on the lot of the others.
To expect, moreover, to strengthen the nation by monarchy, under a foreign prince, is to suppose the existence in it of elements for the establishment and maintenance of that system; or that, wearied by its struggle, to conquer its liberty, the nation sighs for European masters, or for anything else than the peace, which alone it wants. Erroneous, most erroneous indeed is this idea. In the efforts of the nation to emancipate itself from the power of the few, who, in good or in bad faith, have endeavored to rule it in their own way, its democratic tendencies have acquired such a degree of intensity and energy, that to oppose them, to attempt to destroy the hopes to which they gave birth, by a project such as that advanced, would be to provoke a desperate measure; to endeavor to cure an evil by the means calculated to exasperate it. Fascinated by the example of a nation not yet a century old, and which, under its own government, has attained a degree of prosperity and advantages not enjoyed by those of the Old World, notwithstanding their antiquity, and the slow progress of their political systems, our republic aspires only to the management of its own affairs, either by itself, or through representatives in whom it has confidence, in order to develop the vast resources of power and wealth in its bosom.
This being therefore its dominant, its absorbing idea, it would have resisted the other plan with all its might and if an attempt bad been made to change its direction by the employment of foreign bayonets, it would have flown to arms, and war would have burst forth throughout its immense territory, renewing even more disastrously the bloody scenes of 1820 and the succeeding years. From such a state of things, the Anglo-American race would have derived great advantage for the progress of its ambitious schemes, or for forming a new republic from our interior departments, by exciting their sympathies and gratitude for the services rendered them in repelling a project no less injurious to itself. This tendency, which has been excited in some departments by disappointment from not obtaining provincial liberties, which they desired, would have become general throughout all; and no force would have been able to restrain them from carrying such views into effect.
On the other hand, the republic being composed for the most part of young men, who have no knowledge of the past, except from the sinister accounts of their fathers, and who, educated with republican ideas, rely with confidence on a government eminently popular, to lead their country to prosperity and greatness---where are the internal supports which monarchy presented as the means on which our salvation can be founded? That which has disappeared, habits of passive obedience no longer exist; and if there remains a sentiment of religion, time has undermined the political power of the directors of consciences. An influential aristocracy, so necessary for the permanence of monarchies such as exist in old Europe, the only proper place for institutions of that class, is not to be found, nor can it ever be organized here. In Europe, the misery of the great mass of the overloaded population, which depends on its own labor to obtain what is strictly and merely necessary for its subsistence, in the midst of an industry which is so severely tasked, allows no time to the people to think of their political rights, nor means to free themselves from the tyranny of the patrician families, on whom they depend, all the landed property being in their hands. But no such state of things can be found in our republic; in which all is uncultivated, virgin, rich, and fruitful, offering to man, in the utmost abundance, and with the greatest facility, all that he can ask for his labor---all that can lead to that individual independence which favors the development of democratic instincts.
These difficulties being, therefore, of such a nature as to render nearly impossible the establishment of monarchy in our country, attempts have been made, in order to overcome them, to throw the affairs of the republic into the greatest disorder, preventing the organization of its government within, and aggravating the most serious question of our northern frontiers with another nation.
In this manner the faction which fostered that parricide project, having attained the first of its ends by many years of artifices and maneuvering, next proposed to carry the second into effect, by provoking, in a manner almost direct, the government of the United States to aggrandize itself by taking our rich department of Texas, and then advancing into the very heart of our country. To involve our people in the evils of a fearful invasion, has been its last resource, in order to force them to accept its painful alternative obliging them either to become the prey of Anglo-American ambition, or to fly, for the safety of their national existence, to monarchical forms under a European prince.
For this object it was that this party, having the control in the chambers of 1844-45, refused to the government of that period the appropriations which it asked for maintaining the integrity of the national territory, already seriously jeoparded. It did more: it raised up a revolution, in which the slender allowances made to the government for that object, on its urgent demands, were unblushingly declared to be suppressed; and, on its triumph, it scattered the means collected for the war, and hastened to recognise the independence of Texas. The chief of this revolution, who has always acted under the influence of his own fatal inspirations, then appeared again in insurrection at San Luis Potosi, with the force destined for the defence of the frontiers; and withdrawing that force to the capital of the republic, he there usurped the supreme power, and began to put in operation his scheme of European intervention in our interior administration, whilst the hosts of the Anglo-Americans were advancing to take possession, even of the banks of the Rio Bravo. Having at his disposal considerable forces in the adjoining departments, he allowed the enemy time to advance, without resistance, through our territory; and at length-most tardily-be sent to Matamoras a small body of troops, needy, and unprovided with anything necessary for conducting the campaign with success. Who can fail to see, in these perfidious maneuvers, the bastard design of attracting the forces of the enemy to our central territories, in order there to propose to us, in the midst of the conflicts of war, as the only means of safety, the subjection of the republic to servitude, the ignominy of the country, the revival of the plan of Iguala---in fine, the return to the government of the viceroys.
With this object, and for this fatal moment, which every means was employed to hasten, was a congress assembled, chosen for the purpose, composed only of representatives of certain determined classes, not forming even a sixth of our population, and elected in a manner, perfidiously arranged, to secure a number of voices sufficient to place the seal of opprobrium on the nation. Leaving, with scarcely a single representative, the great majority of the nation, the eleven bishops of our dioceses were declared deputies, and our ecclesiastical cabildos were authorized to elect nine others on their parts, giving to the bishops the faculty of appointing such proxies as they might choose, to take their places in case they should not find it convenient to attend in person. Does not this prove abundantly that a decided endeavor was made to supplant the will of the nation, in order to give some species of authority to this scheme of European intervention in the settlement of our internal affairs?
The protestation of republican sentiments made by General Paredes, after these irrefragable proofs so fully condemning him, were only new acts of perfidy, intended to tranquilize the republic, to set its suspicions at rest, and to arrange the occasion for carrying into effect his base designs. He uttered these protestations in the middle of March last, when he saw the public discontent manifest itself against his powers and his plans. But what followed? Did he not continue to protect the Tiempo, a newspaper established in the capital itself, for the sole object of rendering republican forms odious, and recommending the necessity of a monarchy; advancing every argument which could be supposed calculated to lead astray the good sense of the nation? Did he convene another popular congress? Did he retract the summons which be had issued in January, placing the fate of the nation at the mercy of the few men who remain among us of the old colonial regime? Everything continued in the same way; and, when the press was prohibited from discussing forms of government, it was in order to give an amnesty to the writers in favour of monarchy, who were then prosecuted by the judicial power, and to encourage them to continue their criminal publications, while silence was imposed on the defenders of the republican system. Meanwhile he hastened, by every means in his power, the assemblage of the congress destined to carry into effect his monarchical plan; he concentrated his forces, in order to suppress all movements on the part of the people, alarmed by the neat, approach of such an unpropitious event; abandoning our frontiers to the invaders, or rather surrendering them to the foreign enemy, by the reverses which he had prepared and arranged at Palo Alto and Resaca de la Palma.
No, Mexicans! let there be no compromise with a party whose conduct has been a tissue of cruel treachery towards our country ; have nothing to do with it, however flattering be its promises, and whatsoever the forms with which it may in future invest itself.
In the last convulsions of its agony it sought to assure its safety by its accustomed maneuvers. It proclaimed principles which it detested. It allied itself with bastard republicans, and exhibited itself as the friend of liberty, in order, by that means, to avoid its just punishment, to maintain itself in power, and to continue to undermine the edifice cemented by the illustrious blood of the Hidalgos and Morelos.
The fraudulent schemes of the enemies of our country being thus unfolded, and the true source of its misfortunes being laid open to all, the radical remedy of the whole evil consists in putting an end for ever to the ruinous control of minorities, by calling on the nation honestly to fix its own destiny, and to secure its territory, its honor, and its welfare. Thus placed in entire liberty to act, as it should be, in the midst of the discussions carried on by the press, in the tribune, and even in the streets and squares, it will take into consideration the evils which surround it, and seek the means of resisting them 1 and satisfied in its desires, mistress of its own fate, it will display the energy peculiar to a free people, will prove equal to the conflicts in which it is to be engaged-and will come out of them, not only honorably, but moreover, entirely regenerated. In this way, the administration, established, resting on, and springing from public opinion, may display all its organized forces, to maintain our territory, instead of quartering them in the central towns, as hitherto, under a government created by seditious movements, constantly at war with the nation, and occupied solely in endeavoring to save itself, without regard for our external dangers.
Fellow-countrymen, never has the situation of the republic been so difficult as at present. Its national existence threatened on one side, on the other an attempt has been to subject it to the hardest of all lots, to European dominion. Such is the abyss to which we have been brought by the endeavor to govern our young society according to the system adopted in the old. This is the true cause of the long struggle in which we have been engaged, which has weakened our forces, and by which the interests of the majority have been sacrificed to the extravagant pretensions of a small minority. This state of things must be ended, in compliance with the wishes of the nation; and by opposing to the former, the Union of republicans of true faith, the concert of the army and the people. By this union we shall conquer the independence of our country; thus united, we shall confirm it by establishing peace on the solid basis of public liberty thus united, we shall preserve the integrity of our immense territory.
But now, with regard to the plan proposed for revolution, it is my honor and my duty to observe, that by limiting the congress therein proclaimed to the organization of the system of government, and the determination of what relates to the serious question of our northern frontiers, the provisional government of the nation would find itself required, until the system has been thus organized, to use its own discretion on all other points. This would be investing the provisional government with a dictatorship, always odious, however imperious might be the circumstances rendering it necessary. I therefore propose that the said assembly should come fully authorized to determine with regard to all branches of the public administration, which may be of general interest, and within the attributes of the legislative, power; the provisional executive of the nation acting with entire submission to its determinations.
I consider it, moreover, indispensable that a uniform rule be established for the regulation of the interior affairs of the departments; and that for this purpose the constitution of the year 1824 be adopted, until the new constitutional code be completed. By this means we shall avoid that divergency of opinions, at this critical moment, when uniformity is so much needed; the national will which sanctioned that, code will have been consulted, and the executive of the nation will have a guide to follow, so far as the present eccentric position of the republic will allow. I submit both measures to the will of the departments, expressed by the authorities, who may be established in consequence of the revolution; proposing, moreover, that the provisional government of the nation should adopt forthwith the second, as the rule of its conduct, until it be determined otherwise by the majority of the departments, in the form already indicated. The slave of public opinion myself, I shall act in accordance with it, seeking for it henceforth in the manner in which it may be known and expressed, and subjecting myself afterwards entirely to the decisions of the constituent assembly, the organ of the sovereign will of the nation.
Mexicans! There was once a day, and my heart dilates with the remembrance,
when leading on the popular masses, and the army, to demand the rights
of the nation, you saluted me with the enviable title of soldier of the
people. Allow me again to take it, never more to be given up; and to devote
myself until death, to the defence of the liberty and independence of
the republic.
[RWH]
NNR 71.065 October 3, 1846 Arrest and execution of Mexican spies at Camargo, attack on Americans between Camargo and Matamoros
Intelligence from Point Isabel, of the 16th instant, states that two Mexican
spies had been arrested at Camargo and hung. It is also stated that a
party of Americans on their way from Camargo to Matamoros were attacked
by some Mexicans, and one American and six Mexicans killed.
[WFF]
NNR 71.065 3 October 1846
suspension of the building of wagons for the Army
The Newark Adventurer of the 16th states that orders are received
there to stop building wagons for the army for the present. Only about
150 as yet been forwarded from there.
[RWH]
NNR 71.065: October 3, 1846 LATEST FROM THE ARMY OF OCCUPATION.
Advices reached New Orleans, on the 21st from Brasos St. Jago.
Capt. Murray reached Camargo on the 8th Sept. post haste from Gen. Worth's camp at Seralvo, 60 miles from Monterey. McCullouch's rangers had come into camp with intelligence that on the 4th, about 40 miles from Seralvo, they discovered a body of Mexicans, who retired as the rangers advanced until the latter discovered a body of 800 to 1000 men. They ascertained the Mexicans to be in force, and probably designed to attack General Worth before the army arrived.
Capt. Murray met General Taylor, with a part of his force, some distance in advance of the main body, and within 35 miles of Seralvo, on a forced march to its relief. Captain Murray thought it highly probable that a battle was fought on the 8th. The Mexicans it was said had determined to make a strong resistance between Seralvo and Monterey. The forces of Ampudia and Arista were co-operating, and their numbers now said to be 8000, were accumulating rapidly, the Mexicans rallying to their standard from all quarters. Monterey is said to be well fortified.
Santa Anna, Ampudia and the Governor of Tamulipas, have issued proclamations which have been received at Camargo. The proclamation of Ampudia makes the penalty very severe upon all who may furnish provisions, assist in transporting provisions, or in any wise aid the Americans. It prohibits them from holding any intercourse or carrying on any trade with us. Death and a confiscation of property are the penalties for disobeying the order.
General Taylor issued an order on the 10th instant, at Camargo, forbidding any American citizen to locate in Camargo without a written permit from the General. No goods would be permitted to remain, and no person not connected with the Army suffered to stop in Camargo.
Intelligence from Point Isabel, of the 16th instant, states that two Mexican spies had been arrested at Camargo and hung. It is also stated that a party of Americans on their way from Camargo to Matamoras were attacked by some Mexicans, and one American and six Mexicans killed.
At Matamoras col. Clark was shot at while sitting in his room. It was ordered that all Mexicans be deprived of their arms, and none should either go out of the city or come into it without the written order of the commander.
There appears to be a vast deal of sickness at Matamoras and other towns
on the Rio Grande. The McKim brought over 250 invalids to New Orleans,
a number of whom were admitted into the Charity Hospital.
[JTW]
NNR 71.066 3 October 1846 curiousty
respecting reply received by government from Mexican government, speculation
thereon, hopes of a peace diminished, the "Union for going to war in earnest,
another campaign required.
The government paper at Washington preserves a silence not easily accounted
for, in regard to the nature of the reply received by the president from
the government of Mexico, provided the general impression derived from
other sources to be correct as to the tenor of that reply. Granting that
state policy would frequently, especially during a state of war, render
the promulgation of dispatches improper, yet it is difficult to perceive
how such a reply as it is said the government has received, could be that
of character. Not only public curiosity, but an immense amount of public
private, and individual interests could relieve the anxiety incident to
these involvements, so that the future might be duty attend to by all,
is so obvious a duty that we are bound to presume that government has
some motive for the silence in this case, however much it may puzzle us
to conceive what that motive can be.
From information derived from our other sources, the impression has become fixed, however, that the authorities of Mexico instead of replying definitely to the proposition of President Polk, have alleged that their executive has not the adequate authority to act in the premises, and that until their congress shall assemble in December, they are compelled to defer an answer.
This resolves itself at once into a decision that war must be continued.
[RWH]
NNR 71.066: October 3, 1846 Gen. Stephen Watts Kearny marching for Santa Fe
"The Army of the West,"under Gen. Kearney, was at the last authentic
intelligence from thence, in full march for Santa Fe, with more than
ample force for its occupation. A report had arrived at St. Louis that
General K. had taken Santa Fe without opposition, but it was believed
to be premature.
[LA]
NNR 71.066(2): October 3, 1846 The Mormon Battalion
Not only more than adequate force to take possession of, but many thousands of "settlers"intending permanently to occupy California, are far on their way towards that region. From one of those parties that started prior to the commencement of the Mexican war, we have in the St. Louis Republican of the 21st September, the following gloomy account:
"The Mormons. We have a most dismal account of the condition of the Mormons
who undertook to migrate to California, but stopped at a place agreed
on between them and Col. Allen, when the latter was desirous of raising
a battalion of infantry from among them. They were to locate on the Platte
river, and there to remain for an indefinite period of time. They attempted
to raise a crop for their subsistence, but failed to do so, and have abandoned
the Platte, and are now at Bellevue, on the Missouri river, near the
Council Bluffs. -They are said to be in a starving condition, and nothing
but the aid of the government, during the coming winter, will save many
of them from death. President Polk, it is understood, some time ago dispatched
an agent to their camp, to inquire into their condition--probably with
a view of granting them some relief--and he is said to have returned to
this city on the General Brooke."
[JTW]
NNR 71.066 3 October 1846
prizes taken by a Mexican privateer
Captain J. H. Rodney of the brig F. L. Vail, arrived at St. John's,
N.B. from St. Martins, reports that on the 23d of July, he saw Mexican
privateer with three American vessels, prizes, passing by the Island of
St. Martins, apparently bound through Sombrero passage.
[RWH]
NNR 71.066(3): October 3, 1846 Infantry assembled at Fort Leavenworth
THE REGIMENT OF INFANTRY, which had just assembled at Fort Leavenworth
and about the marching of which so late in the season anxiety was awakened,
at last received their pay and outfit, and had no sooner done so, than
an officer arrived with orders from the department for their immediate
discharge. The expenses incurred in raising, subsiding, clothing, supplies,
and transports for this corps is estimated at between ninety and one hundred
thousand dollars.
[JTW]
NNR 71.067 3 October 1846
intelligence from John Charles Fremont, &c.
We have received communication by which we learn that Mr. Toplin arrived
at Independence September 11th, direct from the Sacramento river, where
he left Capt. Fremont on the 3d of April last. Capt. Fremont had received
no news of the war, but was intending to remain where he was until he
received further orders from the United States, which were daily expected.-
Our reader will remember that he was ordered out of the country, but did
not intend to go until he was ready.
Mr. Toplin was at Bent's Fort on the 18th of August, Gen. Kearney and
all of his troops had been gone some days. He met at Col. Price's regiment
at Pawnee Fork and Col. Price himself at Pear Spring, with the remainder
of his command. They were all in good health and getting on well. The
Mormon battalion was at Council Grove on the 20th August.
[RWH]
NNR 71.067: October 3, 1846 The Army of the Center ready for Chihuahua march; Col Harney arrested
THE ARMY OF THE CENTRE, under General Wool, at the last dates from his headquarters announced to between 3 and 4000 men; were nearly ready to commence the march for the Mexican province of Chihuahua.
Colonel Harney, with his mounted dragoons, returned from his excursion into Mexico, without surprising Monterey, as some seemed to apprehend that he had done or might do, and without, so far as we can perceive, having achieved anything from which laurels can be culled. Three of his men were killed by the Mexicans on their route back. His corps will probably form the advance of Gen. Wool's division, which will consist altogether of over 5,000 men.
It was stated in some accounts that Col. Harney had returned in consequence
of orders that effect from Gen. Taylor, and that he was under arrest and
would be court-martialed, but the account has been contradicted.
[JTW]
NNR 71.067 3 October 1846 arrival at New Orleans of sick and discharged volunteers from the Rio Grande
The United States steamer Telegraph, Captain Auld, left Brazos
Santiago on the 12th and arrived here yesterday via Port Lavacca and
Galveston, which place she left on the 16th. The Telegraph brought to
the city 365 sick and disabled volunteers, and 45 officers, and landed
at Lavacca 72 Texan Gunmen, and part of a company numbering 20 men, at
Galveston.
[RWH]
NNR 71.067 3 October 1846
General Zachary Taylor concentrating on Cerralvo
Gen. Patterson was left in command of all the volunteers from Camargo
to the mouth of the Rio Grande. Generals Butler and Quitman accompanying
General Taylor. He has prohibited any strangers from coming up the river,
under instructions from Gen. Taylor. It was then reported that Gen. T.
would not proceed further than Seralva, until he received further orders
from the Government.
[RWH]
NNR 71.067 3 October 1846 Col. Hay's marching
Gen. Taylor crossed the San Juan on the 6th, and took up the line of march
on the7th for Seralvo, where the forces under Worth had halted. Hay's
regiment would leave China and take up the line of march for the same place,
as to reach there about the same time as Taylor.
[RWH]
NNR 71.067 3 October 1846 hospitals crowded at Camargo and Matamoros
There were 600 sick volunteers in the hospital at Camarago, and they dying
very fast. So many were sick, that it required nearly a whol regiment
to attend them. Those whom the Tennesseans left behind, seemed particularly
unfortunate, for they had to call on the Alabamians to attend the living
and bury the dead. As fest as men get able to leave the hospital, they
are discharged and sent home. In fact, Gen. Taylor has a disposition to
discharge all volunteers who are discontented and whish to return to
their homes. Though the number of patients in the hospital at Matamoros
is larger than at Camargo, the mortality is greater in the latter place-
near three to one. Those who are accustomed to a southern climate, when
once prostrated by the fever seldom regain their former strength on the
Rio Grande, without a change of atmosphere.- They die off quickly, else
become so enfeebled that they are unable to help themselves. A person who
has visited the hospitals at the different posts has said that if one-half
of the western and northern volunteers who went to the Rio Grande are
effective men on the 15 th of October, it is more than he looks for.
[RWH]
NNR 71.067 3 October 1846 Gen. Robert Patterson in command from Camargo to the mouth of the Rio Grande
Gen. Patterson was left in command of all the volunteers from Camargo
to the mouth of the Rio Grande. Generals Butler and Quitman accompanying
General Taylor.
[RWH]
NNR 71.067 3 October 1846 many deaths
In Camargo there were between 600 and 700 volunteers in the hospitals,
and they were dying very fast.
[RWH]
NNR 71.067 3 October 1846 Gen. Pedro Ampudia reinforces Monterey
One letter we have seen sets down the force which Ampudia entered Monterey
at from 5,000 to 10,000. It adds that he had issued a proclamation prohibiting
all intercourse between the Mexicans and the American army under pain
of death.
[RWH]
NNR 71.067 3 October 1846 doubts expressed by the "Union"as to the accounts of "desertions"
In reference to the above and to previous accounts the Washington Union
says.- The news which reached us from the army, on Saturday night through
the New Orleans papers, is not to be received without many grains of allowance.
No dispatches have been received for the three last days; but if it is
not difficult to see that the last rumors from the army have come to
us through reporters who have imparted hues of too dark a complexion
to their stories. We do not credit this report, for example, that when
General Taylor arrives at Seralvo, he intends to tarry for dispatches from
Washington. It would have been far more consistent with a tactician to
have remained at Camargo near to his depots, than to have gone on with
provisions for 12,000 troops for 30 days, and then pause upon his march
to consume his rations and receive his dispatches. We do not believe it.
The reports of sickness, too, are probably extravagant- though it would
not be surprising if at this season of the year, under new circumstances
so trying to unacclimated constitutions, some hundreds of sick should
be found in an army of more than 20,000 people.
[RWH]
NNR 71.067-068 3 October 1846 letter to relative campaigns, munitions, supplies, &c.
Before this reaches you I presume you will have known whether Mexico has declined our offer and is unwilling to receive a Minister from the United States or not. It is said here that Princeton; which arrived few days since al Pensecola, brought the reply of the Mexican Government to our proposition, and all the private letters received here from Vera Cruz and the city of Mexico unite in saying that our offer has been politely declined; the reason assigned is that the Executive Government do not feel authorized to act, and that it rests with the Supreme Congress, which does not meet until December.
When Mr. Polk, upon his own responsibility, brought on this war, I wrote you that neither the Administration nor the people were aware of the job they had undertaken. The former has found out this secret some time since, and the people are finding out very rapidly, and, before many weeks or months have elapsed, will have their eyes fully opened on the subject. Probably there is no man in the country so heartily sick if the war, or more sincerely desirous to get rid of it than Mr. Polk and never was an Administration placed in such a false position as he is at present. When he commenced it he thought he could swallow up Mexico at a single mouthful; that , so soon as she heard of the 50,000 volunteers and all the regular army she would "cave in"at once, and sue for peace on any terms; instead of which, after we have spent millions and millions of money, have collected all our military force on her frontiers, fready to advance from different points into her territory and cover her coasts with our fleets- whilst the cloud of war has thus gathered over and is ready to burst upon her, we offer to treat and to send a Minister for the purpose. She very coolly says, in so many words, to us, "we are very sorry you are so soon tired of the war; we are very comfortable ourselves; it has thus far done us no injury, or created any extra expense, and beg leave to decline receiving any Minister from you." The fact is, Mexico is impassive; she cannot be struck in a vital place; the natural obstacles of the country and the total absence or limited nature of the supplies will prevent a large army from penetrating to the capital, or near it, and the plan of doing so from the Rio Grande is peculiarly absurd, even if it were to succeed, as the distance is double what it is from the seacoast.
Gen. Taylor will no doubt reach Monterey and will find a city of non-combatants, and the object of the campaign no further advanced than at Matamoros. We may take some of their seaports, but that is of no material consequence, as Mexico has but little comme nce, and none that is of any advantage to her, as it is all done by foreigners, and in foreign ships; and as to taking possession of her frontier towns or provinces, it is very acceptable to the inhabitants, as our army, by their immense expenditure, is enriching the country by consuming every thing they can furnish, and paying four prices for every article. As to the manner in which the war has thus far been conducted, utter ignorance, waste and extravagance, have marked all the arrangements connected with it here at home, and has consequently had corresponding effect on the condition and movements of the army; and in nothing has there been grosser or more palpable errors that as regard to the means of transportation, and a volume might be filled with details. At this moment our levee is incumbered with wagons intended for Gen. Taylor's army, lying day after day, with all their fixtures exposed to a sun which raises the thermometer to 130 degrees; and mules bought in the Western country, and brought here at great expense, are being shipped by vessels which receive $3000 to$5000 freight for the run down to the Brasos Santiago, carrying 100 to 150 mules each; many of which perish on the voyage from want of proper care, and the usual risks of a sea voyage, and one half of those landed will die from not being acclimated. One of these transports recently embarked 127 mules here and landed 22; the remainder died or were thrown overboard in a gale; and all this is done when far better, more serviceable and acclimated mules can be bought there at $25 each. All this, however, is but a mere item in comparison with other arrangements, and particularly with the arrangements connected with the inland expedition to Santa Fe & c.'
The following anecdote, among other things, shows what were the views
and expectations of the Government as to the present war: A field officer
of the army, now with General Taylor, told me, when passing through here,
that he was in Washington last spring when the first news arrived of hostilities,
and Congress adopted prompt measures for the war; he was conversing with
a prominent member of Congress, the chairman of an important committee,
which brought him in constant and confidential communication with the
Government, of which he was an ardent political supporter and this officer
was stating his views as to the most efficient plans for prosecuting the
war against Mexico; and, after he got through doing so, added that if this
plan was followed he thought the war might be brought to a close by January
next." January !"said the chairman in reply, and with much astonishment; "Well, sir,"said the officer, "if such are your expectations, the sooner
you being to get the money ready to buy her off the better."
[RWH]
NNR 71.068 3 October 1846 departure of New York California Expedition
The Commercial Advertiser of the 28th says- The California Expedition
is off at last, shorn somewhat of its numeric force, as it has long been
almost wholly of its moral. Its departure had been signalized by a prolongation
of that un happy compound, made up almost equally of misfortune and misconduct,
which has attended it from the beginning; and it requires no very abiding
or superstitious faith in omens to believe that the issue will be useless
and inglorious, in strict conformity with the inception and progress.
[RWH]
NNR 71.080 3 October 1846 Santa Fe taken by Gen. Stephen Watts Kearney
August 18. Gen. Kearney proceeded through the pass and at 5 pm reached hill that overlooks Santa Fe.
Major Clark's artillery was put into line, and the mounted troops and
infantry were marched through town to the Palace (as it is called) and
his staff dismounted and were received by the acting governor and other
dignitaries and conducted to a large room. The general gave the assurance
of safety and protection to all unoffending citizens. The stars and stripes
were hoisted on the staff which is attached to the Palace by Major Swords.
As soon as it was seen to wave above the buildings, it was hailed by a
national salute from the battery of Captains Fischer and Weightman, under
the command of Major Clark. While the general was proclaiming the conquest
of New Mexico as a part of the United States, the first gun was heard." There,"said he, my guns proclaim that the flag of the United States floats
over this capitol." The people appeared satisfied. The general slept in
the palace. (we democrats must call it the governor's house.) One company
of dragoons ws kept in the city as a guard and the business of the day
was ended.
[RWH]
NNR 71.067(2): October 3, 1846 Matamoros, no Irishmen deserted
Matamoras, July 21st, 1846.
To all whom it may concern:-I hereby certify that no Irishmen deserted me in any engagement or skirmish with the Mexicans, during the campaign on the Rio Grande; and for public information, I will state that the deserters on the night of 2nd May, when an attack was made on the enemy, were one Englishman, two Americans, and three Germans, who all speak good English. One of the Americans gave as such an excuse for running that his horse was lame.
S. H. Walker,
Lt. Col. Texas Rangers.
[JTW]
NNR 71.081: October 10, 1846 THE WAR WITH MEXICO.
The accounts received during the week are but mere confirmations of previous intelligence.
Army of occupation. The steamship Galveston arrived at New Orleans on the 29th ult. from Port Lavaca and Galveston.
The Galveston Civilian says--"The Kentucky regiment under Col. Marshall, numbering about 800, in encamped at the mouth of the Lavaca, with 200 men on the sick list, owing to the fatigues of a long march. This regiment has just received orders to march forthwith to Camargo. The Tennessee regiment is daily expected. Neither of these regiments were intended to join gen. Wool.
An arrival at Port Lavaca, which left Matamoras on the 18th instant,
reports that news had been received very late from General Taylor, to the
effect that he was marching upon Monterey with 8,000 men, and was within a
few miles of that city. Monterey was said to be defended with a force of 15,000
Mexicans under Gen. Ampudia."
[JTW]
NNR 71.081(2): October 10, 1846 "ARMY OF OCCUPATION."- letter anticipates battle at Monterey.
A letter published in the Washington Union, dated Matamoras, Sept. 14
says: "It is agreed on all hands that we are to have a fight at Monterey.
The Mexicans are pouring into this place and making every preparation
to Gen. Taylor a warm reception."
[JTW]
NNR 71.081 10 October 1846 Kentucky regiment encamped at Lavaca
The Kentucky regiment under Col. Marshall, number about 800, is encamped
at the mouth of the Lavaca with 200 men on the sick list, owing to the
fatigues of a long march. This regiment has just received orders to march
forthwith to Camargo. The Tennessee regimen is daily expected. Neither
of these regiments were intended to join gen. Wool.
[RWH]
NNR 71.082 10 October 1846 settling accounts with volunteer officers: Captain G. H. Tobin's correspondence with Jonathan M. McCalla
Sir- You are charged on the books of this office with $1,625, the value of the clothing furnished for the use of your company, and for which you will be held accountable. In order to relieve yourself from this accountability, you will enter on your first muster roll all articles of clothing and blankets issued to the men under your command, and request they paymaster to deduct the several amounts from their first payment.--Jon M. McCalla, second auditor
Sir- By a decision of the honorable secretary of war, each soldier is entitled to 'six months' clothing to the amount of $21- all over that are to be charged with. There will be other charges of which you will be informed by this office. You will please consider this letter your guide in addition to the one you received from me of the 31st ult.--Jon M. McCalla, second auditor
Sir- I have the honor of acknowledge of receipt of two favors from you, one dated 31st July, the other 8th August. I can only answer by a yarn.
A countryman of mine was one indulging in the very intellectual occupation of sucking fresh eggs raw and reading a newspaper. By some mischance he contrived to bolt a live chicken. The poor bird chirped as it went down his throat and he very politely observed- "Be the powers, my friend, you spoke too late."
I can only say, sir, that your favors have reached me too late. They have been chasing me through the Mexican Post Offices; that is, to express myself more clearly, when I receive them, they (the letters) were down in Mexico and I was up here, and when I didn't receive them, they were up here and I was down there.
The fact is that most of my men have been paid off, and are now scattered to the four corners of the globe. They were mostly sanors, as I was myself. From them (if there be charges) nothing can be expected. The camp and garrison equipment has been turned over to the proper officers, with the exception of sundry axes smashed and placed hors du combat in chopping down there amiable chapparals on the banks of the Rio Grande. I except, also, the camp kettles and pans, many of which were used up in roasting, boiling, stewing, and frying our pork and beans, bacon, and fresh beef, not to speak of the slow venison, which some were nurtured enough to call Mexican beef (may the Lord forgive them).
For my own responsibility in the matter I regret more on Uncle Sam's account than on my own, that I am not worth a continental dime. I have been not only paid, but I believe over paid by about $40. My conscience compelled me to remonstrate with the Paymaster but they assured me that they made no mistakes. I considered their feelings and indulged them.. However I am gonna make good on the money. I gave it to the sick and damaged soldiers.
Most of the other Captains are in the same fix as myself (barring the overpay) about the responsibility refer to my epistle as an answer.
If you have any further enumerations for me please direct the entire case
to Major General John Davis V. Orleans. I seldom go to the Post Office
cause I have nobody to correspond with, and yet I am not the man who never
had a father nor mother, but was won at a raffle-Captain G.H. Tobin.
[RWH]
NNR 71.083 10 October 1846 General
Stephen Kearney's proclamation at Santa Fe to the inhabitants of New Mexico
As by the act of the republic of Mexico, a state of way, exists between
that government and the United States, and as the undersigned, at the
head of his troops on the 18th inst. took possession of Santa Fe, the
capital of the old department of New Mexico, he now announces to hold
the department with its original boundaries (on both sides of the Del
Norte) as a part of the United States, and under the name of the Territory
of New Mexico.
The undersigned has come to New Mexico with a strong military force, and an equally strong one is following close in his rear. He has more troops than necessary to put down any opposition that can possibly be brought against him, and therefore it would be folly or madness for any dissatisified or discontented person to think of resisting him.
The undersigned has instructions from his government to respect the religious institution of New Mexico, to protect the property of the church, to cause worship of those belonging to it to be undisturbed, and their religious rights in the amplest manner reserved to them. Also to protect the persons and property of all quiet and peaceful inhabitants within its boundaries, against their enemies, the Eutaws, Navahoes, and others, and while he assures all that if will be his pleasure as well as his duty to comply with these instructions, he calls upon them to exert themselves in preserving order, in promoting concord, and in maintaining the authority and efficiency of the laws; and to require of those who have left their homes and taken up arms against the troops of the United States, to return forthwith to them, or else they will be considered enemies and traitors subjecting their persons to punishment and their property to seizure and confiscation, for the benefit of the public treasury.
It is the wish an intention of the United States to provide for New Mexico a free government with the least possible delay, similar to those in the United States, and the people of New Mexico will then be called on to exercise the rights of freemen in electing their own representatives to the territorial legislature, but until this can be done the laws hitherto in existence will be continued until changed or modified by competent authority, and those persons holding office will continue in the same for the present, provided, they will consider themselves good citizens and willing to take an oath of allegiance to the United States.
The undersigned herby absolves all persons residing within the boundaries of New Mexico, from further allegiance to the republic of Mexico, and hereby claim them as citizens of the United States.- Those who remain quiet and peaceable will be considered as good citizens, and receive protection.- Those who are found in arms, or instigating others against the United States, will be considered as traitors, and treated accordingly. Don Manuel Armijo, the late governor of this department has fled from it. The undersigned has taken possession of it without firing a gun, or spilling a drop of blood, in which he must truly rejoices, and for the present will be considered as governor of the territory.
Given at Santa Fe, the capital of the territory of New Mexico, the 23d
day of August 1846, and in the 71st year of the Independence of the United
States.
[RWH]
NNR 71.086-087 10 October 1846 Proclamation issued by Gen. Zachary Taylor on crossing the Rio Grande, announcing the course to be pursued towards Mexicans
The people of Mexico: After many years of patient endurance, the United States are at length constrained to acknowledge, that a war now exists between our government and the government of Mexico. For many years our citizens have been subjected to repeated insults and injuries, our vessels and cargoes have been seized and confiscated, our merchants have been plundered, maimed, and imprisoned, without cause and without reparation.- At length your government acknowledged the justice of our claims, and agreed by treaty to make satisfaction, by payment of several million dollars; but this treaty has been violated by your rulers, and the stipulated payment has been withheld. Our late effort to terminate all the difficulties by peaceful negotiation has been rejected by the dictator Paredes, and our minister of peach whom your rulers had agreed to receive, has been refused a hearing. He has been treated with indignity and insult, and Paredes has announced that war exists between us. This war, thus first proclaimed by him, has been acknowledged as an existing fact by our president and congress with prefect unanimity, and will be prosecuted with vigor and energy against your army and rulers; but those of the Mexican people who remain in neutral will not be molested.
Your government is in the hands of tyrants and usurpers. They have abolished
your state governments, they have overthrown your federal constitution,
they have deprived you of the right of suffrage, destroyed the liberty
of the press, despoiled you of your arms, and reduced you to a state of
absolute dependence upon the power of a military dictator. Your arms and
rulers extort from the people by grievous taxation, by forced loans, and
military seizures, the very money which sustains usurpers in power. Being
disarmed you were left defenceless, and as easy prey to the savage Gamanches,
who not only destroy your lives and property, but drive into captivity,
more horrible than death itself, your wives and children. It is your
military rulers who have reduced you to this deplorable condition. It
is these tyrants, and their corrupt and cruel satellites, gorged with the
people’s pleasure by whom you are thus oppressed and impoverished, some
of whom have boldly advocated a monarchial government, and would place
a European prince upon the throne of Mexico. We come to obtain reparation
for repeated wrongs and injuries; we come to obtain indemnity for the past,
and security for the future; we come to overthrow the tyrants who have
destroyed your liberties, but we come to make no war upon the people of
Mexico, nor upon any form of free government they may choose to select
for themselves. It is our wish to see you liberated from despots, to drive
back the savage Gamanches to prevent the renewal of those usurpers, and to compel
them to restore to you from captivity, your long lost wives and children. Your
religion, your altars, and churches, the property of your churches, and citizens,
the emblems of your faith shall be protected. Contributors
Note: The rest of the proclamation was illegible.
[RWH]
NNR 71.087 announcement of the "Union"that the effort to negotiate peace is to be abandoned and more coercive
measures pursued, comments of the "Intelligencer"thereon
There can no longer be a question that the refusal of the Mexican Government
to accept our propositions for peace, instead of relaxing our own measures
will stimulate our Government to a more vigorous prosecution of the war.
We must bring its pressure home to the people of Mexico. We must make
them feel the evils of the war more strongly, in order that they may appeal
to their own Government for peace. It cannot be denied nor concealed that
new energy is to be infused into our operations; and the strength of
the national arm is to be put forth more efficiently than ever.
When the army of occupation became the army of invasion,, and our victorious
banners were planted on the right bank of the Rio Grande, with the view
of the conciliating people of Mexico, it was proclaimed by the commanding
General, under instructions from his government, that our armies were to
respect their private property; and that they were to take nothing and
receive nothing which was not to be paid for.- We were anxious to soften
the horrors of war in every respect and to conduct it upon the most liberal
and refined principles. We had even determined to dispose with the rights
which the Laws of Nations fully recognized." Instead of th pillage of
the country and defenceless places a custom has been substituted more
humane and advantageous to the sovereignty making war. I mean that of
contributions. Whoever carries on a just war, has a right of making the
enemy’s country contribute to the support of the army, and towards defraying
all the charges of the war. We waived these rights in every sense of the
term. But what has been the result? It is shown in several articles which
have appeared in New Orleans papers, and in letters from the officers
of the army. We republished one of them the other day from the columns
of the ‘National Intelligencer’. It seems certain that our forbearance
has not been appreciated by the Mexican people, and that, not content with receiving
fair value for their productions, they have demanded exorbitant prices, whilst
their hostility to us has remained undaunted. Officers ask, how can you expect
to make it the interest of such people to terminate the war? The experience of
the lst five months strengthens the argument.
[RWH]
71.087 10 October 1846 departure of Gen. Thomas Sidney Jessup to take personal command of the quartermaster's department
So much complaint has been made, and so many difficulties experienced,
that we rejoice to find from the Union of the 2nd, that "Major General
Jessup, Quartermaster General, left Washington this morning for the frontier
of Mexico, to take upon himself the general direction of the affairs of
his Department in that quarter. This step has been taken with a view to
provide for every exigency without the delay and inconvenience which sometimes
result from warning instructions from Washington, and in order to secure
the utmost clemency and economy to the measures of that Department. We
understand also, that when General Jessup left Washington he had recently
purchased two excellent steamboats on very moderate terms, for the operations
of the Rio Grande, in order to have the high freights which were demanded
for the transportation of our stores. Other appliances have been recently
adopted, which will save much expense and contribute most effectually
to the transportation of the necessary means of our army.
[RWH]
NNR 71.088-71.089 Conditions of the volunteers on the Rio Grande
VOLUNTEERS ON THE RIO GRANDE---A letter from a member of the Louisville (Ky. ) Guards, to his brother in Louisville, written at Camargo, Mexico, September 1st says--
There are not so many sick as we have had, but the cases are generally of a more fatal character, being bilious fevers, which, being very violent, if not reduced in a day or two prove fatal. We have lost some six men since we have been here. Every day you can hear the roll of the muffled drum, and it casts gloom over the countenances of all. There are many going home from disability to perform military duty.
In a letter of Aug. 25, he says--
The day after the date of my last, the six companies of the Legion, whose lot it was to walk, took up the line of march for this place, (via Matamoras)--The country through which we passed is generally low and marshy. After going about four miles, we came to a Lagune, two miles wide and about two feet deep, mud and water. Being heavily laden with our clothes and provisions, the men suffered a great deal, a good many fainted, and had to be carried out by others. One man, belonging to the Baltimore and Washington regiment, died a few minutes after getting out.
The water decided the distance of our marches throughout. The march on
the 18th I will recollect long as life lasts, not so much for
any suffering I had to undergo, as for what I saw. We made twenty-five
miles; the first ten was accomplished early in the morning and without
a halt. At the end of the ten we had tolerable water, and rested two hours.
---It had been determined to go to the next water; the march was through
a sandy prairie, with occasionally a few miles of chapparal; in the latter
the heat is suffocating; they are not high enough to make a shade, and
too thick to admit a free circulation of air. The troops were scattered
along the road for ten miles in perfect disorder. By dark we came to
a muddy pond of filthy water which served to quench our thirst. A great
many did not get into camp, till past midnight; some had to be brought
in the wagons. We pitched no tents, but tumbled down upon our blankets
without taking off any of our equipment.
[PTH]
17.090-092 10 October 1846 diary of an officer of the Army of the West to Santa Fe
Thursday August 13- Started at 12M, Col Doniphan’s regiment in sight as we left the camp. We soon met the spy company, who, with his small party, had captured four Mexicans well mounted and armed. They summoned him and his party to surrender, but the captain told them that he thought their safest plan was to surrender to him.- They prudently consented to do so. They acknowledged themselves sent to ascertain who were.- They were made prisoners.
One of the Mexicans who was taken day before yesterday, was disarmed and sent forward to his village, distant 24 miles, with letters and proclamations. He promised to meet us tomorrow. At eight miles, we came to the establishment of a Mr. Wells, an American. He had an abundance of horses, mules, and cattle. With him was another American who had been sent from Santa Fe by an American merchant of that place, to inform Gen Kearney that the Mexicans were 10000 strong and had determined we were fifteen miles outside of Santa Fe, at a deep ravine.
The Americans at Santa Fe and other towns are very much alarmed for their safety. The Mexicans tell them that if defeated, they will return to their towns and villages and get full revenge on them.
All of this is news communicated to us in a heavy rain, and we are encamping
in the midst of it. No little excitement prevails in camp. To retreat nine
hundred miles is idle; and if they do met us, as they promised we shall
vindicate the character of the Saxon blood in death or victory, Mark that!
General Kearney is as cool as if walking to his office on a May morning
to attend his accustomed garrison duties, and all look to him as to a man,
who has shed glory on the American name. It is sad here that Governor Armijo
is opposed to the fight, but is urged on by the rich men of the country;
yet the latest accounts are that the rich are backwards in lending their
money. But if 10,000 men are assembled they must have furnished the means.
There is a Mr. Bonny living near this place, he visited us, and gave us
a fat slicer. This is the first settlement we have met. The place is called "Moro." Two
beautiful mountain streams meet here, each is sufficient size for milling
purposes. The artillery came up at sundown. At this place the road by the
Simerone comes in.
[RWH]
NNR 17.090-092 diary of an officer of the Army of the West to Santa Fe, continued
Thursday August 13- Started at 12M, Col Doniphan's regiment in sight as we left the camp. We soon met the spy company, who, with his small party, had captured four Mexicans well mounted and armed. They summoned him and his party to surrender, but the captain told them that he thought their safest plan was to surrender to him.- They prudently consented to do so. They acknowledged themselves sent to ascertain who were.- They were made prisoners.
One of the Mexicans who was taken day before yesterday, was disarmed and sent forward to his village, distant 24 miles, with letters and proclamations. He promised to meet us tomorrow. At eight miles, we came to the establishment of a Mr. Wells, an American. He had an abundance of horses, mules, and cattle. With him was another American who had been sent from Santa Fe by an American merchant of that place, to inform Gen Kearney that the Mexicans were 10000 strong and had determined we were fifteen miles outside of Santa Fe, at a deep ravine.
The Americans at Santa Fe and other towns are very much alarmed for their safety. The Mexicans tell them that if defeated, they will return to their towns and villages and get full revenge on them.
All of this is news communicated to us in a heavy rain, and we are encamping
in the midst of it. No little excitement prevails in camp. To retreat nine
hundred miles is idle; and if they do met us, as they promised we shall
vindicate the character of the Saxon blood in death or victory, Mark that!
General Kearney is as cool as if walking to his office on a May morning
to attend his accustomed garrison duties, and all look to him as to a man,
who has shed glory on the American name. It is sad here that Governor Armijo
is opposed to the fight, but is urged on by the rich men of the country;
yet the latest accounts are that the rich are backwards in lending their
money. But if 10,000 men are assembled they must have furnished the means.
There is a Mr. Bonny living near this place, he visited us, and gave us
a fat slicer. This is the first settlement we have met. The place is called "Moro." Two
beautiful mountain streams meet here, each is sufficient size for milling
purposes. The artillery came up at sundown. At this place the road by the
Simerone comes in.
[RWH]
NNR 71.096 10 October 1846 rumor of design to call out volunteers to assail Veracruz, amount of the forces now in field operating against Mexico
There are various informations afloat, that it is the intention of the president to call out the residue of the 50,000 volunteers authorized by the late act of congress, for the city of Mexico, by way of Tampico or Vera Cruz
Army under Gen Taylor: 10,000 men, Detachments between Monterey and Point
Isabel: 4,000, Under General Wool west of main army 3,000, Under Gen.
Kearney northwest of Gen. Wool: 2,500, Total: 19,500.
[RWH]
NNR 71.100 17 October 1846
review of the progress of the campaign
We have nothing from the Gulf Squadron or from the Pacific Squadron since
our last. The intelligence which has reached us from General Kearney's
division of the West, is that he is in quiet possession of Santa Fe, is
busied in fortifying it, and in preparing for the movement of the one
half of his forces to take possession of Upper California and penetrate
to the Pacific, whilst the other half will proceed a view of forming a
junction with General Wool.- The regiment of infantry that had just assembled
at Fort Leavenworth for the purpose of reinforcing Gen. Kearney, has been
paid off, and are discharged.
From "the Army of the Centre,"General Wool's division, we have but little
further. An arrival from Galveston brings a letter which says:- "The Kentucky
regiment under Colonel Marshall, numbering about 800, is encamped at
the mouth of the Lavaca, with 200 men on the sick list owing to the fatigues
of a long march. This regiment had just received letters to march forthwith
to Camargo. The Tennessee regiment is daily expected. Neither of these
regiments were intended to join Gen. Wool.
[RWH]
NNR 71.100-101 17 October 1846 Monterey attacked, defended for three days, surrenders to Zachary Taylor, armistice concluded, incidents
The morning of the 20th was devoted to reentering, and determining a plan of attack. In the afternoon General Worth's division marched by a circuit for the rear of the city and engaged that night between Monterey and Saltillo.
Captain Eaton one of the aids to General Taylor, left Headquarters, now at Monterey, on the 25th and reached Washington City on the 11th inst, bringin official accounts of the battles which took place between the 19th and 25th and the terms of capitulation were agreed upon.
The opportunity which Gen. Taylor so generously afforded Gen. Worth to
cut the first laurels from the field,- we should say heights, that commanded
Monterey, was worthy of both officers- and right gallantly did Gen. Worth
improve the opportunity,- and as gallantly have those under his command
seconded his daring.
[RWH]
NNR 71.101 17 October 1846
official dispatches announced by the "Union"on the battle of 22d Sept.
We lay before our readers this evening the official dispatches of General
Taylor detailing the heroic and victorious onset of our army upon Monterey.-
They bear the most ample and honorable testimony to the gallantry, the
skill, and the patriotic self devotion of our officers and soldiers. In
this respect, the intelligence from Monterey fully responded to the high
wrought expectations of the country. Regulars and volunteers- through
three days' battle alternately under a burning sun and drenching rains,
against a foe strong in an overwhelming superiority of numbers, and in
the advantages of a position so strongly fortified as to be apparently
almost impregnable- seem to have vied with each other, their gallant leaders,
in efforts noble and chivalrous daring. The result is a triumph every wasy
memorable in military annals. In tree days our army has carried intrenchments
which the enemy had expected to maintain against any exhibition of military
force on our part, and in which they probably stored, on the calculation,
a large magazine of provisions. The Mexicans re thus driven from their
chosen strong hold, and one of the strong keys of Mexico is now in our
hands.
[RWH]
NNR 71.102 17 October 1846 report on the battles of the 23d September and 25th September, correspondence and articles of capitulation of Monterey INCOMPLETE
Sir: At noon on the 23d instant, while our troops were closely engaged in the lower part of the city, as reported in my last dispatch, I received a flag, a communication from the governor of the state of New Leon, which is herewith closed,- To this communication I deemed it my duty to return an answer declining to allow inhabitants to leave the city. By eleven o’clock P.M. the 2d division which had entered the town from the direction of Bishop’s Palace, had advanced with in one square mile of the principal plaza, and occupied the city up to that point. The mortar had in the meantime, been placed in battery in the cemetery within good range of the heart of the town, and was served throughout the night with good effect. . . name.
The light batteries, one of which is commanded by Lieut. Mackalf, were now drawn upon the slope of the ridge, and the howitzers opened upon the height of Palace Hill.. A few shells only were thrown before the enemy commenced firing with a 9 pounder from the height immediately over the right of the column, aiming at Duncan’s batteries. The several regiments took positions, and a few more shells were thrown towards Palace Hill, but did no execution. The 9 pounder continued to throw its shot, with great precision, at our batteries, one ball falling directly in the midst of the pieces, but fortunately hitting neither men nor guns. Finding his batteries thus exposed, and unable to effect any thing, Col. Duncan removed his command to a rancho about a half a mile further up the Saltillo road, where Gen. Worth took up his position, after ordering the foot regiments to form along the fence, near the point of the ridge. The artillery battalion, 5th, 7th, and 8th infantry, and the Louisiana volunteers remained in this position about two hours, directly under the fire of the enemy’s guns, (now two.) The balls fell directly in their midst all this time without wounding a man! The Mexicans manage their artillery in battery as well as the Americans do. This I believe is now conceded by every officer.
At half past 10 the column moved toward the general’s position. At this time Capt. McKavett, of the 8 th infantry, was shot through the heart by a nine pound bill, and a private of the 5th infantry was so severely wounded in the thigh that he died the next morning. About fifty Mexicans now appeared upon the hill side, over the moving column, and fired at our troops some hundred musket shot, without doing any harm. The division deployed into the positions pointed out, and remained an hour or two, when Capt. C. F. Smith, of the artillery battalion; with two companies (his own and Capt. Scott’s) and four companies of Texan rangers on foot, were ordered to storm the second height. This the gallant officer cheerfully undertook, and was followed with enthusiasm by the officers and men of his command. It was considered on all sides to be a most dangerous undertaking, and this party was considered emphatically a forlorn hope. That the height would be taken no one doubted, but that many brave fellows would fall in the attempt seemed inevitable. The distance to be climbed, after reaching the foot of the hill, was about a quarter of a mile; a part of the way was almost perpendicular, and through, thorn bushes and over sharp-pointed rocks and loose sliding stones.
The 7th infantry, commanded by Capt. Miles, was ordered to support Capt. Smith’s party, and by marching directly to the foot of the height, arrived before Capt. Smith who had been ordered to take a circuitous route. Capt. Miles sent up Lient. Gantt with a detachment of men, upon the hill side, to divert the attention of the enemy from Capt. Smith’s command, which could not yet be seen. The 7th had already sustained a heavy fire of grape and round short, as they forded the San Juan, which winds around the foot of the height, which fell like a shower of hail in their ranks, without killing a man. Lieut. Gantt’s party were greeted with grape and round shot, which cut the shrubs and tore up the loose stones in the ranks without killing any one; but the gallant young officer came within an inch of being killed by a cannon ball, which ranked down the steep, and filled his face with fragments of rock, dust, and gravel. This fire was accompanied by a constant discharge of musketry, the enemy covering the upper part of the hill side, but the detachment continued to move up, driving the Mexicans back, until they were recalled. Capt. Smith’s party now arrived and moved up the hill, the Rangers in advance, and did not halt for an instant until the Mexicans were driven from the summit.
Whilst this was going on, Col. Persifer F. Smith, who commanded the 5th
and 7th infantry- the 5th, with Blanchard’s Louisiana boys, under Maj.
Martin Scott, had been ordered to support the whole, gave orders for
these commands to pass around on each side and storm the fort, which
was situated about half a mile back of the summit on the same ridge,
and commanded the Bishop’s Palace. Such a foot race as now ensued has
seldom if ever been seen; the Louisiana boys making the tallest kind of
strides to be in with the foremost. Capt. Smith had the gun which he took
on the height, run down toward the breastworks and fired into it. Then
cam Col. P.F. Smith’s men, with a perfect rush, firing and cheering- the
5ht and 7th and Louisianians reaching the ridge about nearly at the same
time. The Mexicans fired at them with grape, but it did not save them
or cause an instant’s hesitation in our ranks.- Our men run and fired
and cheered until they reached the work, the foremost entering at one
end whilst the Mexicans, about 1,000 in number, left the other in retreat.
The colors of the 5th infantry were instantly raised, and scarcely were
they up before those of the 7th were alongside. The three commands entered
the fort together, so close was the race- the 5th, however, getting an
advance in first. In less than five minutes the gun found in the fort
was thundering away at the Bishop’s Palace!- Thus was this brilliant
coup de main made almost without bloodshed.
[RWH]
NNR 71.105 17 October 1846
adjustments in territory of the United States, and other North American
powers as a result of the conquest of California and New Mexico, and
the Oregon treaty
The conquest of California and New Mexico extends the boundary of the
United States on the west coast, from the forty-second to the thirty-second
parallel of north latitude, and produces a great alteration in the territorial
possessions of the belligerent powers. The comparative size of Mexico and
the United States, in1833, was as follows:
U. States territories 1,408,000,000 square acres
Mexican territories 1,081,600,000 square acres
We have now to deduct from Mexico and add to the U. States:
Upper California 240,869,160
New Mexico 137,472,000
Texas 123,904,000
-----------------502,236,160
Left to Mexico 579,363,840
In 1838 the possessions of various powers on this continent were as follows:
Russian 480,000,000
British 1,792,000,000
United States 1,408,000,000
Mexico 1,081,600,000
Central American 119,040,000
Total (7,328,000 miles) 4,880,640,000 acres.
Deducting from Mexico and adding to the United States 502,236,160 acres and from the U. States and to the British possessions, 32,000,000 which the United States claimed, but ceded to Great Britain by the Oregon treaty, the possessions of the various powers on the North American continent now stands as follows:
1846 Miles Acres
Russian 750,000 480,000,000
British 2,850,000 1,824,000,000
United States 2,934,744 1,876,236,150
Mexican 905,259 579,363,840
Central American 186,000 119,040,000
7,626,000 4,880,640,000
[RWH]
NNR 71.112 17 October 1846 Juan Nepomuceno Almonte appointed president of Mexico ad interim. Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna assumes control of armies
The New Orleans Picayune says that advices from Mexico via Matamoros states
that General Almonte has been appointed president of Mexico ad interim,
and Gen. Santa Anna generalissimo of the armies of Mexico; and further
that Santa Anna was then engaged in raising and organizing troops, intending
to take the field in person in the north.
[RWH]
NNR 71.112 17 October 1846 Gen. Stephen Watts Kearny operating from Santa Fe
Advices to the 9th September are received from Gen. Kearney. He had ordered
an expedition into the interior about 150 miles, expecting the Mormon
battalion of infantry up by the time they returned. It had been determined
that the two companies of dragoons under Captains Moore and Cook; and the
Mormon infantry, should accompany Gen. Kearny in his expedition to California
[RWH]
NNR 71.112 17 October 1846 prize brig Naiad at New Orleans
The Hamburg brig Naiad, prize of the blockading squadron on the Mexican
coast; arrived at New Orleans on the 17th.
[RWH]
NNR 71.113 17 October 1846 Gen. Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna assumes the military and declines civil supremacy, Gen. Jose Mariano Salas defers determining whether to receive a minister from United States until Congress, which alone has power in the premises, shall assemble
Santa Anna instead of assuming the duties of civil supremacy has assumed the military, and takes the field as commander of the armies. He has suddenly become the chief head, and hope of the war party in Mexico, which indeed, to say the truth, embraces nearly the whole of the population.
The conduct of the present cabinet is as frank and honorable as it is
possible for it to be, and none of the administrators which have preceded
it, has been so explicit with the nations. We now see that none had such
claims to its confidence; the present cabinet can be said to direct affairs,
it is the people who really govern.
[RWH]
NNR 71.114 24 October 1846 Gen.
Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna’s reply to the tender of supreme executive
authority, his arrival and reception at the capital, levy of men for the
Mexican army, articles relative to funds for the war
Sir: I have received your favor of this date, acknowledging a decree issued
by the supreme government of this nation, embracing a programme of the
proceedings adopted to regulate a due celebration of the reestablishment
of the constitution of 1824, the assumption by myself of the supreme executive
power and the anniversary of the glorious cry of Delores.
My satisfaction is extreme to observe the enthusiasm with which preparations are made to celebrate the two great blessings which have fallen upon this nation- her independence and her liberty- and I am penetrated with the deepest gratitude to find that my arrival at the capital will be made to contribute to the solemnities of so great an occasion. In furtherance of this object I shall make my entrée into the city tomorrow, at mid-day, and desire, in contributing my share to the national jubilee, to observe such a course as may best accord with my duties to my country- beloved of my heart- and with the respect due to the will of the sovereign people.
I have been called by the voice of my fellow citizens to exercise the office of commander in chief of the army of the republic. I was far from my native land when intelligence of this renewed confidence, and of these new obligations imposed upon me by my country was brought to me, and I saw the imminent dangers which surrounded here on all sides, formed the chief motive for calling me to the head of the army. I now see a terrible contest with perfidious and daring enemy impending over her, in which the Mexican republic must reconquer the insignia of her glory, and a fortunate issue, if victorious, or disappear from the face of the earth, if so unfortunate as to be defeated. I also see a treacherous faction raising its head from her bosom, which in calling up a form of government detested by the united nation, provokes a preferable submission to foreign dominion; and I behold at last, that after much vacillation, that nation is resolved to establish her right to act for herself, and to arrange such a form of government as best suits her wishes.
All this I have observed, and turned a listening ear to the cry of my desolated country, satisfied that she really needed my weak services at so important a period. Hence I have come without hesitation or delay to place myself in subjection to her will, and desirous to be perfectly understood, upon reaching my native soil, I gave full and public expression of my sentiments and principles. The reception which they met convinced me that I had not deceived myself, and I am now the more confirmed in them, not from having given them more consideration, but because they have found a general echo in the hearts of my fellow citizens.
I come, then, to carry my views into operation, and in compliance with the mandate of my country. She calls me as commander in chief of the army, and in that capacity I stand to serve. The enemy occupies our harbors- he is despoiling us of the richest of our territories, and threatens us with his domination! I go, hen, to the head of the Mexican army- an army the offspring (rijo) if a free people- and joined with it, I will fulfill my utmost duty in opposing the enemy of my country. I will die fighting, or lead the valliant Mexicans to the enjoyment of a triumph to which they are alike entitled by justice, by their warlike character, and by the dignity and enthusiasm which they have preserved, of a free nation. The war is a necessity of immediate importance; every day’s delay is an age of infamy; I cannot recede from the position which the nation has assigned me; I must go forward, unless I would draw upon myself the censure due to ingratitude for the favors of which I have been overwhelmed by my fellow citizens; or, unless I would behold her humbled and suffering under a perpetuation of her misfortunes.
Your excellency will at once perceive how great an error I should commit in assuming the supreme magistracy, when my duty calls me to the field, to fight against the enemies of the republic. I should disgrace myself, if, when called to the point of danger, I should spring to that of power! Neither my loyalty nor my honor requires the abandonment of interests so dear to me. The single motive of my heart is to offer my compatriots the sacrifice of that blood which yet runs in my veins. I wish them to know that I consecrate myself entirely to their service, as a soldier ought to do, and am only desirous further to be permitted to point out the course by which Mexico may attain the rank to which her destinies call her.
In marching against the enemy, and declining to accept of power, I give a proof of the sincerity of my sentiments, leaving the nation her own mistress, at liberty to dispose of herself as she sees fit. The elections for members of a congress to from the constitution which the people wish to adopt, are proceeding. That congress will now soon convene, and while I shall be engaged in the conflict in armed defence of her independence, the nation will place such safeguards around her liberties as may best suit herself.
If I should permit myself for a single moment, to take the reins of government, the sincerity of my promises would be rendered questionable, and no confidence could be placed in them.
I am resolved that they shall not be falsified, for in their redemption I behold the general good, as well as my honor as a Mexican and a soldier. I cannot abandon this position. The existing government has pursued a course with which the nation has shown itself content, and I have no desire to subvert it by taking its place. I feel abundant pleasure in remaining where I am, and flatter myself that the nation will applaud my choice. I shall joyfully accept such tasks as she shall continue to impose upon me; and while she is engaged in promoting the objects of civilization, I will brave every danger in supporting its benefit, even at the cost of my existence.
Will your excellency have the goodness to tender the supreme government my sincere thanks for their kindness? I will personly repeat them tomorrow, for which purpose I propose to call at the palace. I shall there embrace my friends, and hastily pressing them to my heart, bid them a tender farewell, and set out to the scene of war, to lend my aid to serve my country, or to perish among the ruins.
I beg you to repeat to your excellency assurances of my continued and especial esteem.
Antonio Lopez De Santa Anna.
[RWH]
NNR 71.114-115, 71.146 24 October
1846 notice of groups of recruits for the war in Mexico
A body of recruits for the regular service, numbering nearly 600, now
at the principal depot, at Fort Columbus, Governor’s island, under
the superintendence of Col. R. B. Mason, of the 1st dragoons; is about to
be organized into a battalion of four companies, preparatory to joining
the regiments for which they have been enlisted; in the field.
They are a fine body of men, and will render efficient service whenever
the torch of war shall illuminate their path.
[RWH]
NNR 71.115 24 October 1846 opinions stated relative to Gen. Zachary Taylor’s movements, "plan of prosecuting the war,"government said to be dissatisfied with Taylor for delaying so long at Matamoros and to have ordered him on to San Luis Potosi, & c., letters detailing the operations against and surrender of Monterrey.
From the various and contradictory statements and opinions furnished by those who would appear to have the best opportunity of knowing or judging, leave our readers to form their own conclusions, it will be seen that some including the department in Washington, are urging Gen. Taylor to advance the army under his command without delay, further into the heart of Mexico; that others are of the opinion that an outward movement can not be made with a possibility of success before Gen. Taylor is reinforced by several thousand men, besides leaving the posts in his rear amply guarded, and his chain for transportation of munitions and supplies sufficiently protected.
The Washington correspondent of the New York Journal of Commerce, writes on the 15th instant: "It appears to have been doubted whether the government intends to take possession of Tampico or not; and whether it is intended to send reinforcements and supplies from that point to meet Gen. Taylor at San Luis Potosi. But I have been informed that the Mississippi took out orders on the 30th September to Com. Conner to take possession of Tampico immediately. He has four revenue cutters and a number of small steamers, by means of which he can execute the order. There are twice as many marines in his squadron as will suffice for the enterprise. It appears also that a force has been gradually drawn of late from various points, and is about to be concentrated at New Orleans or some other port, and that ample means of transportation have been put under the control of Gen. Jessup. It would seem therefore, to be the design to send some six or eight thousand troops from Tampico to meet General Taylor at San Luis Potosi.
Gentleman: The army arrived in sight of Monterey on Saturday, the 19th
inst., about 8 a.m. As soon as the advance picket showed themselves on
the plain, to eastward of the town, a battery, called the Old Monastery,
opened its fire, and continued it, at intervals, during the day, without
injury to any one. The day was spent in some unimportant movements to call
attention from the engineers, who were busily engaged in making observations
from every point, and during the night an expedition was out until a
late hour. The result of these observations induced Gen. Taylor, on Sunday,
the 20th to push General Worth’s division, with two artillery batteries,
commanded by Lieut. Col. Duncan and Lieut. Mason, and Col. Hays’ Texas
regiment, into the mountains, to the left of the town [their left] and
all the enemy’s works in that quarter.
[RWH]
NNR 71.115 October 24, 1846 Force of the several divisions of the Army employed against Mexico
ARMY OF OCCUPATION
The steamer Mckin left Brazos Santiago on the 5th, and reached New Orleans on the 10th instant, bringing Major Coffee, paymaster of the army, Capt. Dawson, U. S. artillery, Capt. Howard, Mississippi regiment, and more than two hundred sick and discharged volunteers. This arrival furnishes additional details, but nothing later from Monterey than we had before.
Major Coffee states that the loss in the late engagements was greater than at first supposed, especially the Mexican loss, which he rates 1,500, ours at 600.
We make the following external, the first from a letter published in the New Orleans Times. These letters evidence occasionally rather a free use of the pen as well as of imagination.
Camp, three miles from Monterey, September 24, 1846.
Gentlemen: The army arrived in sight of Monterey on Saturday, the 19th inst., about 8am. As soon as the advance picket showed themselves on the plain, to eastward of the town, a battery, called the Old Monastery, opened its fire, and continued it, at intervals, during the day, without injury to any one. The day was spent in some unimportant movements to call attention from the engineers, who were busily engaged in making observations induced Gen. Taylor, on Sunday, the 20th, to push General Worth's division, with two artillery batteries, commanded by Lieut. Col. Duncan and Lieut. Mason, and Col. Hay's Texan regiment, into the mountains, to the left of the town (their left0 and all the enemy's works in that quarter.
Monday, 21st. Every thing being ready to make a demonstration on the enemy's works, the main body of the army marched into the plain. As the troops came in sight, the batteries opened on them, and also on a battery of two pieces commanded by Captain Webster and a mortar in charge of Captain Ramsey.
A part of the first division, led by Col. Garland, composed of the 1st and 3rd infantry and the Baltimore battalion, filed off to the left as they came up until they reached a point were Major Mansfield, assisted by Col. Kinney, was making observations. ---The order was to attack the point the engineers should point out. He said dash into the town; and Col. G. with his command, pushed into it, under a tremendous fire from three batteries and a shower of musketry. Major Mansfield and Col. Kinney went ahead with him. The fire of the enemy was returned with great spirit, and for more than an hour the thunder of artillery and the roar from the small arms exceeded any thing I ever heard or saw. The force of the enemy and the strength of their works made it necessary to order up reinforcements---accordingly the 4th infantry and Gen. Butler's division of volunteers were ordered up. The fire was soon renewed with increased animation on both sides.
I have not time now to go into the details of these attacks. The result was that we got possession of one fort in the lower part of the town, with five pieces of cannon; and were repulsed in the attempt on the second fort, distant about four hundred yards. The action was a most bloody one, and our loss very severe. The 1st, 3rd, and 4th infantry suffered terribly.
Colonel Watson, of the Baltimore battalion, was killed some distance ahead
of his command, displaying much zeal and gallantry. I regret to state
that many of the regular officers think that this battalion did not come
up to the fight as they should have done.
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NNR 71.116 24 October 1846 details of deaths
I will relate you a number of incidents that occurred during the three days:
Col. McClung, of Mississippi, the great duelist got upon the breast work, waived his hat, and was in the act of giving three cheers, when a ball struck him, from the effects of which he has since died.
Samuel W. Chambers, one of the Rangers, or "the Delaware hero", as they call him, got over the breast works, obtained a foot-hold on the top of an eighteen-pounder, and deliberately took aim with his "fire-shooter", firing with great effect, and crushing the Mexicans, until the piece was taken by General Worth and turned on the city. Chambers escaped without a wound.
Capt. Gillespy, of the Texas Rangers, was killed whilst pouring water,
into the tube of a cannon, with the Mexicans all around him. But it is
impossible for me to mention all the numerous incidents that occurred
at the present time.
[RWH]
NNR 71.117 24 October 1846
notice of the corps of sappers and miners on their way to Mexico.
This corps, seventy two in number, came down from West Point this morning,
and have gone board the ship Clinton (transport) for Point Isabel, from
whence they are under orders to join General Taylor, at his headquarters.
The company is under the command is under the command of Capt. Swift,
of the engineer corps.
[RWH]
NNR 71.117 24 October 1846 design on Veracruz contemplated
A Washington letter in the N. York Herald represents the future policy of the war department in its operations against Mexico, to be as follows:
The plan of the invasion is to be changed. The march from Monterey to
the city of Mexico is at least six hundred miles longer than from Tampico
on the gulf, or Alvalrado, or Vera Cruz, which latter point affords the
nearest and most accessible point. The detachment under Gen. Patterson,
strongly reinforced by volunteers, is to attack Tampico, reduce it and
march forward into the interior towards Mexico- and we are more strongly
impressed with the idea this evening than we were yesterday, that nearly
simultaneous attack by land and sea is contemplated upon Vera Cruz, if
not already resolved upon and arranged.
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NNR 71.117 October 24, 1846 deaths in hospital at Matamoros
Deaths in the general Hospital at Matamoros, from the 15th
to the 30th September, 1846. --J. W. Robin son, W. W. Huff,
N. Hunt, Berry, Love, P. Cook, Boyd, and Trotler, 1st regiment
Georgia volunteers; Clark, Cormant, Miller, Phelton, Payton, Stevens,
and Shiver, 1st regiment Mississippi volunteers; Frederick,
company C, 3rd dragoons; Shuckert, Louisville Legion; A. B. Lemon, Williams,
Arister, Smith, Whicker, 2nd regimnt Illinois volunteers; J.
A. Sheppard, and H. J. Monday, 4th regiment Illinois volunteers;
John A. Williams; Wm. Lucas, John C. Mackie, D. Hudson, W. Drummond, C.
D. Fetty, and James Epperson, 3rd regiment Illinois volunteers.
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NNR 71.117 October 24,1846 "progress of the war,""plan of invasion to be changed,"rumors at Washington that Gen. Zachary Taylor is to be superceded in command, inquiries as to Gen. Winfield Scott
The Progress Of The War
There seems now to be every probability of a longer war than was by many anticipated. The probability that at least a second campaign would be necessary before a peace would be "conquered"has been several times thrown out incidentally in out columns. That it was not more distinctly expressed was from apprehension that doubts expressed as to the success of our arms might dampen ardor in some direction. One point has been distinctly urged,- and, we believe, cannot be too earnestly pressed,- and that is, that government, if they design to carry on a foreign war for any length of time, should forth-with take more effectual measures to recruit the regular army, as the only certain dependence for maintaining an adequate army out of the limits of the Union.
That a formidable movement against Tampico, and some say against Vera Cruz also, is contemplated, there can hardly be a doubt. To insure a success, worthy a contest there, a formidable land force will be indispensable. The mere occupation of the ports might be accomplished by an adequate naval force, but the object is understood to be, to approach the city of Mexico from this direction, as a shorter and more accessible route than the one Gen. Taylor has been ordered to pursue.
We are informed of a speedy attack upon Tampico, as a result of the late cabinet deliberations, and that with this view, a portion of the New York volunteers, called for last summer, may expect now a call for active service.
We have strong reasons to believe, also, that Vera Cruz is no longer to be spared; but that a co-operate attack by land and by sea will follow close after the storming of Tampico, if it does not take place simultaneously.
The government is resolved to force it upon the Mexicans that we are in earnest, and is satisfied that the sooner the enemy is convinced of it the better for them, for us, for humanity, and for the treasury.
A Washington letter in the N. York Herald represents the future policy of the war department, in its operation against Mexico, to be as follows:
The plan of the invasion is to be changed. The march from Monterey to the city of Mexico is at least 600 miles longer than from Tampico on the gulf, or Alvarado, or Vera Cruz, which latter point affords the nearest and most accessible point. The detachment under Gen. Patterson, strongly reinforced by volunteers, is to attack Tampico, reduce it and march forward into the interior towards Mexico- and we are strongly impressed with the idea this evening than we were yesterday, that a nearly simultaneous attack by land and by sea is contemplated upon Vera Cruz, if not already resolved upon and arranged.
Gen. Taylor will leave Monterey occupied with a garrison; and march forward with his main body up on Saltillo without delay, depending on the country for supplies. It is necessary that his army should be divided to enable it to subsist in their slender resources left in their retreat by the enemy. For the whole force to remain in Monterey would be to remain and starve. He will occupy the little towns in his progress in pursuit of the enemy, and if his force reserved for the forward movement be not sufficient for the conflict when he shall have overtaken Ampudia, (who runs like an Arab,) he will pause until his reinforcements in the rear can be called up, as the emergency may demand. Of course he will have his pickets and pioneers sufficiently in advance and upon his flanks to give notice of the approach to the Mexicans or any scattering parcels of their army.
From Monterey to the city of Mexico there is a journey of at least 700 miles, (some say 900) among the table lands, and deep gorges, and dangerous passes of the mountains of Mexico. This line of march running southward lies parallel with the eastern gulf coast, at about 250 miles distant, more or less. Vera Cruz lying nearly in a direct line across from the city of Mexico to the coast subsequently opens a passage to the capital as short and more convenient and accessible than the route traversed by General Taylor from Point Isabel to Monterey.
The Savannah Republican of the 15th instant has the following intelligence:
Lieut. Berryman, the gallant officer who behaved so nobly at the loss of the Truxton off Tuspan, passed through this city on Wednesday might last, as a barer of dispatches from the squadron at Vera Cruz to the Government in Washington. We learn from a gentleman who conversed with Lieut. Berryman on the cars, that it has been determined to attack Vera Cruz on the land side by an expedition from Tampico, and that the hoisting of the starts and stripes in the city, will be a signal for the attack by the squadron upon the castle of San Juan d’Ulloa. This is the only way in which the castle can be taken, and the obtaining possession of that point is deemed necessary to end the war.
The brig Saldana, with Capt. Mason’s and Lieut. McLane’s troops, of mounted riflemen, arrived safe at Brazos Santiago, on the 4th instant, and the brig Union, Capt. Hooper, which sailed about the same time as Saldana, arrived the day before. Both vessels weathered bravely the storms which have prevailed since their departure. This is gratifying news to the numerous friends of those who were on board the vessels.
Sappers and Miners.-This corps, seventy-two in number, came down from West Point this morning, and have gone on board the ship Clinton, (transport,) for Point Isabel, from whence they are under orders to join Gen. Taylor at his headquarters. The company is under the command of Capt. Swift, of the engineer corps. [N.Y. Express.
The editor of the Philadelphia ‘North American,’ who was recently on a visit to West Point, says of this corps- "Although the corps had already been but a few weeks in practice, it had already rivaled, in constructing bridges and throwing them across the river, the quickest time of the French engineers. In the works of mining and sapping, a harder, or more unusual labor had to be performed, and although the corps was engaged in digging trenches and throwing up breastworks for the two days we were at the point, the spirit of the men were not daunted by the prospect of hard labor and active service."
Command of the Army of invasion.-The N. York Tribune, significantly asks the Washington Union to answer the following queries-
1. Has not General Taylor recently intimated to the government his desire to be aided or relieved in the command in the chief against Mexico?
2. Has not General Scott recently urged upon the government his claims to command the army advancing on Monterey, and been coldly refused?
3. Is it not the purpose of the president to appoint one of the new generals of his own creation to the chief command of our forces invading Mexico?
The Washington correspondent of the N. York Herald writes on the 19th –
We learn from an officer of the army, that General Scott, a few days ago,
applied to the president for the privilege heading the army of invasion
under the new plan of operations with the land forces; but that the executive
declined his application on the ground that the services of the major
general in chief would be as advantageous to the government at the war
office as the head of the army.
[MJK]
NNR 71.117 October 24, 1846 letter detailing the negotiations for surrender of Monterey
Extracts from a letter from an officer of the U. S. army in Mexico dated--Monterey, September 25, 1846
"Yesterday morning a flag of truce came into our camp offering to surrender the town, provided the troops marched out with their arms, colors, artillery, and private property, which Gen. Taylor refused. They entered however into an armistice from 10 until 12 o'clock. Gen. Taylor transferred the negotiations from our camp to Worth's headquarters at the Bishop's palace a large work situated on an eminence in rear of, and commanding the city. After much discussion Gen. Taylor agreed that the cavalry and infantry should march out with their arms, and that the artillery should carry a field battery of six 6-pounders and thiry rounds of ammunition and personal effects. All the forts, fortifications, with their armaments, ammunition, supplies, and government property of every description to be delivered over to us at 10 o'clock this morning. They are allowed one week to vacate the city, and are then to withdraw beyond this province, the whole of which is given up to us except Tampico--and this I presume they claim, as the navy has not succeeded in taking it. This, you will perceive, makes the Sierrra Madre mountains the Boundary.
"General Ampudia, during the conference, said he had positive information that Gen. Kearney had taken Santa Fe and that our citizens had captured California. What a slice has this taken from them!
"They have further entered into an armistice for eight weeks. Gen. Taylor agreed to this on Ampudia's positive assurance that our commissioners were in Mexico arranging the basis of a treaty.
"Gen. Worth has just completed a series of the most brilliant operations in modern warfare, and with but little loss. He carried four works and then came into the town when every house was a fortification. He acted thus: Divided his forces into two columns, moving parallel, and opining their way with pick axes through the houses and walls. Thus when they knocked a hole in the house they of course had possession, and in this way avoided the streets and enemy's fire from roofs of houses and barricades thrown up in every street.
"Our side or wing of the army has had some hard fighting, and our loss has been very great. They had a very strong work on this side, the southeast, built of earth, stone and sand bags, containing a 12, a 9, and a 6 pounder and an old fashioned thirty-two pound howitzer, with a large musketry force. This work was flanked by a stone house arranged with loop holes and flat roof with a parapet for the men to lie behind. Both of these were again flanked by another redoubt about 300 yards distant, heavily armed with cannon, infantry with escopets and fine English muskets. The first works were carried, but attended with great, very great loss; for independently of all those, there was a cross fire from a very strong castle about 1,000 yards distant, with shell and 12 pound shot.
"We had been attached to the dragoons, and as they could do nothing in this kind of work we have had but little chance. However when our troops moved down Ridgely rode up to Gen. Taylor and volunteered to move with two pieces to what could be done, as all of us were ignorant of the ground. He cheerfully granted if Twiggs consented. ***** We moved forward at a dashing gallop, with only two pieces, leaving caissons behind; when within 400 yards they turned their whole fire upon us. It was terrific. We however gave them three or four rounds, but discovering the strength of the work, and perceiving we should be annihilated in 30 minutes, retired. Having had two men and three horses wounded. I verily believe two more rounds, as they then would have had the exact range, would have knocked us all over. The third and fourth infantry and the Baltimore battalion threatened the right and the Mississippi and Tennessee volunteers attacked and carried it on the left. Poor Watson was shot dead, through the neck, about seventy yards from the work leading his men on. The third infantry went into the engagement with twelve officers; five killed, one mortally and one slightly wounded--judge of the fight.
"Shortly after these were carried General Taylor told Ridgely to take two pieces and move on an open plain not over 250 yards from the third fort mentioned and silence it. R. told him he thought it too strong for our pieces to affect it in the least, and asked if it had been reconnoitered. He said no, and proposed it should be done. Ridgely dashed off half speed, and perceiving it was very strong, returned and reported. God only knows how he escaped, as there was a continuous blaze of musketry fired at him until he returned, and yet neither him nor his horse was touched. ***
"We had on the 23rd a severe street fight, the Mississippi
volunteers all with rifles, some of the Tennesseeans and Texans on our
side, against some 5,000 Mexicans whom Ampudia had collected in the plaza.
They evacuated and carried off the cannon from the third fort on the
night of the 22nd. We took possession on the 23rd
and Gen. --brought on this street fight, greatly to Gen. Taylor's disgust,
but he had to support him. Bragg was sent in with his battery and got
badly used, as he also on the 21st."
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NNR 71.118 October 24, 1846 Order of General Stephen Watts Kearny for an expedition from Santa Fe, speculations on operations in New Mexico and California
Army Of The West
Head Quarters, Army of the West,
Santa Fe, N.M., Aug. 31, 1846.
Order No. 17.-I, The Commander-in-Chief will, on the 2d proximo, leave this city for El Rio Abajo, with nine hundred men, who will provide themselves with provisions for twenty days, &c.
II. The expedition will consist of 300 dragoons, under command of,; 500 Missouri cavalry, under command of,; and 100 Missouri artillery, under command of Capt. Fischer, and Lieuts. Chouteau, and Kribben, &c. &c.
By order, Gen. S.W. Kearney, &c.&c. It is understood that the troops are to move 200 miles on the east side of the Rio del Norte, and return on the west side. The object of this sudden call is partly to put down some show of hostility at Albequerque, and to take formal possession of the small towns situated along the Rio Grande, and partly to make the proclamation of the General felt by the discontented amongst the Aristocracy about "El Paso." Besides, Armijo, and Ugarta are still engaged in the south with the raising of troops, and it is expected that this expedition will either disperse them or cause their submission.
The Pueblos, the poorer classes of the Mexicans, seem to be well satisfied with the changes in the Government, and receive us everywhere with open arms; but he who supposes that the rich do not watch every opportunity to shake off the American yoke (?) is much mistaken.
Whether, and how soon troops will be sent to California, is still uncertain, and it seems principally to depend on the reinforcements which General Kearney expects to receive by Captain Allen, the Mormons, and Col, Price’s regiment. So far Captains Moore and Cook, with 200 dragoons, are ordered for that purpose, but no time is specified, and but few volunteers to strengthen this expedition; at least it is not known that any other officers than Capt. Fischer, Lieuts. Kribben and Hassendeubel, have offered. The soldiers are still more backward than the officers; and it seems to be doubtful whether he will be able to raise a company for that purpose.—Among the knowing ones, it is a settled fact, that neither horses nor mules would ever be able to move in masses, of two or three hundred, over the mountains. For this reason they are preparing to march….with the expectation of subsisting, for several weeks, on the chance of game.
If the expedition to California should start before the 1st of October, it would, according to Fitzpatrick’s opinion, not reach Monterey before the middle of February, making the trip about 130 days.
A letter dated September 2, adds that Armijo and Ugarta are moving
towards us with five thousand troops. But this story is not generally
credited.—General Kearney expressed himself about it--"six thousand are
better than two thousand; they are harder to manage and much more easily
confused."
[MJK]
NNR 71.118 October 24, 1846 Report of affairs at Forth Leavenworth
Mr. Brant Chapman and five other persons reached here last evening in
a skiff, with which they descended the Missouri River from Fort Leavenworth.
They left on the 6th instant, at 2 P. M. On Sunday the 11th
inst. they passed the steamers Little Missouri and Tributary at the mouth
of the Osage, both hard aground. General Brooke had hauled over and was
on her way up. Met Clermont No. 2 and Archer hard aground at Portland
Bar; met St. Joseph in the bend below Lexington on the 9th;
Algoma on the night of the 8th at Lexington. River falling,
with but 30 inches on the principal bars. October 13.
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NNR 71.118-71.119 October 24, 1846 march and route of Illinois volunteers through Texas
VOLUNTEERS.
Illinois Volunteers In The West.
Monday, August 24th, 1846
The 1st and 2nd regiments of Illinois volunteers have arrived at their encampment, two miles below the Alamo and city of San Antonio, on the river of the latter name. A few particulars, of interest to their friends, may now be furnished for your paper, which has so extensive a circulation throughout Illinois.
Our march from Port Lavaca, the point at which we landed in Lavaca Bay, has been one hundred fifty good Spanish miles, through a country of remarkable fertility, presenting to the eye of a northern man many striking features, which will hereafter become worthy of public notice.
While I write, the sun is just hiding his face in the forest of the Lapan, and the Tankawa, and around me the soldier is singing, "home, sweet home!"while he drives his tent pins, after a faithful eighteen miles for a days march. The laugh, the song, the joke, the hurra, and the merry talk, among seventeen hundred men, seem to indicate an absence of all care, and the enjoyment of good health and high spirits.
Since we landed in Texas the only death we have any intelligence of in camp was that of Mr. Vanduser, the orderly sergeant in Captain Dodge’s company, from Kendall County. He died of a lingering fever, at Camp Irwin, ten miles from Port Lavaca, on the 11th inst., where he was buried on the next morning, by his brother soldiers, with the solemnity and decency due to his merit and due to the feelings of the bereaved family he left in Illinois.
We have all been remarkably healthy in general, though the measles, in a mild form, has spread to a great extent in some of the companies. We left a sick station at Camp Irwin, on the 12th inst. and one at the Savilla Creek on the 19th; the latter in the care of Dr. Hope, and under the command of Captain Webb, who remained there with his company-one one of the best companies of volunteers ever offered for the service of the country. In all, I believe, we have left about two hundred me in the rear, one third of whom were sick, the other nurses, &c; but we have the cheering news to-day that the "rear guard,"as we call them, are coming up strong, and what few still remain are nearly all convalescent.
The opinion prevails among our officers, that considering the change of climate, at this particular season of the year, our regiments have been singularly blessed with good health.
The most interesting camp news today is, that Dr. Price, of Bellesville, St. Clair county, one of the appointees of the president as surgeon, has arrived in camp, to be assigned to whichever regiment Gen. Wool may designate. This leaves our friends, Dr. Hope, of Alton, and Dr. White of Chicago, the right to toss up who shall go home and attend to his business, where there is competition. Ahem!
A dragoon arrived this morning with dispatches to General Wool from the Camp of Col. Harney, who is now on forced marches "back agin"from the Presidio of the Rio Grande to San Antonio. It is said, the Colonel, in his zeal to serve his country, so far forgot his military obedience as to take up his line of march from the latter to the former named place without any orders whatever from his superior and commanding officer, Gen. Wool, and that the General has ordered his return. If all this be true, I see no great harm in it. I suppose Colonel H. wished to train his dragoons by a few days marches, so as to keep their hands in for the coming trial of bottom and speed between this place and Chihuahua. Pooh! What’s a thousand miles and then we will settle some important questions as to the comparative speed and endurance of American infantry and cavalry on thousand mile marches- for we calculate to go there and back again without seeing a hostile Mexican.
I believe the prevalent Texan opinion is, that a majority of the inhabitants of the Province of Chihuahua, have for several years, and still are, decidedly partial to our polical institutions and our social security in proportion as they are tired of civil wars in Mexico and disgusted with their thousand and one mushroom tyrants, who reign to-day, ruin tomorrow, and run away the next day. Such a state of feeling in that province ought to render the protection of our newly required republic, in anything like border defense, an easy and economical task for Mr. Polk and his successors.
I hope there are important services in store for General Wool’s command of four or five thousand troops in his central position, and I hope too, the laurels which he and those officers under his command, who would not appear awkward in laurels, may win, will be brightest and best. But I declare I do not know upon what foundation I have erected this hope.
The six months men have all gone home from his place, and the Red River cavalry are expected here daily. I will give you soon some hints of things I have seen here not connected with the army. No letters or papers from your place-they say mails are irregular and uncertain-the post office is besieged by officers and men for letters from home, and not a letter received here up to this date.
Respectfully yours, &c. P.L.
. . .
Camp Crocket, Aug 29, 1846.
As nothing of peculiar interest has transpired in camp since my last, I will make mention of some subjects which have proved worthy of notice on our march through the country-and, among these, I know of none more striking than the vestiges which now remain of the early Spanish settlements.
GOLIAD IN RUINS
On the 14th, as our long train was moving through the entirely unsettled country bordering the San Antonio river, most unexpectedly our attention was attracted to some venerable looking ruins in the distance, which proved to be the bare black walls of the now desolate and doomed city of Goliad. This stands on the west bank of the river, in the bend the shape of a crescent. The town site is elevated with commanding, so as to give the ruins a venerable appearance through the surrounding champaign country. The immediate cause of its abandonment and desolation is to be found in the history of the Texan revolution. The inhuman murder of Fanning and his men at this place by Urrea, under the order of Santa Anna made it necessary for the inhabitants and Mexican army at Goliad to fly in terror before the avengers, and on a dark and terrible night, they fled in despair, expecting never again to stand before the Texan forces at this point. They applied the torch to their own dwellings, and left in a heap of smoldering ruins where their once beautiful town had so long stood, the abode of civilized society and peaceful happiness. They snatched the gold and silver from the alters, and bid adieu to the holy church where, for a century, the faithful had worshiped in uninterrupted security.
MISSIONARY STATIONS
But after a fatiguing march of many days through the wilderness, with no human habitation in view, our eyes were directed to some lowering domes and lofty battlements, with a heavy growth of grass and prickly pear upon their summits, on the same river. This is the mission of St. John. Two or three miles further, ascending the same stream, stands the stupendous mission of St. Joseph. Again, two miles, the mission of conception, and two miles further, the city of San Antonio and the old mission now connected with the Alamo. What are these missions? Moss covered ruins. What were they? The out-posts of Christianity in the wilderness of the savage.- When Mexico was a Spanish province, the faithful ministers of her religion conceived the scheme of christianizing this vast portion of our continent.- With a zeal and courage like that of Ignatius Loyola, they planted the seeds of their religion in his rude heart. As we have visited them with feelings of no ordinary interest, we suppose the mention of their existence; being now within the undisputed limits of our country, might prove worthy the attention of tourists and travelers in general. We have seen only those we have mentioned and one other, which still stands undespoiled, and in use, in the town of San Antonio; yet we are informed that many others are standing in ruins on these rivers. St. Joseph’s about five miles below San Antonio, on the rive, is the most extensive; its grand court yard is about two hundred yards square; its principle chapel is about one hundred and five feet long by thirty in width; the wing containing the cells of its nuns is about one hundred and fifty feet long by fifty-seven in width; the height of its principal dome is about eighty-feet; its court is surrounded by old buildings, enough for the accommodation of about one hundred families; the base of the wings is divided into small cells built with great strength; the battlements and towers are covered with the prickly pear, growing to the height of six feet above the walls, and with grass and mesquite wood, the common growth of the country; the bells lay scattered and broken, some in the courtyard, and others in the cupola.
The main front of the building opposite what was once the grand entrance is adorned with richness of architecture and statuary, so far superior to anything in its class among the religious edifices of our country, that it strikes an American with awe and admiration. Besides many statues of full size, in an arch around the entrance are also plaster images of small dimensions- the large one representing the saints and Christ and the Virgin- the small ones in groups surrounded by well preserved wraths of fleur de lis and other flowers, representing the striking scenes in the history of Christ and his Apostles. The entire exterior of these vast buildings, as well as the roofs, domes and parapets, have been painted in imitations of mazaic work, portions of which are not yet defaced. In a small chapel in the basement, which is still locked, stand in a state of preservation, under the care of the present keepers of the property, three statues- one of Jesus with a crown of thorns and pierced hands and feet, and bleeding one side; one of the Virgin weeping, and the others we could not distinguish through the grates, where we were obliged to peep in.
The principal material of these edifices is rock and a kind of cement, which in its mouldering condition, although hard, has the appearance of old lava. The sills of the doorways and the caps of many of the pillars, as well as the door posts or of white marble, of ponderous dimensions.
A strong evidence of most extensive labor in the establishment of these missions, is to be found in the canals which have been dug to irrigate with the waters of the San Antonio river, large tracts of country, extending over leagues of land. In some places this plan of irrigation seems to indicate that in former years the drouth rendered agriculture and horticulture unavailable without much artificial aid, and it proves too, as well as does the completion of such vast public edifices, that the labor of large numbers of the aborigines must have been employed by the missionary priests and their associates in the work.
The dates of the completion of these respective edifices range along from the beginning to the middle of the last century, which makes some of them more and some less than one hundred years old, and although they do not boast of a very remote antiquity, the desolation of war and the corroding nature of this climate upon buildings, as well as the rapid growth of wood and vegetation peculiar to this region, gives them the appearance of very ancient ruins. They are, to say the least, much older in appearance than any of the other buildings we have seen standing in the United State, excepting, perhaps, the old Spanish cathedral at New Orleans, or the old Scandinavian fort or old mill at Newport, Rhode Island. The reason why I take such hasty notice of them now is, that we have men of competent skill and talents detailed from our camp for the purpose of making drafts and giving accurate descriptions of them they can find, as well also to furnish from the most authentic sources of the history of their construction, use and overthrow, for future publications.
LAPAN INDIANS.
A murmur of indignation was running through our lines to-day, in consequence of a scene of unusual interest which transpired here this morning. An old squaw from an encampment of Lapan Indians about two miles below us on the river, came to the camp of the Texan volunteers, and offered for sale two Spanish girls from thirteen to fifteen years old. They were dreadfully emaciated and almost destitute of a single garment of clothing. The Texans seized the girls and squaws and carried them immediately to head quarters, where, upon examination, it was ascertained that the Lapans had murdered a whole family, the parents and brothers of the two girls, in the vicinity of the Rio Grande, stolen all their property and led the girls into captivity; there they had treated them with extreme cruelty, and nearly starved them to death, and were now offering them for sale.- The girls readily pointed our the ringleaders of the outrage, and some fifteen or twenty of them were arrested for further investigation by the order of Gen. Wool.
SAN ANTONIO
There is nothing very attractive in the present appearance of San Antonio, save the most ancient looking walls of such portions of the old towns are still occupied, and the dilapidated ruins of the parts now deserted. In 1813, when the Spanish entered this place during the Mexican rebellion, San Antonio contained a population of nine thousand inhabitants-now one thousand is the extent of its numbers. The principal houses are flat roofed stoned edifices, one story in height, with doors and windows constructed like those of prisons and fort-for protection at an early day against the Indians. Some two or three modern looking American buildings have been erected, also of stone, which indicate the commencement of a new era in this country-I mean the coming of the Anglo-Saxon. The society here is composed of illiterate Mexicans and a few intelligent Americans, as the people of the United States are called-the American society, however, is quite limited. The fandango is the chief amusement; this comes off every evening-resorted to by "the million;"the "upper ten thousand"keep aloof, "the boys,"as Texan volunteers and others are called, go and pay their dime a dance for a few rounds in the waltz, quadrille or reel, with some olive signorita.- The "Tiger rooms"are open and tolerably well patronized by both sexes of Mexicans, as well as by the "new comers." Some officers can beat the Jews winning at Monte. So passes the time, and we return to reflect upon things of more importance.
The few priests who still maintain their ground here, in spite of many bloody scenes which have marked the spot, are true to their profession and their duty; they celebrate mass, and keep holy days with fidelity and zeal, and vespers are attended by many of the older inhabitants with punctuality. I understand that one Presbyterian preacher has been encouraged to remain, who teaches school and preaches regularly in the town.
I will endeavor to give you some you some idea of the Alamo in a few days; at present, I must conclude by saying a few words about the mails. Since the Texan mail has been withdrawn, the United States mail has only begun an irregular foreshadowing of what I suppose is its intended to be hereafter, a system of arrivals and departures. The purport now to send and receive a mail, once a week, but I believe the black fellow who rides the mule, brings the mail bag without anything in it. However, send us the news, we may possibly get a chance paper occasionally.
Yours, respectively, P.L.
P.S. Since my last, one thousand mounted volunteers from Arkansas, have
arrived and encamped with us.
[MJK]
NNR 71.119-120 October 24, 1846 accounts of disease among the Tennessee volunteers
The following letter from our esteemed correspondent Lieut. E. Eastman of Nashville Blues, will be found interesting:
Camp near Camargo, September 11, 1846.
Before this reaches Nashville you will doubtless have heard of the condition of our regiment, and of the great amount of sick among our volunteers. In view of the fact that some 250 or 300 volunteers have just been discharged from our regiment by the surgeon's certificate, and already left for their homes in Tennessee, I deem it a duty which I owe to my fellow soldiers and officers who have reluctantly been compelled to return before the conclusion of the war, and at a time when the country needed their services, to say that such was the only course they could preserve their own existence, and that in remaining here they could be of no service to the government.
Our situation here is truly melancholy, and I can see no good reason for concealing it. Many of our companies have dwindled away to a comparatively small number by sickness and death, and many noble brave, generous sons of Tennessee have breathed their last on the Rio Grande. The principal diseases are congestive fever, inflammation of the bowels, measles, and the chills and fever. The measles appear to be peculiarly fatal, and wholly different from the disease of the same name in the United States. --The patient scarcely ever recovers. The hand of death has been heavily upon us--dispensation of Providence are mysterious, and we submit without a murmur to Him "who spoke and it was done--who commanded and it stood still."
The necessity of discharging all who are sick consists in several particulars. 1st, want of medicine to effect a cure; 2nd, the severity of the disease, the uncertainty, and I would add the almost utter impossibility of recovering in this climate, and 3rd, very few, if any, ever recover after being prostrated by disease here.
In view of these facts I would ask, is not every soldier justified in getting discharged who is attacked by diseases which almost invariably proves fatal? He could be of no service to his country here, and by remaining would sacrifice his own life. Dr. Norris, who is now our principal surgeon, is worthy of the greatest praise for his noble conduct in the trying scenes through which we have passed. --The sick have been so numerous that frequently he could not obtain an hour's sleep for four days or nights in succession--Dr. Robertson, one of the assistants being dangerously sick, and Dr. Stearns being absent with a portion of the sick sent to the hospital at Camargo.
All the well men in the Nashville Blues left with Captains Cheatham and Lieutenants Bradfoot and Putnam, for Monterey some days ago, together with all the other companies of the regiment capable of performing the march. Enough well men, however, were left to take care of the sick. In our company some forty were left, including myself and those at the hospital at Point Isabel. Some twenty-five or thirty Blues have been discharged--four have died in all since we left, Nashville, and one died who was discharged are able to leave, I shall start with my small detachment for Monterey. I remained, in pursuance of Gen. Pillow's order, with the men in our company unable to march.
I should do injustice to Brigadier General Pillow did I omit to mention his unceasing exertions to alleviate the sufferings of the sick. He has done every thing in his power, and his magnanimous conduct as an officer meets with universal admiration.
This town is literally void of interest and I am heartily sick of it.
Last night, to break the monotony of the camp, the regiment above u had
an alarms, which spread up and down the river, and two companies were
sent out as scouting parties, who fired many guns, had some fun, and returned
in the morning to their quarters without discovering any thing in the shape
of a hostile Mexican.
[PTH]
NNR 71.120 October 24, 1846 Sick Tennessee Volunteers retiring
Return of Volunteers . --The Nashville papers mention the return to
that place, on the 4th instant, of about two hundred sick volunteers,
belonging to the first regiment of Tennessee troops--most of them out
of funds as well as out of health. Many of the other regiments have been
considerably reduced by the same cause, as will be seen by the subjoined
extract of a letter from Col. Samuel R. Curtis, commanding the third regiment
of the Ohio volunteers. The more recent accounts, however indicate that
the health of the remaining troops had much improved.
[PTH]
NNR 71.120 October 24, 1846 Col. Samuel Ryan Curtis' letter about the health of troops at Matamoros
Matamoros, September 7, 1846:
"In my regiment there are 150 on the sick list. The same proportion at Camp Washington, when you were there, would have made the list eight or nine hundred, as there was then under my command all the volunteers from the state, and five or six times the force I now command. My surgeon reports that, though the number continues large, there is evidently a change for the better, and almost every man is on the mend.
'It is considered a very hard battle, and a bloody one that carries off ten per cent of a given force. Very few battles of the many thousands the world has fought have risen above five per cent. But by disease and death I have seen my ranks already reduced from 780 to 620. --And in some of the regiments, where they have guarded themselves, or been more exposed, the regiments are reduced from 760 to 500. The number gone are not all dead. Hundreds pass down the river daily on their way home, having procured a certificate from their surgeon that they are attacked by incurable disease. They will many of them return home to their families emaciated, sick, and unable to oil. They are wounded soldiers who have met the pestilential foes of the south; and as much deserve the honor and care of their country as though the fatal shaft had been composed of lead.
'So far as life and death are concerned, I would rather risk a battle
once a week, with my regiment in the north, than remain in a climate
so unnatural to them. --But we do not repine--we do not complain. Those
who stay, and those who die here, are doing so in the discharge of the
duty. Of those who leave to return home, many will never reach there,
but will find graves in the gulf or river. '
[PTH]
NNR 71.120-121 October 24, 1846 Notices of Officers and men
CAPT. THORNTON, of the United States dragoons, accompanied Capt. Eaton, the bearer of despatches from Monterey to the city of Washington,--with the purpose of prevailing upon the department of war, to afford him an opportunity of retrieving himself from the effects of the