NNR 70.132 Mexican protest against Gen. Zachary Taylor's taking position on the Rio Grande
NNR 70.132 Gen. Pedro Ampudia enters Matamoros, correspondence with Gen. Zachary Taylor
NNR 70.132 deserters from the two armies
NNR 70.132 Gen. William Jenkins Worth resigns
NNR 70.132-70.133 Col. Trueman Cross disappears, believed captured by Mexicans
NNR 70.133 Gen. William Jenkins Worth arrives at New Orleans
NNR 70.133 rumors of Mexicans crossing the Rio Grande
NNR 70.160 Gen. Nicolas Bravo departs Mexico City with 6,000 men to defend Veracruz
NNR 70.160, 70.161 the Mexican war steamers Montezuma and Guadaloupe sold at Havana
NNR 70.160 the business of Veracruz annihilated
NNR 70.160 letter about control by Great Britain of Mexican policy
NNR 70.160 improvements in the armaments of the fortress of San Juan de Ulloa
NNR 70.160 movements of Mexican troops at Mazatlan, the cessation of business there
NNR 70.160 Lt. Theodoric H. Porter and three men killed; deserters from the American Army
NNR70.160 Gen. Mariano Arista supersedes Gen. Pedro Ampudia in command, pacific professions from Gen. Mariano Arista
NNR70.160 Col. Trueman Cross' body found
NNR70.160 Gen. Zachary Taylor notified to quit his position by the Mexicans
NNR70.160 Mexicans cross the Rio Grande
NNR70.160 Mexican schooner Juniata captured by the Flirt, Mexicans capture wagons of settlers
bearing provisions, American consul and merchants at Matamoros ordered to the interior
NNR70.160 Rio Grande blockaded
NNR70.160 Gen. William Jenkins Worth and John Slidell arrive at Washington
NNR 70.161-70.163 editorial notice of war preparations, prompt movements in Texas, Alabama, and Louisiana
NNR 70.163 position of the Army at Matamoros, description of Point Isabel, Brazos Santiago, &c.
NNR 70.164 Army journal; Capt. W. G. Catlett's letter on the requistion of troops from Texas
NNR 70.165 accounts by steamer Augusta
NNR 70.165 letter from Col. R. Fitzpatrick, letter to a member of Congress
NNR 70.165 letter to Senator Simon Cameron, Army in danger
NNR 70.176 meetings of volunteers
NNR 70.176 war clause on marine insurance
NNR 70.176 orders and movement of troops for the frontier
NNR 70.176 list of killed and wounded in Capt. Seth Barton Thornton's detachment
NNR 70.176 Louisiana orders for enrollment of all persons subject to military duty
NNR 70.176 USS Mississippi,
steamer, ordered to start for Veracruz
NNR 70.176 Saint Mary's, sloop of war, sails to the aid of Point Isabel
NNR 70.176 resolution of the New York legislature authorizing the
governor to call 50,000 volunteers for Mexico
NNR 70.177 proclamation of war against Mexico is copied from declaration of war with Great Britain in 1812
NNR 70.177 manifesto of Mexican President ad interim Mariano Paredes y Arillaga against the United States
NNR 70.177 Creek Indians volunteer for service in Mexico
NNR 70.177 US revenue cutters ordered to the Gulf
NNR 70.178 apprehensions about privateering on behalf of Mexico by Spanish subjects
NNR 70.178 requisition for 30,000 volunteers, exclusive of those called for by Gen. Zachary Taylor and Gen. Edmund Pendleton Gaines, difficulties suggested
NNR 70.178 discussion of command of the Army
NNR 70.178 comments on the abilities of the Mexican general Mariano Arista
NNR 70.178 description of Matamoros and its vicinity
NNR 70.178-70.179 incidents
of the campaign
NNR 70.178-70.179 Capt. Samuel Hamilton Walker's mission between Point Isabel and the camp opposite Matamoros
NNR 70.179 Gen. Zachary Taylor's camp, danger in passing to or from his depot at Isabel, movement to bring up
supplies, Mexican batteries at Matamoros bombard his battery
NNR 70.179 Gen. Zachary Taylor reaches Point Isabel, prepares to return with train of muntions and supplies,
Capt. Samuel Hamilton Walker reaches him with accounts from fort, allowing him time for better preparation
NNR 70.179 no reinforcements yet arrived at Point Isabel, calculation of the expected arrival of forces
70.179 comment on rumors and exaggerations from the scene of the fighting as represented in newspapers, official intelligence reaches Washington
NNR 70.179 extract of a letter from Gen. Zachary Taylor
NNR 70.179 extract of a
letter from an officer at the fort opposite Matamoros
NNR 70.179-70.180 extract from a letter about the defenses at Point Isabel
NNR 70.180 surprise and surrender of Capt. Seth Barton Thornton's command
70.180 Capt. Samuel Hamilton Walker's detachment and its engagement with the Mexicans
NNR 70.180 Surprise and surrender of Captain Thornton's command
NNR 70.180 tribute to Col. Trueman Cross, first victim of the war
NNR 70.180 Gilbert Dudley's capture of two Mexicans
70.181 official orders as to organizing the volunteers in US service
70.182 Gen. Edmund Pendleton Gaines' requisition on Louisiana for troops, the prompt response
NNR 70.182 Gen. Edmund Pendleton Gaines' requisitions for volunteers
NNR 70.182 list of officers of the Army in Texas
NNR 70.192 remarks and statements on US finances in light of the war with Mexico, possibility of a loan, of issuance of treasury notes, of postponement of revision of the tariff
NNR 70.192 accounts from New Orleans of extravagant expenditures for military supplies
NNR 70.193 map of the seat of war
NNR 70.194 geography of the seat of the war
NNR 70.194 course of the Rio Grande (Rio del Norte or Rio Bravo)
NNR 70.194 distances on the route from San Antonio to Mexico City
NNR 70.194 account of the city of Mexico
NNR 70.194 health of the Rio Grande
NNR 70.195 "true policy of the republic"
NNR 70.195 capture of Gen. Romulo Diaz de la Vega
NNR 70.196 executive power granted to the president for conducting the war, funds authorized, troops to be raised, officers to be appointed
NNR 70.196 requisition on the states for volunteers
NNR 70.196 report of the squadron under Com. John Drake Sloat at Mazatlan
NNR 70.196 government said to intend purchasing small vessels to run close in shore in the Gulf
NNR 70.196 Gen. Zachary Taylor's official letters from Point Isabel, his brief notes on the Battle of Palo Alto and the Battle of Resaca de la Palma
NNR 70.197 Gen. Romulo Diaz de la Vega and other captured officers forwarded to New Orleans
NNR 70.197,70.198 Com. David Conner's dispatches to Secretary of the Navy George Bancroft from Brazos of 8th, 9th, and 12th May
NNR 70.197 Gen. Zachary Taylor's letter from camp opposite Matamoros, enclosing Gen. Pedro Ampudia's letter of 12th April summoning Taylor to quit his position
NNR 70.198 account of events at Point Isabel during the battle of 9th May
NNR 70.198 Gen. Pedro Ampudia's proclamation to the people of the east, his address to the inhabitants of the frontier, "Eagle of the North's" notice of the manifesto
NNR 70.199 President Mariano Paredes y Arrillaga's manifesto to the Mexican nation
NNR 70.199 Texas general orders for volunteers for Mexico
NNR 70.199-70.200 prompt measures to sustain Gen. Zachary Taylor, proclamations and correspondence of Gov. William Owsley of Kentucky about raising volunteers
NNR 70.201 Death of Major Ringgold
NNR 70.200-70.202 Gov. Thomas G. Pratt's (Maryland) proclamation and general orders (similar official proceedings in other states), successors of the "old Maryland line" in the field
NNR 70.202 volunteer spirit in the states
NNR 70.202 Gen. Zachary Taylor's official account of the campaign to Gen. Edmund Pendleton Gaines
NNR 70.202 bombardment of the fort opposite Matamoros
NNR 70.202 rejoicing in New Orleans about the action of the president and cabinet on receipt of news of the war
NNR 70.202 comments on the plan of the campaign revealed in the correspondence of Gen. Mariano Arista
NNR 70.202 the firing on American troops bearing captured Mexican colors
NNR 70.202 total number of volunteers furnished by Louisiana
NNR 70.202 departure of Capt. D.J. Ricardo's Rangers for the war
NNR 70.202-70.203 expedition against Barita
NNR 70.203 Gen. Zachary Taylor returns to Fort Brownl
NNR 70.203 exchange of prisoners
NNR 70.203 Gen. Zachary Taylor's plans to cross the Rio Grande
NNR 70.203 volunteers reach Brazos
NNR 70.203 maneuvers of the US fleet on the scene, list of vessels at Brazos Santiago
NNR 70.203 departure of the steam schooner Augusta with wounded
NNR 70.203 letter from a correspondent at Point Isabel
NNR 70.203 Maj. Lloyd James Beall's letter about the death of Lt. Theodoric Henry Porter
NNR 70.203-204 account of a search through the chaparral for the remains of Lt. Theodoric Henry Porter
NNR 70.209 British steamer Terrible to Oregon
NNR 70.209 production of uniforms for the Army
NNR 70.210,70.304 French notions about the war, the intention of France to interfere to prevent annexation of Mexican territory by the United States
NNR 70.210 the Nashville "Union" announces the design of government to take and to hold California
NNR 70.211 express riding to carry news of the war
NNR 70.212 difficulties in organizing volunteers
NNR 70.212 various detachments to proceed to Texas
NNR 70.212 remarks as to plan of conducting campaign, &c .
NNR 70.212 Gen. John Ellis Wool on his way to muster troops in the northwest
NNR 70.213 letter about traders to Santa Fe departing Independence despite news of the war
NNR 70.214 incidents of the campaign
70.214 Barita taken without opposition
70.214 Matamoros taken by Gen. Zachary Taylor without opposition
70.214 arrival of regiments of regulars and volunteers
70.214 compliment to Mexican bravery
70.214 estimate of American killed and wounded
70.214 Col. James Simmons McIntosh's wounds
70.214 Capt. John Page's melancholy condition
70.214 Capt. Seth Barton Thornton's near escape, capture, and exchange
NNR 70.214 expedition against Santa Fe planned
NNR 70.214-70.215 speculation as to Gen. Winfield Scott taking command of the Army in Mexico
NNR 70.215 arrest of Capt. Seth Barton Thornton
NNR 70.214 incidents of the campaign
NNR 70.214 Barita taken without opposition
NNR 70.214 Matamoros taken by Gen. Zachary Taylor without opposition
NNR 70.214 arrival of regiments of regulars and volunteers
NNR 70.214 compliment to Mexican bravery
NNR 70.214 estimate of American killed and wounded
NNR 70.214 Col. James Simmons McIntosh's wounds
NNR 70.214 Capt. John Page's melancholy condition
NNR 70.215-70.217 further details of the battles on the Rio Grande
NNR 70.217 Mexican account
of incidents on the Rio Grande
NNR 70.217-70.218 bombardment
of Fort Brown
NNR 70.224 public journals on finances in light of war
NNR 70.224 movements of volunteers toward Point Isabel; Mexican schooners bought by US government
NNR 70.225 indignation of disbanded volunteers
NNR 70.225 Gen. Zachary Taylor's official report on the battles of May 8 and 9 received
NNR 70.226,70.256 escape of two Mexican steamers from Veracruz for Havana
NNR 70.226 steamers Guadaloupe and Montezuma, built at New York, purchased by the US government
NNR 70.227 difficulties developing over requisitions for volunteers
NNR 70.227 confusion about mustering of the Saint Louis Legion into US service, troops raised for service against Santa Fe
NNR 70.227 departure of the Louisville Legion for New Orleans before receipt of counter-orders from the War Department
NNR 70.227 over 5,000 Tennessee volunteers for the Rio Grande
NNR 70.227,70.259 Gov. James Pinckney Henderson takes command of the Texas volunteers and proceeds to frontier
NNR 70.227 departure of Texas companies of volunteers for the Rio Grande
NNR 70.227 general orders specifying routes of western volunteers to the frontier
NNR 70.227 discouragement of Indiana volunteers
NNR 70.227 difficulty in supplying Ohio troops mustered into US service
NNR 70.228 American consul at Veracruz and all Americans ordered to leave
NNR 70.228 energetic volunteering of Maryland troops for service in Mexico
NNR 70.228 proclamation in favor of Gen. Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna
NNR 70.228 Gen. Mariano Paredes y Arrillaga intends to move north with troops
NNR 70.228 animosity against the United States
NNR 70.228 Mexican clergy refuse to loan funds for the war
NNR 70.228 Mexican account
of casualties in the late battles
NNR 70.228 patriotic effusions of Mexican journals
NNR 70.228 further discussions with the clergy about the proposed loan to the Mexican government
NNR 70.228 preparations for an expedition against Santa Fe
NNR 70.228 number of troops under Gen. Zachary Taylor, expectation of an advance
NNR 70.228 operation of the Army on the Rio Grande, talk between Gen. Pedro Ampudia and Gen. Zachary Taylor
NNR 70.228-229 a party of Americans taken and barbarously treated between Point Isabel and Corpus Christi
NNR 70.229 items of information from Brazos
NNR 70.229 arrival of Texas Rangers and infantry at Point Isabel
NNR 70.229 Mexican account
of incidents from 1st to 3rd May
NNR 70.229 Mexican statement of their own losses
NNR 70.230-231 capture of
La Barita, description of its situation
NNR 70.235-239 Albert Gallatin's address to the people of the United States on the subject of war with Mexico
NNR 70.240 expenses of the war, need for action to raise funds, lack of funds for purchasing supplies at New Orleans
NNR 70.240 naval operations on the Mexican coast
NNR 70.240 attack on Capt. John Charles Fremont threatened by Don Jose Castro
NNR 70.240 demand on ships for freights at New Orleans
NNR 70.240 Catholic chaplains appointed for the Army
NNR 70.241 comment on national finances in light of the war with Mexico
NNR 70.241 offer of British ministers to mediate differences between the United States and Mexico
NNR 70.242 consuls of neutral powers protest American blockade of Veracruz, arrangements to withstand the blockade
NNR 70.243 Dr. William Maxwell Wood, bearer of dispatches from the Pacific squadron, passing through Mexico, meets and forwards to Com. John Drake Sloat intelligence of the war
NNR 70.255 report of taking of Matamoros
NNR 70.255 Com. David Conner's instructions to the squadron on principles of a blockade
NNR 70.256 exhibit of force of the Gulf Squadron, unlikelihood of successful attack on Veracruz
NNR 70.256 rumors of a British offer of mediation between the United States and Mexico
NNR 70.257 comments on the possibility of a British offer of mediation between the United States and Mexico
NNR 70.258-70.259 South American and Mexican Association's memorial to the British ministers asking mediation
NNR 70.261-70.262 article in the "Southern Quarterly Review" reviewing the campaign, noticed
NNR 70.262 formidable force organizing against Santa Fe
NNR 70.262 Lt. Col. Henry Wilson marches against Reynosa
NNR 70.262 Gen. Zachary Taylor's letter complaining of want of transport and the large body of volunteers beyond what he had asked for
NNR 70.262-70.263 letters from "The Corporal" at Matamoros
NNR 70.263-70.264 Gen. Zachary Taylor's letter of 22d April to Gen. Mariano Arista, relative to blockade of the Rio Grande
NNR 70.264 council of war after Palo Alto, incidents of the Battle of Resaca de la Palma
NNR 70.264-70.265 incidents of the battlefield
NNR 70.265 general orders directing rendezvous of the several corps of volunteers
NNR 70.265 Gen. Mariano Arista's official report of the battles of 8th and 9th May
NNR 70.265 topography of the route from Matamoros to Monterey and Saltillo
NNR 70.265-70.266 movement of the Mexicans
NNR 70.266-70.268 review of the campaign from the "Southern Quarterly Review"
NNR 70.272 Reynosa and Camargo taken
NNR 70.272 Gen. Zachary Taylor awaiting transport to join the advance corps
NNR 70.272 positions of regulars and volunteers
NNR 70.272 Gov. James Pinckney Henderson reaches Rio Grande accompanied by Tonkawa Indians
NNR 70.273 Capt. Ben McCulloch's expedition on a spying mission
NNR 70.273 deaths of Mexican wounded, deserters from Mexican forces
NNR 70.273 reported dispute between Gen. Mariano Arista and Gen. Pedro Ampudia over defeats
NNR 70.273 court of inquiry ordered on Gen. Edmund Pendleton Gaines for his requisition of troops and supplies
NNR 70.273 Yucatan declares independence
NNR 70.273 revolution in favor of Gen. Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna and federalism at Jalisco
NNR 70.274 toast to the Heroine of Fort Brown
NNR 70.276 discussion of general officers chosen to conduct the war with Mexico
NNR 70.276-70.277 various incidents of the late battles, the field after battle, &c.
NNR 70.277-70.278 Mexican plan of campaign
NNR 70.278 compliment to the Marylanders in Mexico
NNR 70.278 accounts of wounded officers, suspicion that Mexicans use shot containing arsenic
NNR 70.278 Lt. Theodoric H. Porter's body found
NNR 70.278 account of the wounded in the hospitals
NNR 70.278 compliment by Gen. Romulo Diaz de la Vega to Gen. Zachary Taylor on the quality of Taylor's troops
NNR 70.278 hunting for "Rio Grande deer"
NNR 70.278-70.279 Gen. Zachary Taylor's letter accompanying Gen. Mariano Arista's invitation to American soldiers to desert
NNR 70.279 reception of deputation that delivered the thanks of Louisiana to Gen. Zachary Taylor
NNR 70.281 comments on the expedition against Santa Fe
NNR 70.288 notice of strong discontent expressed by volunteers whose services were declined by the government
NNR 70.288 seven companies of volunteers depart from Nashville
NNR 70.288 twenty-three Alabama companies ready for the Rio Grande
NNR 70.288 volunteers raised in Missouri for Santa Fe refused by US government
NNR 70.288 recruits engaged
for a mounted regiment against Santa Fe
NNR 70.288 blundering in the calling out of volunteers
NNR 70.288 volunteers at Fort Leavenworth
NNR 70.288 a volunteer heroine among the Indiana troops
NNR 70.288 full complement of Ohio volunteers enrolled
NNR 70.288 requisition on Illinois for volunteers is filled
NNR 70.288 apathy among volunteers on the Rio Grande described by "The Corporal"
NNR 70.289 appointment of officers of volunteers
NNR 70.289 soldiers arrive at Baltimore and Saint Louis from the seat of war
NNR 70.289 Army depot established at Robinson's Ferry on the Trinity
NNR 70.289 Maj. Thomas Turner Fauntleroy ordered to proceed to San Antonio with dragoons
NNR 70.289 Bibles forwarded to Army in Texas
NNR 70.289 officers from the Rio Grande arrive in Philadelphia
NNR 70.289-70.290 specifications relating to Gen. Edmund Pendleton Gaines' call for volunteers to be examined by the court of inquiry
NNR 70.290 three ships of the line ordered ready for service
NNR 70.290 accounts of the attacks
of the Saint Mary's on the fort and gunboats at Tampico
NNR 70.291 account of the Princeton
in the blockade of Veracruz
NNR 70.291 California expedition fitting at New York
NNR 70.291 three schooners being constructed at New York for the Mexican government purchased by the American government
NNR 70.293 recruitment of
regulars commended for a foreign invasion
70.293 notice of various troop movements
NNR 70.293 copy of act authorizing organization of volunteer forces
NNR 70.293 response of citizens of New Hampshire to the call for volunteers
NNR 70.293 formation of companies of volunteers in Connecticut
NNR 70.293-70.294 requisition on Massachusetts for troops, extract from the general orders of Gov. George Nixon Briggs
NNR 70.294 tendering of New York troops for service in Mexico
NNR 70.294 nineteen companies
of North Carolina volunteers report for duty in Mexico
NNR 70.294 Alabama volunteers leave for the Rio Grande
NNR 70.294 recruiting of Mississippi volunteers for service in Mexico
NNR 70.294 mustering of Ohio volunteers for service in Mexico
NNR 70.294 complaints about Gov. Thomas Ford of Illinois in mustering volunteers for Mexico
NNR 70.294 comments on arrangements for payment for clothing for volunteers
NNR 70.294 departure of Kentucky units for Mexico
NNR 70.294 dissatisfaction of Missouri volunteers at Fort Leavenworth
NNR 70.294 financial support
for volunteers in Tennessee
NNR 70.294 movement of companies of Texas volunteers toward the seat of the war
NNR 70.294 statement of Cassius Marcellus Clay on the war
NNR 70.295 Gen. Robert Desha's prompt response to news of the outbreak of hostilities with Mexico
NNR 70.295-70.296 ceremony of surrender of Matamoros
NNR 70.296 account of enterprise on the Rio Grande under American influence
NNR 70.296 Mexican ladies at Matamoros reconciled to the Americans
NNR 70.296 Mexican compliment to American behavior after their victories
NNR 70.296 death of Capt. Jose A. Baragan
NNR 70.296 reconnoiter after Gen. Mariano Arista
NNR 70.296 interview between
Col. Matthew Mountjoy Payne and Gen. Romulo Diaz de la Vega
70.296 examination of the trophies of the war, including the flag
of the Tampico guards
NNR 70.296 Mexican treatment of American prisoners
NNR 70.296 Gen. Mariano Arista's official account of killed and wounded in the battles of the 8th and 9th of May, &c., his account of evacuation of Matamoros
NNR 70.304 proposed expedition against Yucatan, denial that the American government intends to support it
NNR 70.304 British view of the Mexican war, sympathy with Mexico, British mediation suggested
NNR 70.304 Charles Bent, Saint
Vrain, and Folger arrive at Saint Louis and report, Gen. Jose Urrea said
to be advancing to relief of Santa Fe
NNR 70.304 Santa Fe traders pushing forward rapidly in advance of US
troops
NNR 70.304 federal government accepts services of Missouri mounted regiment and artillery for operations against New Mexico
NNR 70.304 Santa Fe expedition
NNR 70.305 withdrawal of troops from our Indian frontiers, leaving them exposed to outbreaks
NNR 70.305 volunteers reach
the Rio Grande
70.305-70.306 lack of authentic intelligence from the interior
of Mexico
NNR 70.306 present of exploded shot by Capt. D.S. Miles to the Baltimore high school
NNR 70.306 account of the rank and file in the late battles
NNR 70.309-70.311 Gen. Zachary Taylor, for want of transports and supplies, unable to improve his victories, inundated by volunteers of whose services he cannot avail; items from the Rio Grande; letter from the seat of war; Gen. Urrea advancing on Santa Fe
70.311 California expedition preparing at New York
NNR 70.311 departure of the expedition against Santa Fe from Fort Leavenworth
NNR 70.311 Louisiana habeas corpus case
NNR 70.311-70.312 Gen. Zachary Taylor's interview with a gentleman's son among the volunteers
NNR 70.312 organizing of the regiments of Illinois volunteers
NNR 70.312 call on Iowa for an additional company of volunteers
NNR 70.312-70.313 indignation over appointment of Sterling Price as commander of a company of Missouri volunteers
NNR 70.313 Alabama election of officers, departure for Point Isabel
NNR 70.313 arrival of volunteers
from Maryland and the District of Columbia at Brazos
70.313 use of a draft in North Carolina to determine troops chosen
for service in Mexico
70.313 departure of Ohio volunteers for the Rio Grande
70.313 destination of Kentucky volunteers in Mexico
NNR 70.313-70.314 correspondence of Gen. William Jenkins Worth and Gen. Zachary Taylor on Worth's desire to retire from his command
NNR 70.320 intrigues to restore Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna to power in Mexico
NNR 70.323 war for a "piece" of Mexico
NNR 70.323-70.324 gathering of a board of naval officers, denial that it dealt with an attack on San Juan de Ulloa
NNR 70.324 energetic measures
by the administration to carry on the war, posture of affairs
70.324 Gen. Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna about to embark for Mexico
70.324 uncertainty about whereabouts of Gen. Mariano Paredes y
Arillaga, prospect of a rebellion to supersede him
NNR 70.325 European powers
indisposed to take part in the war
70.325 Mexican movements
70.325 rumors of the departure of Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna from
Cuba for Mexico
NNR 70.325 items from the
Rio Grande
NNR 70.325 report on supplying materials for transportation to the Army
NNR 70.325 gales off Brazos,
numerous shipwrecks
70.325 letter from Henry Whiting on the delivery of supplies to the
Army in Texas
NNR 70.325 route to the interior of Mexico
NNR 70.325-70.326 want of discipline
among the volunteers
NNR 70.326 report on the tendering of Pennsylvania volunteers for service in Mexico
NNR 70.326 third regiment of Ohio volunteers reach New Orleans
NNR 70.326 deaths in the Baltimore battalion
NNR 70.326 complaint about
the appointment of political partisans to militia positions
NNR 70.326 complaints about the rejection by Gov. Thomas Ford of Illinois of some volunteers
NNR 70.326-70.32 relief to families of volunteers
NNR 70.327 Mormons enlist in the expedition against California
NNR 70.327 arrival of the Georgia regiment of volunteers at Mobile
NNR 70.327 expedition to Santa Fe
NNR 70.327 objects of the expedition to California
NNR 70.327 progress of the expedition against Santa Fe
NNR 70.327 Gen. John Ellis Wool's movement on San Antonio
NNR 70.336 Britain proffers mediation between the United States and Mexico
NNR 70.336 movement of troops toward Texas
NNR 70.336 accounts from the Army of Occupation, awaiting boats
NNR 70.336 ammunition prepared at the Saint Louis arsenal
NNR 70.336 French papers urge necessity of French interference in the war
NNR 70.132 May 9, 1846 Mexican protest against Gen. Zachary Taylor's taking position on the Rio Grande
The army of occupation. Accounts already furnished, left gen. Taylor on the 29th alt. Taking post on the eastern bank of the Rio Grande, immediately opposite and commanding the town of Matamoros. – By the arrival of the steam Col. Harvey at New Orleans, we learned that general Taylor was met by a deputation of civilians from the town of Matamoros who protested against his “invasion of the Mexican department of Tamaulipas” [JEB]
NNR 70.132 May 9, 1846 Gen. Pedro Ampudia enters Matamoros, correspondence with Gen. Zachary Taylor
On the 11th April, general Ampudia marched into Matamoros with 1,000 cavalry and 1,500 infantry. Thius augmented the Mexican force there to 5,500 men.
On the next day gen. Ampudia, notified gen. Taylor to retire to the eastern bank of the Nueces. This notification was of a threatening character, and was regaurded by Gen. T. As of a belligerent nature, and accordingly he instructed the military commander at Brazos to consider the Mexican army as in a hostile attitude. [JEB]
NNR 70.132 May 9, 1846 deserters from the two armies
We are informed says the New Orleans Bulletin that about thirty of the American troops had deserted, ten or twelve of whom were shot in endeavoring to make their escape. This had the effect of checking further desertions. It is said that about 1,000 of Ampudia’s men deserted him on his march. [JEB]
NNR 70.132 May 9, 1846 Gen. William Jenkins Worth resigns
Gen. Worth is on his way to this city in the U.S. steam propeller Hunter, which vessel left on the same day as the Colonel Harney. [JEB]
NNR 70.132-70.133 May 9, 1846 Col. Trueman Cross disappears, believed captured by Mexicans
Col. Truman Cross, quarter master general of the army, disappeared so singularly, that for several days the greatest anxiety was felt. A letter from an officer of the army, dated Point Isabel, April 14, says- “Col. Cross left the camp about noon on Friday, 10th inst. He was alone, and when last heard from, was at the house of a Mexican, about one mile from the camp. Since that time no certain information has been received as to his fate. [JEB]
NNR 70.133 May 2, 1846 NAVAL JOURNAL
The Potomac frigate arrived at Vera Cruz on the first April from Norfolk.
The American squadron at Sacrificios on the 5th April consisted of the Cumberland and Potomac frigates, the Falmouth, St. Marys' and John Adams, sloops of war.
The frigate Brandywine, now in ordinary as Gosport navy yard, is to be fitted out forth with.
Lieut. G. S. Blake, takes command of the U.S. brig Perry, now at Norfolk preparing for the Pacific. Lieut. B. has for some time been occupied in surveying the Delaware bay and river, in the course of which he discovered a safe ship channel in the bay, not heretofore laid down on the chart.
The Constitution - Old Ironsides. A letter from an officer on board the U.S. frigate Constitution, now in the Pacific, relates the following pleasing incident, which occurred when the Constitution was out about ten days from Macao, on her way to Manilla, and found herself near a fleet of six British vessels, becalmed:
"A few light cats-paws fanned us along until we were within two miles of them, and then the wind left us. We were all thus becalmed in sight of each other. We made them out to be a large line of battleship, two frigates, one brig and two steamers; their nation as yet unknown, as there was no wind to throw out their ensigns. Presently one of the steamers began firing up, and shortly afterwards bore down for us. We were just exercising our crew at general quarters, (always keeping up our discipline, you perceive), when she came within hail. From her we learnt that the vessels composed the East India squadron of H.B.M. under command of rear admiral sir Thomas Cochrane, K.C.B., that they had been seven months down among the islands, and the whole squadron were short of bread, 'grog', water, and other necessaries, and they desired to know if we could furnish them with the stores required, to last them one week. No sooner asked than done. No sailor ever stops to count the biscuit in his locker when he sees a hungry customer. Then a lively scene occurred, gratifying, I assure you, to both sides. Our guns had to be secured, and, indeed, we must have presented rather a hostile appearance to Mr. Bull; in fact, one of the officers good humoredly observed, he 'thought we were going to blow him out of water.' We turned to with light hearts, and broke out the provisions and sent them on board, while we entertained the officers in very gallant style, in fact doing the clean and genteel thing by them. I don't recollect ever spending a more pleasing time that I did the two short hours they were with us; and when they left, it was like parting with friends of long standing. One good fellow gave, as he was about leaving, ' The good Old Ironsides - always the first to prepare for her friends, or foes; and her gentlemanly officers the first to treat them accordingly.' A light breeze shortly afterwards sprung up - night closed in - the wind freshened - we cracked on studden-sails, both sides, alow and aloft, and the next day the high mountains of Luzon were plainly in view."
The Marion, U.S. ship, sailed from Lagos, Jan. 20 - all well. The purser died on board January 10, and was buried at Quitar.
The razee "Independence," is to be taken to the dock at the navy yard, at Charlestown, for repairs. We give this information for the benefit of our southern contemporaries, who for the past four months, have every two weeks announced that the "Independence" was fitting out, as the flag ship of com. Perry, for the Gulf squadron. That may be her destination for ought we can say. [GLP]
NNR 70.132 May 9, 1846 Mexican protest against Gen. Zachary Taylor's taking position on the Rio Grande
The army of occupation. Accounts already furnished, left gen. Taylor on the 29th alt. taking post on the eastern bank of the Rio Grande, immediately opposite and commanding the town of Matamoros. – By the arrival of the steam Col. Harvey at New Orleans, we learned that general Taylor was met by a deputation of civilians from the town of Matamoros who protested against his “invasion of the Mexican department of Tamaulipas” [JEB]
NNR 70.132 May 9, 1846 Gen. Pedro Ampudia enters Matamoros, correspondence with Gen. Zachary Taylor
On the 11th April, general Ampudia marched into Matamoros with 1,000 cavalry and 1,500 infantry. This augmented the Mexican force there to 5,500 men.
On the next day gen. Ampudia, notified gen. Taylor to retire to the eastern bank of the Nueces. This notification was of a threatening character, and was regaurded by Gen. T. as of a belligerent nature, and accordingly he instructed the military commander at Brazos to consider the Mexican army as in a hostile attitude. [JEB]
NNR 70.132 May 9, 1846 deserters from the two armies
We are informed says the New Orleans Bulletin that about thirty of the American troops had deserted, ten or twelve of whom were shot in endeavoring to make their escape. This had the effect of checking further desertions. It is said that about 1,000 of Ampudia’s Men deserted him on his march. [JEB]
NNR 70.132 May 9, 1846 Gen. William Jenkins Worth resigns
Gen. Worth is on his way to this city in the U.S. steam propeller Hunter, which vessel left on the same day as the Colonel Harney. [JEB]
NNR 70.132 May 9, 1846 Col. Trueman Cross disappears, believed captured by Mexicans
Col. Truman Cross, quarter master general of the army, disappeared so singularly, that for several days the greatest anxiety was felt. A letter from an officer of the army, dated Point Isabel, April 14, says- “Col. Cross left the camp about noon on Friday, 10th inst. He was alone, and when last heard from, was at the house of a Mexican, about one mile from the camp. Since that time no certain information has been received as to his fate. [JEB]
"THE ARMY OF OCCUPATION." - The steamer New York reached N. Orleans on the 29th with Galveston dates to the 27thApril. Gen. Worth, Cols. Coffin, Waite, Fisher, and Treadwell, Majors Van Ness and March, Capts. Duncan, Whitehead, and McLellan, and several other officers of the same army arrived in the New York.
The iron steamer Hunter was off Galveston bar on the 27th inst., having lost her smoke pipe and being short of provisions. She was then eleven days out from Brazos Santiago. Some of her passengers were transferred to New York.
Nothing further is known of Col. Cross. Lieut. Deas, who crossed the Rio Grande in search of his friend, has fallen into the hands of the Mexicans.
The N. Orleans Picayune says : There are various rumors in town in regard to skirmishes between the Mexican and American forces, but we have not been able to trace them to any authentic source.
The schooner L.M. Hitchcock , Capt. Wright, arrived at Galveston on the 23rd from Brazos Santiago, having sailed on Sunday, the 19th - three days after the Col. Harney, but she brings no news of much interest.
LATER - Lieut. Porter and three men killed. The steamer Telegraph, Capt. Auld, left Brazos St. Iago on the 27thand reached N. Orleans on the 29th . - By her we have the unpleasant intelligence that on the 19th instant, Lieut. Porter, of the 4th regiment, (son of the late Commodore Porter,) being out with a fatigue party of ten men, (some of them wearing uniform,) was fired upon when within a few miles of the camp. Lieut. P. and three of his men were killed in the attack, the rest of the party escaping, returning to the camp next day. It is stated that the guns of the Americans were wet and would not fire.*
The N. Orleans Tropic says - Lieut. Van Ness informs us that nothing further had been heard of Col. Cross up to the 19th, but that the general opinion is that he is still a prisoner, though not at Matamoros.
About fifty of the American army have deserted and swam the river for the Mexican camp, but a number of them were shot as deserters while in the water. The whole number of American troops is estimated at between two and three thousand, and they are said to be in excellent discipline, and eager for an engagement with the enemy. Ampudia's forces are reported at between three and four thousand. It is rumored that Arista is about to supercede Ampudia in the command.
Still later. - From the Galveston News, Extra. - We may here remark that it is understood as a fact that Ampudia is already superseded by Arista - from whom we may expect the next proclamation. This general is admitted to be an officer of character, good sense and prudence, and whatever proceeds from him will be entitled to some consideration.
In our summary of news by the steamship Telegraph we omitted to state what may be of some importance, viz: - that General Ampudia, in his answer to the inquiries of General Taylor concerning Colonel Cross, expressly disavowed any acts of hostility that might have been or might hereafter be committed by Mexicans on this side of the river, stating that all such acts were unauthorized by him or his government.
The Washington Union gives an extract of a letter from an officer of the army dated the 16 th which, says: "The news from the camp is very pacific at present. The report is that the Mexicans intend to postpone their operations until the 1 stof June, in order to allow the governments to arbitrate the matter, but no reliance is to be placed upon what they say."
A letter from the army, dated April 18th published at New Orleans, says: "The two opposing armies are within 500 yards of each other - both busily engaged in entrenching themselves and throwing up field works. The most perfect non-intercourse is established."
The same letter says that Lieut. Deas crossed the river to Matamoros without permission of General Taylor.
STILL LATER. - By the brig Appalachicola, which left Point Isabel on the 24th, - we learn from New Orleans the melancholy fate of Col. CROSS, U.S. quarter master general. His body has been found about four miles from Gen. Taylor's camp. From the wounds thereon it seemed evident that he had been killed by a lance. The body was entirely stripped. It was reported that a person in Matamoros had acknowledged that he had murdered him, that he had the watch and clothing of the colonel in his possession, and that Gen. Taylor had made a formal demand for the murderer.
The Mexican schooner Juanita , from N. Orleans, for Matamoros, was taken into Brazos Bay on the 22d ult. by the pilots - no doubt by permission of the blockading force.
LATER. - The schooner Cornelia arrived at New Orleans, left Brazos Santiago on the 24th. An express from General Taylor reached there just before she left, in which Gen. T. stated that the commander of the Mexican forces had made a formal declaration that if Gen. T. did not move his army from the position he then occupied, in thirty six hours, the Mexican batteries would be opened upon him. - There had previously been so many rumors to the same effect in the camp, that little reliance was placed upon this one, which was first communicated by a Mexican, who was prudently detained by order of Gen. Taylor.
The same express stated that a body of 2,000 Mexicans had crossed the Rio Grande near Boretta, a small town eight miles below Matamoros, on the west bank, between Point Isabel and Gen. Taylor's camp, cutting off communication and supplies to the latter. A private letter was also received last evening from an officer in General Taylor's camp, confirming in part the above reporting of the Mexicans having crossed the river, but stating the number at 1,000 only.
LATER STILL. - The steamer General Worth, with intelligence twelve hours later from Brazos and one day's later from General Taylor's camp, was in the river, says the Picayune of the 1st instant, eight or ten miles below the city. A bearer of dispatches from General Taylor was on board. Mr. Marks, attached to the American Consulate at Matamoros, is on board. Apprehending imprisonment from the Mexicans, he had left his post and repaired to Gen. Taylor's camp.
On the 24th the Mexican schooner Juanita, was taken by the United States schooner Flirt, and sent into Brazos as a prize.
The Mexican troops above spoken of as having crossed the Rio Grande, had captured several wagons belonging to settlers, loaded with provisions for the American camp.
The American consul and merchants, resident in Matamoros, had been ordered by General Ampudia to leave for Victoria, Tamaulipas, twenty-four hours having been allowed them to adjust their affairs.
Our army is in good health and spirits, only 135 being on the sick list.
Blockade of the Rio Grande. New Orleans papers of the 29th ult., announce the arrival of the schooners Equity and Floridian, both of which had left that port a day or two before, bound to Matamoros, with assorted cargoes. They were ordered off by the U.S. brig Lawrence and schooner Flirt , of the blockading squadron.
It is stated that protests were immediately filed at New Orleans against the United States, for illegal interruption.
LATER. - Last night's Union announces the arrival of Mr. SLIDELL and Gen. WORTH at the seat of government.
*Lieut. Porter, whose death is announced above, had been but a short time married. His wife is a daughter of Major Benjamin Lloyd Beall, who is now in command of the 1 st regiment of dragoons in Texas. Mrs. Beall and daughter are at Fort Washita, the late station of Major B., where they had been left by their husbands but a short time ago. [GLP]
NNR 70.164 May 16, 1846 ARMY JOURNAL
Army of Occupation - Lieut. Porter. - A letter from an Officer in Gen. Taylor's camp, dated 22 nd. April says: -
"Lieut. Dobbins, 3d infantry, and Lieut. Porter, of the 4th infantry, son of the late Commodore Porter, left this camp on the 17th inst., each with a detachment of 2 non-commissioned officers and 10 privates to reconnoiter the surrounding country, from ten to twenty miles, in search of a band of robbers known to have been in the vicinity, and who were supposed to have murdered Col. Cross, and also to learn, if possible, something of his fate. The two parties took different directions, it raining hard during the night. The second day after, Lt. Porter met a party of Mexicans, one of whom snapped his piece at him. In return he discharged both barrels of his gun at the Mexican, who disappeared in the thorney thicket. - Lieut. Porter took the marauders' camp, ten horses, saddles, &c.
"This was about noon of the 19 th. about eighteen miles above Gen. Taylor's camp, and about six miles from the Rio Del Norte. He continued his search, and about 4 p.m., of the same day, he fell in with another party of Mexicans which had been probably joined by those whom he had met before. The rain continued. Lt. Porter's party was fired on by these men, and one private of the party was killed. They made an attempt to return it; the heavy rains caused the guns to miss fire. The Mexicans continued their fire. Lieut, Porter, as is reported by his sergeant, made a sign with his hand for the men to extend to the right. The party was thus separated in the thickets. The sergeant and four privates returned to this camp on the 20th , and gave the above account.
"A detachment of 30 dragoons was dispatched early the next morning to reconnoiter the position and search for Lieut. Porter and those of his party who were missing. They returned the same night without having learned anything of them, the thickets being so dense that it was impossible for horses to move through them. They however fell in with Lt. Dobbins, who said he would continue to look for Lt. Porter a day or two longer. Yesterday, about noon, the corporal and three men of Lieut. Porter's party returned, saying they feared Lieut. Porter had been killed. One of the men stated that he saw Lieut. P. fall from his horse. Another said he dismounted and staggered afterwards; and that vollies were poured into the place where he was. Lieut. Porter and one man of his party are still missing, besides the man known to be killed.
"Two other companies of twenty-five men each, were despatched early this morning to make still further search."
COL. CROSS. - The body, as found, stripped of all clothing, was brought
into Gen. Taylor's camp about noon, April 21 st. and was interred
with military honors on the following day.
Letter of Capt. Catlett to the People of Galveston - On board Steamer Monmouth - Off St. Joseph's, Ap. 28, 1846.
Gentlemen: I am the bearer of a communication from Gen. Taylor to Gov. Henderson, requesting to be immediatelyreinforced by twenty companies of foot Riflemen. My destination is Victoria, and thence to Austin. I was instructed by the General to send an express from the former place by land to your city with communications to Lieut. Kingsbury, and at the same time to spread the information through the country. But it having been left discretionary with me, and the Monmouth being available, I have determined to send the communications by her, and also to write to you, in order to facilitate as much as possible the sending on of troops. Gen. Taylor is in a very precarious situation at his camp near Matamoros, and an attack is feared on the post at Point Isabel. I believe a reinforcement of two hundred menwould save that place. This is vastly important, as a larger amount of commissariat and ordnance stores are deposited there, and if that place should fall, General Taylor will be left without resources of any kind.
I was instructed by Gen. Taylor to send out from Victoria expresses in such directions as I might deem most advisable, so as to have all the men possible on their march to his relief without awaiting orders of the Governor. You will have it in your power to send to the Lower Brazos, Houston and Montgomery sooner than an express can go from Victoria. I therefore leave that to you, knowing that it will be promptly attended to. I shall send to Matagorda, Texana, Richmond and San Felipe. If you have an opportunity, please send to Washington. I shall send there from La Grange.
The place of rendezvous for the foot companies is suggested by the General at Galveston; that of the mounted men at Corpus Christi; at which place there will be provisions and forage. No party less than 400 should think of going through on the direct road to Matamoros, as there is a large force of Mexicans on the Aroyo Colorado, for the purpose of cutting off reinforcements in that direction. Small parties can cross from Corpus Christi on to Padre's Island. Arrangements are made for crossing from the lower point of the Island to Point Isabel.
If two hundred men could be raised even temporarily at Galveston, I am decidedly of the opinion it would be better to send them forthwith by the Monmouth - the security of Point Isabel is of the last importance.
From the best information we could obtain, the force of the Mexicans is set down at seven thousand certain and reports go as high as twelve thousand.
All communication is now cut off between the camp and Point Isabel, except by running the gauntlet. I came out in the night of the 26th with a guide, and was prowling all night through chaparral, swamps and lakes.
Capt. Baker will be able to give all the particulars of what has happened, the situation of Point Isabel, &c. &c.
In haste, your obedient servant.
W.G. CATLETT.
Messrs. Williams and others.
N. B. - A propeller has left for New Orleans with a requisition upon the Governor of Louisiana for troops also. I have thought a steamer might be leaving Galveston immediately for New Orleans, and for fear the propeller should be detained, would it not be well to state the facts to the Governor, that the troops might be in readiness by the arrival of the propeller; there is no mistake as to the order; the captain will explain.
W.G.C.
[GLP]
NNR 70.161-163 May 16, 1846 editorial notice of war preparations, prompt movements in Texas, Alabama, and Louisiana
For several months past a standing enquiry in the National Register has been “Is war brewing; are we ready? “The subject was pressed in no capatious spirit or manner. Careful regard was had to avoid as far as possible party political bearing, and full latitude was at all times claimed for the Executive, forbearing to embarrass by any improper suggestions, the full influence which that department of the government is always entitled to and ought always to have the exercise of, in its management of our foreign relations. Our anxiety however has been expressed over and over, in the enquiries which have been made in almost every number of the register, whether war was not very likely to result from the course which was in progress, and if so were we prepared, as a nation ought to be prepared, for the approach of a war? Were we preparing, were any adequate measures recommended even, towards a preparation.
We repeated these enquiries for months, pointing as far as it was prudent to do so to, “the nakedness of the land” as to military preparations, incurring as we did from time to time, the imputation of “croakers” “panic makers” and similar respectful epithets from the party press, for having ventured to admonish as we endeavoured respectfully to do, and for urging that war was evidently so far possible, if not probable, that prudence required such steps to be immediately taken as prudence required such steps to be immediately taken as would avert those mortifications, humiliations and losses. To which we must inevitably be subjected if it found the nation, in its then unprepared condition.
The fact is, that we were really perplexed beyond measure to conceive what the real views of the President and his Cabinet could be, in relation to the question of peace of war. So far as we were allowed to discern, for several months after Congress met, no recommendation, looking towards a preparation for war with a formidable power, had emanated from the Executive. On the contrary, the particular department to which we cast our eyes for the very first inment to which we cast our eyes for the very first ingredient towards a preparation for war, instead of having such an object in view; or making any demonstrations whatever towards raising ways and means to sustain the public credit and wherewith to meet war expences, were devotedly occupied in preparing and endeavoured to secure the passage of a bill for reducing the existing duties upon imports to one third less than those of the existing tariff. The unvarying tone of the official journal in the mean time was that we might trust to the President for a peacable as well as honorable termination of our foreign difficulties.
At length inquiry was directly made from the senate at the suggestion of J. M. Clayton, whether in the opinion of the President, our foreign relations were in such attitude as to make it advisable for Congress to direct preparations for war.
The President's reply to this inquiry was such as to induce us to qualify previous expressions. We now understood the President to say that he had, through the departments, some time back, recommended to Committees of Congress certain measures looking to a preparation for war. Without deeming this to have been the straight forward, responsible and influential course which it seemed to us the occasion called for, we were yet for receiving it for its full value, and gave President Polk credit accordingly. No sooner had we done so than we found ourselves brought up on the other hand by the unexpected disavowal on the part of heads of departments and others of the responsibilities and recommendations to which it was supposed the President in his message had allusion. A strange, not to say discreditable squabble ensued as to what had and what had not been officially recommended, as well as who it was that recommended the measure in question, looking towards adequate defence of the country, in case the war, now thought to be at least possible, should ensue.
Bewildered by all this, we deemed it due to the character of the country to let the subject drop for the time being, and it was dropped also in Congress.
The progress of circumstances quickly awakened both Congress and the country from this quiet. The question that we have so often repeated, is solved. It is now no longer “Is war brewing?”- War is here- Without authority of either the Congress of Mexico or the Congress of the U. States, on both of which the constitutions of the two countries confers the sole authority to “declare war” war as commenced, and whether it be in the Constitutional sense, a war or only hostilities provoked by executive mismanagement of either or both of the parties, all the incidents of war are brought upon the two countries, and actually exist. The people of both republics have learned, that the restrictions of the constitution to the contrary not withstanding, the Executives have it in their power to make war inevitable at pleasure. This is truly a startling development in the operation of republican system.
The act which passed both houses of Congress within a few hours after receiving the President’s message recommending them to ‘recognize’ the existing war between Mexico and the United States,” is in conformity with that recommendation. But instead of being a plain, direct unequivocal “Declaration of war,” such as the Constitution seems to have contemplated in any suck exigency, and which would as we think have been the most appropriate form for the consideration of congress, it is equivocal, and leaves the question as to whether we are now technically and “constitutionally” at war with Mexico, or not. This half way hobbling, this complication and involution of great national affairs, should be avoided. Distinct definite-and indisputable ground is generally the best foothold. We can distinguish no necessity for leaving our own citizens nor foreign governments are able to pronounce whether war, in its higher and legal signification, now exists between Mexico and the United States. We know that fighting, killing, taking prisoners, blockading ports, invading territory, and all the usual accompaniments of a war are now not only enacting, but on our port at least, are now legalized, and yet war is not “declared.” Nay, some of the incidents to war yet want legal formalities. Whether for instance, the commander of the American squadron in the Gulf would be authorized to take Vera Cruz, if he could? Whether the Pacific squadron might take possession of Monterey.
Letters of marque are as yet certainly not authorized on our part, although there is reason to apprehend that, they have been or speedily will be authorized by the Mexicans.
Accounts from Cuba intimate that one of the objects which the Mexican Minister to England had inview in stopping at that Island, was to make disposition of letters of marque for the annoyance of our commerce. That thousands of the buccaneers and slavers that infest those seas would spring to such a harvest as our wide spread commerce would afford them, is too probable.
But dropping discussion as to the NATURE of the possession now occupied, or as to whether technically we are at war or not, we certainly, de facto are sufficiently at war to induce as to recur once more to the oft and anxiously repeated enquiry “ARE WE READY?”
The question “Is war brewing” is solved, the second enquiry “are we ready,” is now at test, so far as Mexico is concerned. How long it may be before the test may be applied to a case of war with Great Britain, who will undertake to say? Their “Union” of Thursday of last week, certainly apprehend the time to be not very remote. The National Intelligencer treated the article in the Union to which we have allusion, very lightly and intimated that the editor of the Official Journal must have allowed himself to be hoaxed on that occasion; yet as we see that the Foreign Quarterly, just republished in this country, says in a postscript to an article on the Oregon question, “Every public man that we have seen or heard of, seems to think, and the whole public press concur in announcing, that the dissolution of Sir Robert Peel’s ministry is inevitable. No definite reason seems to be assigned for this expected event. It is intimated that Sir Robert will remain in office until his tariff measures are carried. Why he should then resign, with a majority in his favor, no explanation is given. Upon the occasion of the retirement of the Peel cabinet not long since- a retirement which lasted but two days- there were some who held the belief that the real cause of that step was not the one publicly announced; but that PEEL withdrew in order to leave Lord John Russell and a Whig Cabinet to meet the responsibility of the Oregon question, which seemed then approaching crisis. Inasmuch as that the question is now certainly approaching a crisis, the same design, if it existed before, may be the moving cause of the predicted resignation.”
A firm persuasion that the government was not preparing with due promptitude for a contingency which to our vision seemed to be too probable, has induced us to continue unceasingly so urge the questions so important to the country. If mistaken, it were at least to mistake upon the safe side. Neglect preparation, let war overtake us, and disgrace, as well as disaster inevitably awaited us, to retrieve which how many lives and what a struggle would it not cost the country?
The measure of those disasters is not duly appreciated. That in case of a war, disasters at first were to be expected, seemed to be admitted on all hands, as a matter of course; we mean in a war with England. People had as if by common consent made up their minds to that. Alas, how few, expect those who have tasted of the bitter draft, know how to appreciate a series of national disasters, or what it costs to recover from them.
But as to being “ready” for war with Mexico, who would have dared to express a doubt.
That a very mistaken estimate prevailed of what a war with Mexico might become, and of what was required to make such a war brief, and terminate it advantageously, we have unpreservedly and repeatedly urged.
The first announcement of hostilities, comes to us with the postscript, that “the Mexicans have been sadly underrated.” Ten days ago the prediction was confidently pronounced from the American camp, that “Of this you may be certain, we shall have no fighting, unless we ourselves lead off the dance.”
The very next arrival brings us not only disastrous affairs of out-posts, but the startling intelligence that our army is invested by the enemy and its supplies and munitions cut off, and with only fifteen days provisions in store. It is true, assurances are given of their being able to maintain their position, provided they receive timely supplies and succor, but great apprehensions are felt for the safety of the detachment at Point Isabel, which have in charge the stores and munitions designed for the army.
“The Army of occupation” will do, we have no doubt, whatever the same number of men, with the means they have at command, could do, and whilst we regard it as quite possible that the “fortune of war” may have further reverses for them to experience, yet we have far more of faith that of despondency on the occasion. We believe that if the precaution has been taken there, as we presume it must have been to apprise. Commodore Conner of the posture of affairs, the Squadron, or a part of it, will have repaired with timely succour to the vicinity to insure the safety of the post and the stores. Although the depth of water will not allow them to approach the port, their men and arms will be efficient. It will take some time, even with the characteristic alacrity of our South western volunteers, for forces sufficient to re-open safe communication with Gen. Taylor’s camp from Point Isabel, to reach the latter, and to be prepared to encounter with success the forces which the Mexicans are Supposed to have now posted to intercept them.
The dispatches asking for additional forces left Gen. Taylors camp on the 26th. ult. He then had fifteen days provision. Half allowance might of course make them last longer, but would have an unfavorable effect upon the physical powers of the men.
We have Galveston dates to the 3d inst. The steamer Monmouth left Galveston on the 1st inst. with volunteers to join the army. They were no doubt the first to reach Point Isabel, under the requisition of General Taylor. From the old states the credit of making the first actual movement of volunteers for the rescue, we believe, is due to the spirited company which left mobile on the 4th inst. Under command of Gen DESHA, for New Orleans. Without waiting to receive a requisition from any direction they heard the bugle call and the response was instant, “We are here-READY.” On the 5th inst., they reached New Orleans, one hundred strong and on the 6th inst., embarked from thence for Texas.
Louisianians were, some of them, equally prompt but the requisition upon that state was for a considerable force, and necessarily required more time to muster. The legislature instantly placed $100,000 at the disposal of the governor for the exigency.
Benjamin Story, Esq., placed $500,000 at the disposition of the state of Louisiana, immediately on learning the situation of the army on the Rio Grande.
The papers teem with evidences of public spirit on every hand. Without waiting to determine whether fault as been committed or to question, if so where the fault is chargeable, all agree that the army now exposed, must be sustained, and war, continued, must be waged with decisive-energy.
A general meeting of the citizens of New Orleans was called, and the following resolutions were adopted with the greatest unanimity. Whereas hostilities have actually commenced between the United States and Mexico; and where our army of occupation upon the frontier of Texas, pressed by embarrassments and surrounded by a superior force, calls for immediate assistance; and whereas Louisiana has ever been prompt in her action on emergencies like the present:
Resolved, That as Louisianians we will immediately respond to the call of Brigadier General Taylor, and without a moment’s delay place at his command for regiments of infantry, as required.
Resolved, That as Americans it behooves us to forget all differences of opinion, and only to remember that our country’s honor is in danger.
Resolved, That we point with pride to the action of our legislature in the present crisis, and that we will do everything in our power to sustain its appropriations and carry out its patriotic views. [JEB]
NNR 70.163 May 16, 1846 position of the Army at Matamoros, description of Point Isabel, Brazos Santiago, &c.
The camp of Gen. Taylor extends about four miles along the river bank, two miles above and two below Matamoros. It occupied his twenty-three hundred men for thirty days to construct the defences. It is made of sand, covered over with twigs, woven together like basket work, surrounded by a wide and very deep ditch.
The walls of the magazine in the interior of the fortification are formed of pork barrels, filled with sand, seven tier thick, four tier high, covered over with timber, on which sand is piled ten or twelve feet.
Twelve heavy pieces of ordnance are so placed as to command the town of Matamoros.
This camp is about 30 miles above the mouth of the Rio Del Norte. In its rear stretches the wide desert region between that river and the Nueces, 150 miles in breadth, affording no sustenance. Along nearly the whole coast between the mouths of those rivers stretches Padre island, (a barren sand ridge,) and Madre Laguna, which latter is penetrated near the southern end by a high bluff called,
Point Isabel, which is Gen. Taylor’s depot of provisions, and the point from which his supplies are to be derived. It is 27 miles from his camp, through a country difficult to penetrate. A narrow channel, the outlet of Madre Laguna, opens into the Gulf opposite Point Isabel, and forms its means of communicating with the sea. But it is only of depth to admit small vessels. Some few miles outside of the Laguna, the Brassos Santiago, a small port, off of which, and between it and the mouth of the Rio Grande, our ships occasionally anchor. The U.S. schr. Flirt was endeavoring at the last accounts to get over the bar into the Brassos Santiago, in order to co-operate more effectually in the defence of the depot and position at the mouth of the river. [JEB]
NNR 70.165 May 16, 1846 report of the steamer Augusta
REPORT of the steam schooner Augusta, Gillett, ordered to proceed to New Orleans by the U.S.Quarter Master at Point Isabel, with importanr despatches.
Crossed the bar at Brazos Santiago on Tuesday the 28th ult., at 6 o'clock, A.M. On Friday, 1st instant, when 60 miles west of the S.W. Pass, at 12 o'clock, M., was hailed by steamer Galveston , laid to and put Col. C. Doane, bearer of despatches, on board the Galveston. Left in port steamer Cincinnati, Smith, just arrived with baggage and arms for the U.S. Army, from Arkansas; U.S. steamers, Col. Long and Neva, lightening vessels in the harbor; schr. Ellen & Clara, Griffin, for N.O.; steam schr. Florida, Clift do; steam schnr. Jas. Cage, Sherman, do.; Mexican schr. Juanita lately arrived from New Orleans with stores for the Mexican army, was taken possession of by order of Gen. Taylor, and ordered to return to New Orleans without discharging her cargo; U.S. brig of war Lawrence, Commander Mercer, and U.S. schr. Flirt, Lieut. Sinclair, commanding, were blockading the mouth of the Rio Grande; schr. Bella del Mar, stranded on the bar of Brazos Santiago, was condemned and sold on the 25th ult.; U.S. steamer Monmouth was despatched, on the evening of the 27th ult., for Port Lavacca and Galveston, with a requisition from Gen. Taylor on the Governor of Texas for two regiments of cavalry and two regiments of foot - militia. [GLP] [JEB]
NNR 70.165 May 16, 1846 letter from Col. Fitzpatrick
Extract from a letter from Col. FITZPATRICK, of Florida serving as a volunteer under Col. TWIGGS, to a member of congress.
[Col. F. is a gentleman of high character, well known as an officer who served in the Florida war.]
Camp before Matamoros, April 27, 1846.
DEAR SIR: The war has commenced on the part of Mexico. On the night of the 25th instant, Capt. Thornton, of the dragoons, with a squadron consisting of his own and Capt. Hardee's company, were ordered to reconnoiter the Mexican army, which Gen. Taylor had been informed were crossing the Rio Grande twenty-seven miles above here. The squad was ambuscaded and fired on, and a number (unknown) killed, and all besides taken by the Mexicans. They sent in two wounded, with a note to Gen. Taylor. Capt. Hardee is prisoner, but no news of Capt. Thornton and Lieuts. Mason and Kane. You will believe me when I tell you the war is commenced in Mexico, and that Gen. Taylor is about to be surrounded and cut off from his supplies at Pont Isabel, which is twenty-seven miles distant. - The Mexicans have a force of from two to three thousand on this side of the river, and their destination is doubtless Point Isabel, where there is not more than four hundred men of all descriptions. You will believe me when I tell you that this army will have the d-dest hardest fighting that ever any army had in this world, and, unless reinforcements are largely and speedily sent to its assistance, it must be cut off, as the enemy are in great force, and I fear have been very much underrated. I tell you, sir, the enemy have been entirely underrated, and this army has put itself in a trap, and is cut off (or about to be so) from its supplies.
I am here with Col. Twiggs as an amateur, and I shall stick to it till I am killed or made prizoner.
Yours, truly,
R. FITZPATRICK
[GLP]
May 16, 1846 NNR 70.165 LETTER TO A MEMBER OF CONGRESS
New Orleans, May 2, 1846
DEAR SIR: The intelligence that has reached us this morning from Gen. Taylor's army has fully realized the fears of every intelligent person here of the imminent danger of our whole army in Texas. At last accounts he had but about twenty-one hundred and fifty efficient men with him opposite Matamoros, with only ten days' provisions; cut off from all communication with Point Isabel, where he has his supplies and a large portion of his artillery, munitions, &c. At Point Isabel there are noy over three hundred men. Gen. T. is literally surrounded, and from all accounts there cannot be less than sixty-five hundred Mexicans in his vicinity, under arms.
There is little or no enthusiasm in Texas, and there will be difficulty and delay in getting the twenty-four hundred men in the field called for from Texas. Here there will be also yet greater difficulty, I fear. The extreme dilatoriness of government in paying off the Texas volunteers has produced a most unfortunate effect.
There seems to be little or no confidence in the administration. There is no money here. Both the quartermasters and commisary are without a cent, and large sums are now due to citizens; and yet it appears we have eleven or twelve millions in the treasury.
You need not be surprised to learn that Gen. Taylor's army is destroyed or made prisoners within ten days from this time.
Arista is in command, and he is an excellent officer, and looks forward no doubt to the presidency as his reward.
The stupidity of our government in sending General Taylor to the Rio Grande, and opposite to Matamoros, where he assumed a threatening attitude, is quite without parallel. With only twenty-one hundred and fifty men, too! What the object was I cannot imagine. An army of ten thousand men will now be necessaryto maintain our position on the Rio Grande,and a probable expense of twenty millions of dollars will be incurred before this awful blunder can be remedied.
Gen. Smith (Persifer L.) has agreed to take command of the four regiments of Louisiana militia required by Gen. Taylor. Our governor could not have made a better selection.
Extract of a letter received by senator Cameron, and communicated to the Union.
Brasos Santiago, (Texas), April 27.
I embrace the opportunity of the departure of a vessel for New Orleans to announce to you that hostilities have commenced between the Mexican forces and the American army of occupation under the command of Gen. Taylor. The Mexican army is believed to be ten or twelve thousand strong. A considerable force is now crossing, or has crossed, to the left bank of the Rio Grande, with the view, it is thought, of either attacking Gen. Taylor's camp, or his depot. If they could take this place, and thereby cut off Gen. Taylor's supplies, he would be compelled to make a retrograde movement. There are only two companies of troops at this post for its defence; but there are some two hundred and fifty persons here besides the soldiers - sutlers, clerks, and persons in the employment of the quartermaster's department- all of whom are willing to defend the place; so that we can probably muster three hundred and fifty men under arms. If they do not bring too large a force against us, we will be able to hold out until succor arrives from New Orleans or elsewhere. We have entrenched ourselves. Gen. Taylor's situation meantime is rather a critical one. All his supplies are received from this post which is twenty-seven miles distant from his position, and requires a considerable force to guard each wagon train, and by that means weakening his forces, which are in the immediate vicinity of a hostile force about four times as numerous. He has to-day made requisitions upon the authorities of Texas and Louisiana, and perhaps other states, for troops; until the arrival of which he must defend himself, as well as he can. He is strongly entrenched and has several pieces of artillery, of which he expects an additional supply from Baton Rouge in two or three days. [GLP]
NNR 70.176 May 16, 1846 Volunteers and regulars arrive at Brazos Santiago on steamers, troops march for Barita.
Gents., The volunteer companies under command of Col. J.B. Walton of the Washington Regiment, on board the steamer Jas. L. Day, arrived here on Thursday morning the 14th inst., after a very pleasant passage of three days, and those by the Telegraph arrived on the 15th and went immediately into camp. Gen. Taylor left here on the morning of the 14 thfor his camp, with a large train of wagons, and quite a formidable train of artillery, dragoons, and infantry, amounting to some six or eight hundred. There was an arrival from the upper camp this morning, which passed him yesterday on his march; he has in all probability ere this reached his camp.
On the morning of the 15th , regulars enough to swell the amount to about one thousand embarked on board the steamers Neva, Leo, and Cincinnati, and at 1 o'clock were landed at the Brazos Santiago, and took up their line of march for the Rio Grande, all under the command of Col. Wilson; their march is for Barita, situated some fifteen miles up the river, where it is stated the Mexicans are collecting considerable forces.
The United States fleet consisting of the Mississippi, Cumberland , Raritan, Lawrence, &c which have been here for some days, have run down to the mouth of the river and come to, and with their boats will cross the troops under the command of Col. Wilson to the south bank of the river. The steamers will be on readiness at Barita to assist in the transportation of arms and ammunition.
Colonel Wilson's command have with them two days' rations, and scarce a blanket, with no tents nor my baggage train. At dark they had crossed [P]occachita, and were on their march for the river,--This morning, the 16th , the sea is very high, and the weather squally, so that the steamer Neva cannot get to the sea, and if it continues so, must create some distress in Colonel Wilson's camp for provisions and blankets.
List of Vessels at Brazos Santiago, May 16--
schr. Enterprize, Trainer, arrived 15 instant, brig [million], arrived 14th inst., beat hard on the bar, but without much damage: schr. Gertrude, Flander, arrived 16th : brig Apalachicola, arrived 16th; schr. Mary Emer, of Mobile, arrived 16th; brig Virginia, J.M. Hood master, arr. 14 th inst., 7 days from Pensacola, with two companies of artillery under the command of Capts. Webster and Taylor, and sailed for New Orleans on Saturday the 16th inst.
On the 15th, the steam schooner Augusta, sailed for St. Joseph will all the wounded that were able to be transported, taken from the battle of the 8th and 9th instant. [AEK]
NNR 70.176 May 23, 1846 war clause on marine insurance
INSURANCE.- The war clause, is now a serious item with the marine insurance offices. The New York Courier states that the officers there generally, insert the following:
“War clause.-Warranted by the assured free of all loss, damage or charge arising from, during or in consequence of capture, seizure, restraint, blockade or detention resulting from war or hostilities between the United States and Mexico or pretext there of.” [JEB]
NNR 70.176 May 23, 1846 orders and movement of troops for the frontier
ARMY.- Two companies of U.S. artillery stationed at Pensacola, another
company at Fort Pike, and one company at Fort Wood, near New Orleans, have
been ordered forthwith to the Rio Del Norte, by Gen. Gaines. They embarked
from New Orleans, on the 5th inst. the New Orleans Tropic
of the 6th inst. Says- “A detachment of regular troops numbering
about 80 arrived yesterday from Fort Pike, and marched to their quarters
at the barracks. [JEB]
NNR 70.176 May 16, 1846 Killed and wounded
2d. Reg. Dragoons, U.S.A. Near Matamoros, April 28, 1846.
Dear Sir: - I send you below a copy of the official list of the killed and wounded, of the detachment under the command of Captains Thornton and Hardee, who were cut off by a party of 2,000 of the enemy (2,000 against 75!). Some of the killed resided in Philadelphia.
Killed - Capt. Thornton, Lieut. Kane. Privates - Benjamin Russell, Henry Ruwer, Ezra Sands, William Ryan, formerly kept a tavern in Water street, Philadelphia; John Sidford, Philadelphia; Wm. Stewart, Jas. Curtis, Richard Pryor - has a father at No. 132 Buttonwood street, Philadelphia; George T. Styles, New Orleans; Peter K. Stevenson, Theopilus Whiteman, David Whiteman - father is a grocer, at corner of George and Eleventh streets, Philadelphia; Geo. Shippen. Total 13.
Wounded.- Privates - St. Clair Shipley, slightly; John Perkins, do.; William S. Muff; mortally; Geo. Jenkins, since dead: Patrick Mclaughlin, slightly; Henry Wilk, slightly, by a lance in the leg. Total 6.
Prisoners- Capt. Hardee. Privates - John Ogborn and James Ogburn, brothers; Wilkum Van Horn, Solomon Brewer, George K. Curtis, William McGinn, Geo. D. Barker, Patrick Linn, Henry V. Vansitteri, Shepherd Black, Dennis O'Neil, Geo. Slack, James West, Barker O'Ryan, Samuel G. Smith, Peter O'Rafferty, John Peters, James Cass, Jonathan Smith, John Offerman, P. James, Niles Ryan, James Peters, musician; Lemuel Pierce, George Bassome, William Early, Ephraim Baggs, James Leeds, Frank Bowers, William Cunningham, John Seyfton, James Wright, Thomas Richardson, William Thomas, Jas. Gibbons, Joseph Russell, Charles Burke, Frederick Myers, Thomas Jenks, Patrick Ward, John Frazer, James Heilgent, Edward Shaw, Charles Wood, Thomas Hickman, Charles J. Smith. Total 47.
I will write again the first opportunity. You may make any use of this you think proper.
I remain, yours, &c.
JAMES CARTLETE, 2d Reg. U.S. Dragoons.
[GLP]
NNR 70.176 May 23, 1846 Louisiana orders for enrollment of all persons subject to military duty
The latest intelligence we have from New Orleans states, that the governor of Louisiana, in consequence of the want of a sufficient number of volunteers, had issued orders for the enrollment forthwith, of all persons liable to military duty, as preliminary to a draft. Altogether twelve companies, including one from Attakapas, and another from East Feliciana, had been mustered into service, comprising a force of about one thousand men. [JEB]
May 16, 1846 NNR 70.176 Steamer Mississippi ordered to Vera Cruz, St. Mary's ordered to Brazos, New York legislature authorized governor to call 50,000 volunteers
NAVY. The U.S. steamer Princeton, having been repaired at the Charlestown navy yard, Capt. FRENCH FORREST reached Boston on Monday, with others for her to proceed immediately for Pensacola. By 10 o'clock on Tuesday morning she was under way and went to sea in fine style, all sails filled with a fair breeze. Capt. Forrest went as passenger, under orders to relieve capt. DULANEY, in command of the frigate Cumberland,now in the gulf. The Princeton is commanded by F. ENGLE, Esq.
The Mississippi, U.S. steam frigate, Capt. Fitzhugh, was ordered to start for Vera Cruz, at 4 P.M. on the 4th inst from Pensacola.
The St. Mary's, U.S. sloop of war, Commander Saunders, on the reception of intelligence at Pensacola, via N. Orleans, of the news from Rio Grande, was ordered to get under way immediately for Brazos St. Iago to the aid of Point Isabel.
African squadron. - The Dolphin,U.S. brig, Com. Pope, and the Marion, sloop of war, Com. Simonds, were at Monrovia April 1, the latter just from a cruise down the coast, about to sail to windward in a few days. J.C. Spencer, Jr., purser of the Marion, is deceased. On the 30 thMarch, the Marion's boat was capsized, while crossing the bar of the Messurado river, and Mr. Joseph T. Bartlett, of Maine, midshipman, and Mr. John Johnson, seaman, were drowned.
Lieut. W.D. Hurst, of Philadelphia, who was some months ago struck off the list of the navy, for fighting a duel with an inferior officer, has been reappointed by the president, by and with the advice and consent of the senate.
THE NEW YORK LEGISLATURE closed their session on the 13thinstant. They enacted 337 laws during the 128 days it continued. The anti-rent bills were all passed except the one regulating the stautes in relation to devise and decent.
On the lasy day of the session a resolution passed the lower house, authorising the governor to call out 50,000 volunteers for the use of the nation in the war with Mexico. The senate however adjourned without taking any notice of the resolution. [GLP]
NNR 70.177 May 23, 1846 proclamation of war against Mexico is copied from declaration of war with Great Britain in 1812
The president’s proclamation announcing war with Mexico, is copied nearly word for word from Mr. Madison’s proclamation of June 19, 1812, announcing the declaration of war with Great Britain, according to act of congress the day previously. The document may be found in Niles’ Register for 1812 – N.Y Jour. Of Com. [JEB]
NNR 70.177 May 23, 1846 manifesto of Mexican President ad interim Mariano Paredes y Arillaga against the United States
THE MEXICAN MANIFESTO. A manifesto of “the president ad interim” Paredes, issued on the 23d April, 1846, in relation to hostilities with the United States, has been received, and with the official documents communicated to congress by president Polk, accompanying his message of the 11th instant, comprising the correspondence of Mr Slidell with the Mexican ministers, &c. will occupy a portion of our next number.
The Washington “Union” considers the manifesto of Paredes as an official declaration of war on the part of Mexico, not withstanding one of its sentences italicized reads thus “I solemnly announce that I do NOT declare war against the United States of America because it pertains to the august congress of that nation and not to the executive to settle definitely the reparations which so many aggressions demand.” [JEB]
NNR 70.177 May 23, 1846 Creek Indians volunteer for service in Mexico
Amongst the thousand and one rumors that now fill the journals, we find the Pennsylvanian saying, as from good authority, “that one of the chiefs of the Creek nation, now in Washington, has offered to the President the services of two thousand picked warriors, should they be required in the conflict with Mexico:” and the editor (that paper is published in the city of brotherly love) coolly adds:=”This is a most praiseworthy movement, and we have no doubt will be made use of effectively, if occasion requires.” [JEB]
May 23, 1846 NNR 70.177 NAVAL JOURNAL, revenue cutters ordered to Gulf
Navy post office. Under the instructions given by the house of representatives to one of its committees, a bill has been reported providing for the transfer of the revenue and post office branches of the navy to the navy department. We have now three descriptions of navies: one, the navy proper, under the orders of the navy department; one, the revenue marine navy, under the treasury department; the other, the post office navy, under the orders of the post office department. The house has wisely determined to place the whole under the direction of the navy department.
The Congress frigate captain Stockton, spoken 30 thJanuary in latitude 48 34', lon. 166 52' W. all well; from Rio Janeiro for the Pacific.
The Dale, U.S. sloop of war, was taken into dry dock last week, and will be immediately repaired and equipped for service.
The Revenue cutters, that can be spared from their respective stations have been ordered to the Gulf of Mexico.
The Spanish squadron now in the Gulf of Mexico, is said to consist of one ship of the line, one frigate, one sloop of war, three steam ships, five brigs of war, and several schooners and transports.
The Gulf squadron. The frigate Raritan reached the squadron of Vera Cruz on the 18th ult. And commodore Conner transferred his flag to her. He sailed from Vera Cruz on the 23d, on a cruize off the coast, accompanied by the Cumberland, Potomac, and Falmouth . The fleet had previously gone out to sea for a day or two, to give the men the benefit of fresh air, &c. The sloop of war John Adams was the only vessel of war lying at Sacrificios.
The Portsmouth and Shark, left Mazathan, for sea on the 1 st April.
It is stated that not a case of yellow fever has yet occurred in the squadron - general health good.
The U.S. brig Perry, commander Blake sailed from Norfolk on the 16 th for Chagres.
Midshipman McRae, goes out in the Perry, has bearer of despatches, to the Pacicfic squadron. He is to await the return mail at Chagres, and there report to commodore Conner.
The Independence, at Charleston navy yard, has as many men as can conveniently work upon her, now busily employed in repairing her.
The Decatur, sloop of war is now fitting for service at Norfolk.
The Brandywine frigate has also a few additional hands employed in fitting her for service at the navy yard.
The Truxton, U.S. brig, is also ordered to be fitted forthwith. Commander Carpenter takes charge of her.
Recruits for the service are sought for at the rendezvous. [GLP]
NNR 70.178 May 23, 1846 apprehensions about privateering on behalf of Mexico by Spanish subjects
PRIVATEERING. The Washington Union says – Apprehensions have been expressed that Mexico may issue letters of Marque to Spanish subjects in Cuba, to cruise against the commerce of the United States, and that privateers may be fitted out in the ports of that island for this nefarious purpose. Indeed, it has been suggested that the two Mexican steamers which have been recently transferred to the Havanna have been sent there with this object. We know that the government of Spain would not sanction such a proceeding; but it is not generally known that a Spanish subject could not accept a commission for this purpose from the Mexican government without being guilty of piracy. For public information we copy the 14 th article of our treaty with Spain of the 20th October, 1795, which article is now in force: “ARTICLE 14. No subject of his Catholic majesty shall apply for, or take, any commission or letters of marque, for arming any ship or ships to act as privateers against the said United States, or against the citizens, people, or inhabitants of the said United States, or against the property of any of the inhabitants of any of them, from any prince or state with which the said United States shall be at war. Nor shall any citizen, subject, or inhabitant of the said U. States apply for or take, any commission or letters of marque for arming any ship or ships to act as privateers against the subjects of his Catholic majesty, or the property of any of them, from any prince or state with which the shall be at war. And if any person of either nation shall take such commissions or letters of marque he shall be punished as a pirate” That is he shall be “hung by the neck until he is dead.” [JEB]
NNR 70.178 May 23, 1846 requisition for 30,000 volunteers, exclusive of those called for by Gen. Zachary Taylor and Gen. Edmund Pendleton Gaines, difficulties suggested
THE CAMPAIGN.- The President and his Cabinet without doubt, have determined immediately to concentrate such a force upon the Mexican frontier, as they deem adequate for an effectual invasion of the enemies territory, provided the war is not terminated before the forces shall reach their destination. In addition to the regular forces comprising the “Army of Occupation,” under General Taylor, at least thirty thousand of the volunteers authorized by the recent act of congress will be forthwith ordered to the Rio Grande. It is understood that these will be detailed from the States nearest to the scene of action.
The President has called upon the Governor of Maryland to furnish two thousand men, as the contribution of this State. Governor Pratt received the requisition on the 20th Inst.
The thirty thousand volunteers alluded to, we presume, will be exclusive of the troops now concentrating from Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, Texas, &c. under requisitions from Generals TAYLOR and GAINES, and which were authorized by laws in existence prior to the volunteer act, alluded to.
It is to be feared that government will find difficulty in adjusting the several descriptions of forces thus organizing or contemplated. The volunteers that are now embarking under the call from Gen. Taylor, certainly calculate on a tour not extended beyond the emergency. It was for the immediate safety of Point Isabel and to secure the supplies and succor to General Taylor, opposite to Matamoros- and not with a view of being detained to invade Mexico, that the Louisiana Legion for instance have so suddenly left their families and occupations.
Next we shall have nearly ten thousand men under the requisition made upon the southwestern states by General Gaines. The term for which these can be held in service under the law which authorized his call, is limited if we mistake not, to three months- a term too short to accomplish much beyond the limits of the Union.
And next comes the requisition for “volunteers,” under the provisions of the act passed by congress last week. These will be required to serve for not less than six months, and may therefore be available for a foreign campaign, if it be brief.
One difficulty in these ramifications will be, that in consequence of these requisitions from Gens. Taylor and Gaines upon the southwestern states, the VOLUNTEERS required for the last mentioned corps may not so easily be found there.
To muster, officer, organize, arm, and discipline twenty-five thousand volunteers and move them, accompanied with sufficient supplies and munitions to the borders ready to commence an effective invasion of Mexico, will occupy at least three months. Precipitance would be disastrous. Let whatever is done, be well done. [JEB]
NNR 70.178 May 23, 1846 discussion of command of the Army
THE COMMAND OF THE ARMY.- Thus concentrating is to be entrusted to Major General Scott, who next to the President, is Commander in Chief of the United States army, and whose services are now required in the field. His experience as a Commander will be of value. His cool judgment may be equally important. It is probable that he will not assume the immediate command until the “Army of Invasion” shall have concentrated on the frontier. A paragraph is circulating in the papers of the day which asserts that General Scott denies having been consulted or advising the movement of the army beyond the Nueses.
A war having commenced, the country will of course look with scrutinizing interest into the manner in which it is conducted. The general project of the campaign, will no doubt be a matter of consultation with the Cabinet, the Commander in Chief, and the superior officers that are at the Seat of Government. Amongst the latter it happens fortunately for the occasion, that government may avail the practical advice of,
Brigadier General Wool, who, on his way from the North, for Texas, is now at the city of Washington; and likewise of
Gen. Worth, who had forwarded on his resignation in consequence of the orders of the department disparaging, as he thought, his brevet rank. He reached the seat of government from Rio Grande before the arrival of his resignation, and immediately tendered his services to government in whatever capacity they might be deemed most useful. The President decided not to accept his resignation, and he left Washington on the 9th instant to join the army again. Not only the Army,-his countrymen will approve of both his patriotism and spirit. Of General Worth, an officer under General Taylor writes-“The high reputation of this officer, and his unquestionable military genius, had secured the confidence of every officer; while his personal gallantry, equally well known, won for him the love and admiration of every soldier in the command. At the passage of the Colorado he was second in command, and at the word “forward” he and his staff, Leeds, Magruder, Deas, and Blake, plunged into the flood and led the advance,(then considered “a forlorn hope”) amidst the cheers of the troops drawn up on the banks of the river, and landed within twenty yards of the Mexicans who skirted the opposite side. The enemy become panic struck and fled precipitately”
General Taylor, in command of the “Army of occupation,” “was born in Virginia and raised in the neighborhood of Louisville, Ky. He entered the army as a lieutenant, in 1808; was a captain, and greatly distinguished himself in the defence of Fort Harrison in the war of 1812, which post he commanded when it was attacked by a greatly superior force of British and Indians. For his gallant conduct on the occasion he was made a brevet major, being the first brevet that was conferred in that war. General Taylor was in Florida during a part of the late Seminole war, and commanded in person at the battle of Occochubbe, on the 25th December 1837. His gallantry and skill on that occasion won for him the rank of brevet brigadier general. [JEB]
NNR 70.178 May 23, 1846 comments on the abilities of the Mexican general Mariano Arista
THE MEXICAN COMMANDER ARISTA, beyond a doubt, is an able officer. He has exhibited both gallantry and tact. His not making a dash upon Point Isabel, before Gen. Taylor arrived there, convinces us that he is not in as much force on this side of the Rio Grande as was apprehended, else he would have attempted to make so important a prize. If he had an adequate force, his failure to do so showed want of generalship.
General Taylor’s movement to that point, confirmed the estimate in which he is held as an able officer. [JEB]
NNR 70.178 May 23, 1846 description of Matamoros and its vicinity
Matamoros, is an old Spanish city, beautifully situated on the southern bank of the Rio Grande, within its folds, so that its front and rear are both on the river.-Seen from the American side, it has every appearance of being an American town. The streets intersect each other at right angles, and appear to be lined with many varieties of shade trees, which give the town an air of coolness and render its appearance very inviting. Many of the buildings are built of brick, and in the modern style of architecture. The cathedral, market and buildings occupied by the military, are among the finest.-The dwellings of the poorer classes are constructed with canes, brush, mud, and the like materials, and are essentially Mexican. The town has about 7,000 inhabitants, but formerly contained double its present number, and was a place of some importance. The rapid decline is owing to their internal commotions and the growing indolence of the people. The citizens are all under the rule of the military, and are obliged to provide for them. The military is supreme, and the orders of their general are law.
The vicinity of Matamoros is peopled on both sides of the Rio del Norte by Mexicans, who, so far from ever having admitted themselves to be Texans, have been actively contributing to carry on the war between Mexico and the Texans ever since its commencement. They are strewed over the region about as thickly as in many of the interior countries of our states, and a levy en masse, would produce several thousand men in arms, fully equivalent to our militia. Even if a love of Mexico, or apprehensions for their own families or property, failed to inspire them, there is no doubt that a prospect of plunder and of éclat, if once inspired with the idea of taking an American army or their munitions and provisions, would rally some thousands of them in an instant. [JEB]
May 23, 1846 NNR 70.178 INCIDENTS OF THE CAMPAIGN.; Capt. Walker's mission, Gen. Taylor's camp bombarded, reinforcements yet to arrive
April 28th. Capt. WALKER, commander of a partizan corps of Texan Rangers, this evening reached Point Isabel, having suffered severely, and as he supposed having lost nearly all of his detachment in an affair with a large body of Mexicans, which he encountered whilst reconnoitering between Point Isabel and Gen. Taylor's camp, opposite to Matamoros. The captain, however, whom we are proud to learn, is, as well as the lamented Col. CROSS, a native of Prince George's county, Maryland, - true sons of "The old Maryland Line," distinguished in the annals of the revolution, by a fame that never faultered from the first encounter in the memorable battle of Long Island, to the close of the eventful struggle for independence; - Capt. Walker, we were about to say, so far from being deterred by the disaster he had met with, instantly volunteered, if any four men would join him, to proceed to Gen. Taylor;s camp at the risk of his life, acquaint him with the situation of affairs at Point Isabel, and bring back any orders he might entrust him with.
As the impression was, that some thousand Mexican troops lay in the route, the proposition was considered almost fool-hardy. Six brave fellows however accepted his challenge, and the party started accordingly.
The papers received furnish no reliable account of his excursion. One statement says that two of the party were killed by the Mexicans. The captain's horse was killed, without doubt, as we see by the New Orleans papers of the 12th, that the spirited citizens of that city had determined to send the captain a splendid charger to replace his own. He, however, reached the camp, and was the first to acquaint Gen. Taylor with the situation of affairs at Point Isabel.
Gen. Taylor had now nearly completed the defences constructed opposite Matamoros. The citadel of the position, an irregular hexagon, with bastioned fronts, and a capacity to receive 1,200 men, though it may be defended by 500, he considered sufficient to sustain a regular assault for at least ten days, from disciplined troops and scientific approach from trenches. The present Mexican forces would scarcely attempt to carry it by storm.
The general's next object, of course, was to secure a supply of provisions and ammunition, then growing very short in his camp, in consequence of the interruption of communication with Point Isabel, where they had been landed and remained in store. On learning from Capt. Walker the state of affairs upon the route, he promptly decided to secure the depot, and re-open communications.
Entrusting the works opposite to Matamoros to the command of Major BROWN, and leaving with him the 7th regiment of infantry and two companies of artillery, under command of Capt. LOWD and Lieut. BRAGGS, with about 500 men, Gen. Taylor with the rest of the army under his command, on May 1st, took up his line of march for Point Isabel, expecting in all probability to meet with about an equal number of the Mexicans in some of the innumerable defiles upon the route. Not a Mexican was to be seen however.
May 2d. Gen. Taylor encamped at Point Isabel.
May 3d. The Mexican commander having ascertained the absence of most of the American forces from before Matamoros, at 5 o'clock this morning opened a cannonade from their fort with seven guns. The fire was promptly responded to from the American battery. In thirty minutes the Mexican fort was silenced, two of their guns supposed to have been dismounted.
A fire then commenced from the Mexican lower fort, and a mortar battery, which was kept up without intermission until half past seven o'clock.
The fire from these was deliberately returned by the Americans, and as a part of Matamoros was within the range, some of the houses necessarily suffered. The inhabitants had no doubt withdrawn from that direction before they commenced the fire from their forts.
This cannonade from these positions was continued occasionally until 10 o'clock, when it was suspended for a time but was resumed occasionally until midnight. The Mexicans exhausted some twelve or fifteen hundred shot, but with very little effect. One sergeant, - we think he was of company B, 3d regiment, and not of company A, 7 th regiment, as in the following extract, from the statements before us, was the only American killed, no one wounded, - and though the enemy's fire was for a long time concentrated upon our 18 pounder battery, and the shot frequently struck the embrasures, no gun was injured.
No information as to the extent of casualties sustained by the enemy, had been received.
A letter from an officer says: "The Mexicans fired the first shot at reveille, and the way 4, 6, 9, and 12 (I think) pound shot flew about these parts was a sin, and their mortars throwing shells kept the atmosphere in continued confusion with their "whiz! whiz! bang!" all the to."
It would have warmed the wax in your ears to have heard our 18-pounders "giving out the cry." One shot struck in the embrasure of the enemy's works, and knocked cannon, carriage, embrasure, and men "into fits." We have no mortars. * * *
"Up to the present speaking, the enemy have thrown between 1,200 and 1,300 shot, solid and hollow, while we have fired 357. On our side, one sergeant - of company A, 7th regiment - has been killed, and one man slightly wounded in the arm. This is all the damage to us; the extent of the damage to the enemy is not known, but must be considerable. It is almost incredible to suppose we should receive so little injury from so many shot."
General Taylor was, of course, anxious to learn the results of all this cannonading, which was distinctly heard at Point Isabel.
May 4th, 4 o'clock, P.M.- Capt. May, with a squadron of dragoons returned to Point Isabel, from a scout. He reports a heavy force encamped on the road 12 miles below Matamoros, whose camp he passed around. Capt. Walker left May with seven of his Texas Rangers, and entered to communicate with the fort last night. May waited till day break for him, but Walker, not returning, he came back to camp. May and his command were taken for Mexicans, and an alarm given. In twenty minutes the general with his whole force was in full march to the battle.
May 5th.- Walker not returned. Two Mexican scouts came in and said they found the chaparel lined with sentinels everywhere. Firing still heard at the fort this morning.
Dispositions were made by General Taylor to commence his return march on the 6th inst., with an ample train of baggage wagons, loaded with wares for the army. Whether the Mexican commander had concentrated his forces so as to assail the camp opposite Matamoros in rear as well as in front, during the absence of the army - whether the works were found capable of sustaining the assault that had been made - or whether the great body of the Mexicans would take advantage of the defiles and chaparels upon the route he was about himself to enter with so cumbrous a train of baggage, was matter of total uncertainty.
May 6th.- Walker arrives with despatches from Maj. Brown's camp, and reports the particulars we have detailed above. The Major was reserving his ammunition. All safe there. Walker thought that an assault was about to be made about an hour after daylight.
The assurances so received, determined Gen. Taylor to postpone his departure in hopes that additional forces would arrive within a short time at Point Isabel, for the better security of that important station, as well as to augment the effective force with which he would soon be ready to encounter the enemy. He had, it is true, as yet no intelligence of the result of the requisitions which he called for on the 26th ult., but reasonable time had nearly elapsed for him now to expect to hear from his countrymen.
According to a statement which we find published in the N. Orleans Bulletin of the 13th, over the signature of "Wm. H. Chase, major of engineers," that officer calculates that the two companies of regulars and the company of volunteers from Mobile, (which left N. Orleans on the 6th,) will reach Point Isabel, per Augusta, on the 10th. The detachment of regulars from Pensacola on the 11th - the 1st battalion of Louisiana volunteers, per the Galveston, and some Texan riflemen from San Antonio, Austin, Houston, &c., per the Telegraph, on the 13th . The Major goes on to calculate that by the 20th inst., Gen. Taylor will have 10,000 men under his command, and that by one or two redoubts thrown up on the line between Matamoros and Point Isabel, communication may be maintained. [GLP]
NNR 70.179 May 23, 1846 no reinforcements yet arrived at Point Isabel, calculation of the expected arrival of forces
The assurances so received, determined Gen. Taylor to postpone his departure in hopes that additional forces would arrive within a short time at Point Isabel, for the better security of that important station, as well as to augment the effective force with which he would soon be ready to encounter the enemy. He had, if it is true, as yet no intelligence of the result of the requisitions, which he called for on the 26 th ult., but reasonable time had nearly elapsed for him now to expect to hear from his countrymen.
According to a statement which we find published in the N. Orleans Bulletin of the 13th, over the signature of “Wm. H. Chase, major of engineers,” that officer calculates that the two companies of regulars and the company of volunteers from Mobile, (which left N. Orleans on the 6th,) will reach Point Isabel, per Augusta, on the 10th. The detachment of regulars from Pensacola on the 11th- the 1st battalion of Louisiana volunteers, per the Galveston, and some Texan riflemen from San Antonio, Austin, Houston, &c., per the Telegraph, on the 13th. The Major goes on to calculate that by the 20th inst., Gen. Taylor will have 10,000 men under his command, and that by one or two redoubts thrown up on the line between Matamoros and Point Isabel, communications may be maintained. [JEB]
NNR 70.179 May 23, 1846 comment on rumors and exaggerations from the scene of the fighting as represented in newspapers, official intelligence reaches Washington
EXAGGERATIONS, & c.
We have found it no trifle of a task to sift the above facts from such a hetrogenous mass of exaggerations and preposterous stories as filled the daily papers and “EXTRAS,” issued in all directions, many of them made up for speculation and utterly regardless of anything but to make a market of public credulity. As for instance, we have had Matamoros reduced to ashes, and 700 Mexicans killed. Major Ringgold gloriously distinguished himself in command of the American camp opposite to Matamoros when in fact he was with Gen. Taylor at Point Isabel- and hundreds of similar tales. Such wholesale and indeed often unfeeling impositions should be visited upon their authors by public indignation. Every hour is now replete with incidents that require truths to be steadily assorted. Let no sudden impulses from false premises influence our communities.
An article in the Washington Union, of the 19th compiled they say from official intelligence received at the department, dated 3d and 5th instant, received after we had placed the above in type, confirms their accuracy in every particular. The Union says: “The affair with Capt. Walker’s Texan Rangers, as was presented by rumor, was much exaggerated. In the temporary absence of that gallant and enterprising officer his company lost, by surprise, but a handful of men-8 or 10.”
“In the cannonade Major Brown, Captain Mansfield of the engineers, Captain Lowd, and the garrison were all much distinguished. Gen. Taylor always writes coolly. His march, when he expected to meet 3,000 Mexican horse, was a gallant enterprise. The Mexicans have not probably had a good and bad, 4,000 troops on the Rio Grande.” [JEB]
NNR 70.179 May 23, 1846 extract of a letter from Gen. Zachary Taylor
LETTER FROM GEN. TAYLOR.- The New Orleans Tropic of the 4th gives the following extract of a letter from Gen. Taylor. “Strong guards of foot and mounted men are established on the margin of the river, and thus efficient means have been adopted on our part to prevent all intercourse. While the opposite to us their pickets extend above and below for several miles, we are equally active in keeping up a strong and vigilant guard to prevent surprise, or attacks under disadvantageous circumstances. This is the more necessary, whilst we have to act on the defensive, and they are at liberty to take the opposite course whenever they think proper to do so. Nor have we been idle in other respects; we have a field work underway, besides having erected a strong battery and a number of buildings for the security of our supplies, in addition to some respectable works for their protection. We have mounted a respectable battery, four pieces of which are long eighteen pounders, with which we could batter or burn down the city of Matamoros, should it become necessary to do so. When our field work is completed (which will soon be the case) and mounted with its proper armament, five hundred men could hold it against as many thousand Mexicans. During the twenty-seven days since our arrival here, a most singular state of things has prevailed all through the outlines of the two armies, which to a certain extent, have all the feelings as if there were actual War. “Fronting each other for an extent of more that two miles and within musket range, are batteries shotted, and the officers and men in many instances waiting impatiently for orders to apply the matches; yet nothing has been done to provoke the firing of a gun or any act of violence.”
“Matamoros, at the distance we are now from it, appears to cover a large extent of ground, with some handsome buildings, but I would imagine the greater portion of them to be indifferent one story houses, with roofs of straw and walls of mud, or unburnt brick. During peace the population is said to be five of six thousand, but it is now filled to overflowing with troops. Report says from give to ten thousand of all sorts, regular and militia. The number I presume is very much overrated.
“P.S.-Since writing the above, an engagement has taken place between a detachment of our cavalry and the Mexicans, in which we were worsted. So the war has actually commenced and the hardest must fend off.” [JEB]
NNR 70.179 May 16, 1846 EXTRACT OF A LETTER FROM AN OFFICER OPPOSITE MATAMOROS TO A FRIEND, DEFENSES AT POINT ISABEL
Fort opposite Matamoros, May 4 th, 1846.
I have only time to write a few lines by the express which goes out to Point Isabel this evening. - Whether he succeeds in getting there or not is doubtful as the Mexican army, about 4 or 5,000, are encamped about seven or eight miles from here. I suppose you have seen by the papers that the war has commenced and we are expecting re-enforcements of troops from New Orleans, &c. On the 1st May Gen. Taylor left here for Point Isabel with the greater part of his army, and my regiment (the 7th infantry) with two companies of artillery, &c.; about 600 men were left to garrison the fort, then nearly finished. Yesterday morning the Mexicans opened their batteries from the town, which was returned from our 18 pounders and a brisk fire was kept up for an hour or more, during which time one of their batteries was silenced by our guns and a number of shots fired on the town. My station being in one of the batteries opposite the fort I could sometimes hear the shot crashing through the houses. Our guns stopped firing about 10 or 11 o'clock, as we were only wasting our ammunition and did but little injury except to the town. They kept on firing through the day and part of the night to-day; they however do us but little injury as they have killed but one man of our garrison. They have a mortar, and annoy us considerabely with their shells - no one can tell where the confounded things are going to fall - several have fallen in the fort and exploded, but did no serious injury. We are hourly expecting an attack from their forces, and are prepared to make a vigorous defence. I will write you again by the first opportunity. * * * * *
Yours, &c.
P.S. - The Mexicans will probably attack Gen. Taylor on his return from Point Isabel with supplies, and if they do, I have no doubt the general will give theYellow Skins a sound drubbing. [GLP]
NNR 70.180 May 23, 1846 SURPRISE AND SURRENDER OF CAPTAIN THORNTON'S COMMAND.
In our last number amongst the list of killed and wounded in the affair of Captain Thornton's detachment with the Mexicans, two distinguished names were included as killed, that we are delighted to find still amongst the living. Captains THORNTON and HARDEE and Lieut. KANE, all of the 2d dragoons, have reported themselves to Gen. Taylor, by letter, as prisoners to the Mexicans, by whom they are kindly treated. They are in good health. We subjoin an account of the affray in which they were overpowered.
On the evening of the 23d ult., General Taylor's spies brought in intelligence to the effect that about two thousand five hundred Mexicans had crossed the Rio Grande to the Texas side above the American Fort and that about fifteen hundred of the same had crossed below. Gen. T. immediately despatched a squadron of dragoons to each place of crossing for the purpose of reconnoitering them and ascertaining their position. The squadron ordered below was in command of Captain Ker; the one above was commanded by Captain Thornton and composed of Captain Hardee, Lieut's. Kane and Mason, with sixty-one privates and non-commissioned officers.
The former commander, Capt. Ker, on arriving at the point where it was supposed they had crossed found that the report was false, that they had not crossed there but had all crossed above, which was afterwards proved by Capt. T.'s command being surprised, in which Lieut. Geo. Mason with nine men were killed and two wounded. The wounded were sent to Gen. Taylor's camp; the army having no hospital in the field. Capt.'s Thornton, Hardee, and Lieut. Kane miraculously escaped together with the balance of the non-commissioned officers and men, but were captured and are now prisoners of war in Mexico.
The circumstances which led to the surprise are these: After Capt. T.'s command had proceeded up the Rio Grande about twenty-four miles, and as was supposed, to within about three miles of the Mexican camp, the guide refused to go any further, and stated for his reason that the whole country was infested with Mexicans. Capt. T. however, proceeded on with his command about two miles when he came to a farm house, which was enclosed entirely by a chapparal fence, with the exception of that portion of it which bordered on the river, and this was so boggy as to be impassable.
Capt. T. entered this enclosure through a pair of bars and approached the house for the purpose of making some inquiry, his command following him. So soon as his command had all entered the enclosure, the enemy having been concealed in the chapparal, about two thousand five hundred in number, completely surrounded him and commenced firing upon his command. He then wheeled his command thinking that he could charge through the enemy and pass out where he had enetered, not however without a considerable loss. This he attempted but did not succeed, the enemy being too strong.
At this instant, Capt. Hardee approached him for the purpose of advising him how to extricate themselves. The firing of the enemy still continuing, Capt. Thornton's horse having doubtless received a shot, ran away with him and leaped the chapparal fence and plunged into a precipice, where he fell, with Capt. T. under him, where the latter remained insensible for five or six hours. This casualty placed Capt. Hardee in command, who attempted with the residue to make his escape by the river, intending on arriving at its margin to swim it. In this he failed, finding it so boggy that he could not get to it. He then returned, taking the precaution to get out of distance of musketry, dismounted and examined the arms of his men, determining to sell their lives as dearly as possible.
Before he had succeeded, however in the inspection of his arms, a Mexican officer rode up and asked him to surrender. Capt. H. replied that he would surrender on one condition, which was, that if the Mexican general would receive them as prisoners of war, and treat them as the most civilized nations do, he would surrender, but on no other conditions. - The Mexican officer bore this message to the general commanding, and returned with the assurance that he would. Captain H. then surrendered. Captains Thornton and Hardee, with Lieut. Kane and the residue of the non-commissioned officers and privates of Capt. T.'s command are now prisoners of war in Mexico. The enemy treat them remarkably well.
Lieut. Geo. Mason was a fine young officer, and his death is much regretted. His sabre belt was recognized among some articles that were subsequently captured from the enemy. [GLP]
NNR 70.180 May 23, 1846 Capt. Samuel Hamilton Walker's detachment and its engagement with the Mexicans
CAPT. WALKER’S DETATCHMENT.- The N. Orleans Picayune, of the 9th May, furnishes the following account brought by the Ellen and Clara, Capt. Griffin, which sailed from Point Isabel on the 29th ult.-“We learn from Capt. Griffin, and Dr. N. Briggs, a passenger , who has been several months with the army, that Capt. Walker, formerly of the Texan revenue service, who has been stationed between Point Isabel and Gen. Taylor’s camp, with a body of twenty four volunteer Texan Rangers, found several of the teams which had started from the point for the camp were returning, and reported that the Mexicans were on the road. He started from his camp on the 28th with his whole force to reconnoiter, and, if possible, open a communication with Gen. Taylor. He had proceeded as far as about midway between Point Isabel and the camp, when an overwhelming Mexican force appeared very suddenly. A portion of his troops were raw; the he instructed to keep on his right, and gave orders to the whole to retire under cover of a chaparelle in view.”
But his raw troops, panic stricken, scattered in confusion, and the Mexicans advancing in overwhelming numbers, he was compelled to retreat.-He was followed by the Mexicans within a mile of Point Isabel, where he arrived with only two of his men. Six others subsequently came in.
Captain Walker estimated the number of Mexicans he encountered at 1500, and he supposes that at least 30 of them fell, during the fifteen minutes he engaged them. This force is supposed to be a portion of that which had the last accounts crossed the Rio Grande some 20 or 25 miles above Matamoros, and which is estimated at 3000 men. It is believed that they had arrived at the position they occupied by taking a circuitous rout on the eastern side of Gen. Taylor’s camp.
No communications had been had with General Taylor at Point Isabel, for three days previous to the departure of the Ellen and Clara. At the last accounts it was reported that he had but ten days’ provisions. Captain Walker, immediately after his arrival, gallantly tendered his services to Major Monroe, the commander at Point Isabel, if four men would accompany him, to make his way to General Taylor with despatches, or die in the attempt. His offer was accepted, and accordingly he started at daylight on the morning of the 29th. During the nights of the 27th and 28th the troops at Point Isabel were in constant expectation of being attacked, and dispositions were made accordingly.-The masters and crews of vessels in the harbor were called on, on the 28th, and spent the night under arms. On that night, 500 men were furnished with arms, of which about 50 were seamen.
The works were as perfect as it was possible to make them under the circumstances, and it was generally believed that should but fifteen hundred Mexicans attack the place, they could be at least, held at bay until reinforcements arrived. Messrs. Monroe and Saunders, it is started, deserve great praise for the manner in which they have fortified Point Isabel.
Capt. Griffin and Dr. Briggs informs us that the officers of the army speak of the Mexicans as being in a very high state of discipline- the cavalry particularly. Besides the three thousand who have crossed the Rio Grande, it is intimated that there are about five thousand at Matamoros, and it is supposed that the Mexicans general has not yet displayed his full strength, but has kept a large reserve back of Matamoros.
It is believed that the Mexicans have possession of an island at the mouth of the Brazos, which commands the entrance. If so, it is apprehended that the troops by the New York will not be able to get in. The island is laid down on some of the maps as “Brassos Village” It is a natural fortification.
A small schooner, the Aurora, sailed from Point Isabel on the 28 th for this port, with dispatches=The weather has been very severe on the coast, and it is to be feared that she has been driven ashore.
The extras from the offices of the Times, Tropie, and Picayune all concur in stating the number of men with Capt. Walker, when he encountered the Mexican force, at 75. The Picayune says:”The Mexicans pursued Capt. Walker in his retreat till they came within range of the guns of the post, when they in turn immediately retreated. There are now about 3000 Mexican on the American side of the Rio Grande-one half above and one half below Gen. Taylor’s camp. [JEB]
NNR 70.180 May 23, 1846 THE LATE COLONEL CROSS, FIRST VICTIM OF THE WAR
The following general orders were issued by the commander of the "army of occupation" on the occasion of the death and burial of our late lamented and universally beloved fellow citizen, Col. Truman Cross, assistant quartermaster general in the army of the United States:
ORDERS NO 20.
Headquarters, Army of Occupation,
Camp near Matamoros, April 25, 1846.
The commanding general has the painful duty of announcing to the army that the doubt which has so long prevailed in regard to the fate of the late Col. CROSS, has at length, been resolved into the melancholy certainty of his death, and, there is too much reason to fear, by violent hands.
The high rank of the deceased, and the ability and energy which he carried into the discharge of the important duties of his office, will cause his loss to be seriously felt in the service, while the untoward circumstances of his demise will render it particularly afflicting to his family and personal friends.
The remains of the late colonel will be interred, with military honors, at 4 o'clock P.M. to-morrow. The funeral escort will be composed of a squadron of dragoons and eight companies of infantry; the latter to be taken from the 2d brigade, and the whole to be organized and commanded by Colonel Twiggs.
The necessary arrangements for the funeral ceremony will be made by Lieut. Col. Payne, inspector general.
All officers off duty are respectfully invited to attend the funeral. By order of
BRIG. GEN. TAYLOR.
[GLP]
NNR 70.180 May 23, 1846 GILBERT DUDLEY'S CAPTURE OF TWO MEXICANS
GILBERT DUDLEY, a youth of 19, attached to the army under Gen. Taylor according to a letter from an officer, published in the Newark Adviser, must be a brave fellow. The letter says:
"Returning two days ago from one of our most advanced pickets, whither he had sent to convey orders, he came unexpectedly upon two Mexican soldiers, who had, apparently, just rowed across the river, and were refreshing themselves in a cool shade, having placed their muskets in thoughtless security against a neighboring tree. Gilbert was equal to the emergency; he sprang to the muskets, threw one upon the ground, and stepped upon it, while with the other he menaced the lives of his opponents. And thus marched them into camp. [ GLP]
NNR 70.181 May 23, 1846 official orders as to organizing the volunteers in US service
ORGANIZATION OF VOLUNTEER CORPS FOR THE UNITED STATES SERVICE- War Department, May 19, 1846
Sir:-In reply to the inquiries contained in the letter of Major General Steuart, and in other communications, submitted by you to this Department, I have the honor to inform you that the rule adopted, is to call for the volunteers that are required from any particular State, through the Governor. This is an act of respect to the Executive of the State, due as well to his position, as to his generally superior knowledge of the character and efficiency of the volunteers throughout the State, the sections from which it is most advisable to take them, and which of them can, with the greatest facility and least expense be embodied for the service for which they may be required. Circumstances, may, however, occur to render it expedient to accept offers of service direct without the intervention of the Governor, when an application to him might cause delay. Applications of companies, regiments, &c. To enter the service may therefore be made direct to this Department.
The law, a copy of which is enclosed, provides that the officers of the volunteers shall be appointed by the proper State authority, in the manner prescribed by the State laws; and the accompanying memorandum shows the number of officers, non-commissioned officers and privates, and the organization of companies and regiments.
The law also requires that the volunteers furnish their own clothing, and if cavalry, their own horses and horse equipage. Suck as are already uniformed need not change such as are not, and contemplate uniforming, are at liberty to adopt such as they think proper but it is advisable that all who may be called into the service adopt their dress as nearly as circumstances will permit, to the nature of the service that may be required of them, and to the character of the country and climate where they may have to serve. Those that shall be accepted will be armed and equipped at the expense of the United States, and will be inspected and mustered into the service by an officer of the army, or by one appointed by the Governor, at such times and places, as will be specified when their services are called for. Very respectfully, your ob’t serv’t
Hon. Wm. F. Giles W.L. Marcy
House of Rep. Secretary of War
[JEB]
NNR 70.182 May 23, 1846 Gen. Edmund Pendleton Gaines' requisition on Louisiana for troops, the prompt response
Head Quarters, Western Division,
New Orleans, May 2, 1846.
Sir:-By a letter which I have this morning received from Brig. Gen. Taylor, announcing the commencement of hostilities on the part of the Mexican forces near Matamoros, I learn that in addition to the several corps of mounted and other Riflemen which he expects soon to join him from Texas, he has requested of your Excellency four Regiments of Infantry, to embark as soon as practicable for Point Isabel.
I avail myself of the earliest occasion to say that Col. Hunt, Dep Quarter Master General and other officers of the General Staff, on duty at this city, are instructed to furnish promptly every supply that may be required for health and comfort of the four regiments desired from the State of Louisiana. They shall receive their arms and fixed ammunition within the next twenty-four hours, when the requisite steam transportation will be ready.
Gen Taylor and his army will be much gratified to find amongst the corps now requested, officers and men such as they had the satisfaction to find in the excellent battalion lately commanded by Major Gally. I am with perfect respect
Your ob’t serv’t
EDMUND P. GAINES
Major General U.S. Army
To his excellency Governor Johnson.
P.S. I look for a battalion of regular troops from Jefferson Barracks, in a day or two:I wish to send to Point Isabel, the Regulars with the Volunteers
BY THE GOVERNOR:-Head Quarters, Louisiana Militia- General Orders No. One.
Gen. Taylor, commanding the U.S. Army of Occupation on the frontier of Mexico, has announced to the Commander-in-Chief that hostilities have commenced between his forces and those of the Mexicans; and under the authority of the General Government has called upon the State of Louisiana to furnish four Regiments of Infantry, to join his army.
The General, in concluding his requisition, says: “I cannot doubt that the gallant State of Louisiana will respond with alacrity to this call upon the patriotism of her sons.”
The State of Louisiana has never hesitated at any call on her patriotism or spirit, and is now as she ever has been, ready to devote her energies and her blood for our common country, and the honor of its arms.
Assured that the call now made will be responded to by the citizen soldiers of the State without resorting to a draft, four regiments of Volunteers will be received and mustered into the service of the United States for the term of six months, unless sooner discharged, and as fast as any regiment or company is organized for the purpose, its commanding officers will report to the Adjutant General at the State House in Canal Street.
Each Regiment will consist of-(as in Gen. Taylor’s requisition given above.)
It is desireable that the Companies should each be 100 strong.
The Legislature animated by the universal feeling of patriotism and zeal, have already passed a bill, which has been signed by the Governor and become a law, making appropriations to aid the equipping the force, and the Staff Department of the U.S. Army are prepared to furnish the corps with the arms, equipments and camp equipage necessary? The Major Generals and Generals of Brigade are charged with the execution of this order. By order of the Commander-In-Chief of the Militia of the State.
Charles N. Bowley
Adjt. and Insp Gen.
[JEB]
NNR 70.182 May 23, 1846 Gen. Edmund Pendleton Gaines' requisitions for volunteers
Gen. Gaines Authority to Col. Lewis.
Head quarters, Western division
New Orleans, May 12, 1846
Col. Wm. B. Lewis is hereby authorized and requested to raise a regiment, or a battalion, of mounted gunmen, to consist of not less than five, nor to exceed ten companies-each company to number seventy to one hundred men, to rendezvous at the Opelousas, where they will be mustered into the service of the United-States for duty upon the Rio Grande, for six months, unless sooner discharged. The United States quarter master and commissary of subsistence will be instructed to issue the regular supplies of camp equipage, forage, and subsistence upon the requisition of Col. Lewis.
Edmund P. Gaines
Maj. Gen. U.S. army commanding the western division
[JEB]
NNR 70.182 May 23, 1846 list of officers of the Army in Texas
List of Officers in the United States, Army in Texas.
General Staff- Brigadier Gen. Z. Taylor, commanding; Capt. W.S.S. Bliss, assistant adjutant general; 1st Lieut, J.M. Eaton, 3d infantry, aid-de-camp;Lieut. Col. M.E. Payne, 4th artillery, inspector-general “army of occupation;” Colonel T. Cross, Ass’t. Q.M. Gen., (killed;) Major C. Thomas. Qr. Master, (Point Isabel;) Major S. McKee, do. do. do.; Assistant Quarter Master, Capt. G.H. Crossman, Capt. E.S. Sibley, Capt E.A. Ogden Capt. W.S. Ketchum; Commissary of Subsistance, Capt G.C. Waggaman; Surgeon P.H. Craig, medical director; Surgeon N.S. Jarvis; Assistant do., B.M. Byrne, (St. Josephs;) Assistant do., J.R. Conrad; Paymasters, St. Clair Denny, Lloyd J. Beall, Roger S. Dix.
Engineers- Capt. J.K. Mansfield, Capt John Sanders, 1st Lieut, J.M. Scarritt.
Topographical Engineers- Capt. T.J. Cram, 1st Lieut. J.E. Blake, 2nd Lieut. George Meade.
Light Artillery-Maj. John Irving, 2nd artillery; Ass’t Surgeon J.B. Wells, general staff; 2nd Lieut. S.S. Fahnestock, 4 th artillery, act’g adjutant.
Brevet Majors- John Monroe, 4th artillery; S. Ringgold, 3d artillery.
First Lieutenant- James Duncan, 2d artillery; Branton Bragg, 3d do; J.F. Roland, 2n do; R. Ridgely, 3d do; W.H. Shover, 3d do; E. Bradford, 4th do; J.C. Pemberton, 4th do; J.H. Thomas, 3d do.
Second Lieutenants- Wm. Hays, 2d artillery; J.F. Reynolds, 3d do; J.J. Peck, 2d do; S.L. Fremont, 3d do; M. Lovell, 4th Do; J.P. Johnstone, 4th do; S.G. French, 3d do.
Second Regiment of Dragoons- Col. D.E. Twiggs, commanding; Assistant Surgeon L.C. McPhall, general staff; 1st Lieut. H.H. Sibley, Adjutant.
Captains- Croghan Her; C.A. May, S.B. Thornton, W.J. Hardee, prisoners.
First Lieutenants- W.H. Saunders; F. Hamilton; A. Lowry; O.F. Windship. A.C.S. and A.Q.M.
Second Lieutenants-R.P. Campbell; George Stephens; R.H. Anderson; W. Steele, Lewis Neill, G. T. Mason – Kane; D.B. Sackett
First Brigade- Brigadier General W.J. Worth, commanding, (resigned) First Lieutenant Larkin Smith, 8th infantry, A.D.C.; Surgeon H.S. Hawkins, general staff; Surgeon J.J.B. Wright, do do., Assistant Surgeon D.C. Leon, do. do.
Battalion of Artillery- Brevet Lieutenant Colonel Thomas Childs, Commanding;Second Lieutenant R.S. Garnett, 4th artillery, acting adjutant.
Brevet Majors-J. Dimick, 1st artillery; W.W. Morris, 4 th artillery.
Captains- Giles Porter, 1st artillery; S. Mackenzie, 2d do; Martin Burk, 3d do; A. Lowd, 2d do. C.C. Smith, 2d do; J.B. Scott, 4th do; R.C. Snead, 4th do.
First Lieutenants-M Knowlton, 1st artillery; E. Deas, 4 th do (prisoner) R.A. Luther, 2d do. G. Taylor, Brevet Captain 3d artillery; A. Ebsey 2d do; W.H. Churchill, 3d do; J.B. Magruder, 1 st do; J.S. Hatheway, do.; C.B. Daniels, 2d do.; W.H. Fowler, 1st do.; W. Gilham, 3d do.; J.P. M’Cown, 4th do.
Second Lieutenants- L. Chase, 2nd artillery, A.B. Lansing, do. A.A. Gibson, do., W.S. Smith, do; S.K. Dawson, 1st do; J.F. Irons, 1st do; H.M. Whiting, 4th do.; S. Williams, 1st do., H.F. Clarke, 2d do., S. Gill, 4th do., J.F. Farry, 4th do., G.W. Ayres, 3d do., C Benjamin, 4 th do.; C.L. Kilburn, 3d do., A. Doubleday, 3d do., J.J. Reynolds, 4th do. T.J. Curd, 1st do., L.B. Weld, 1 st do.
Eighth Regiment of Infantry- Brevet Lieut. Col. W.G. Belknap, commanding, 2d Lieut. John D. Clark, acting adjutant.
Captains- W.R. Montgomery, W.O. Kelly, R.B. Screven, H. McCavett, J.V. Bomford.
First Lieutenants- J.V.D. Reeve, G. Lincoln, J. Selden, C.R. Gates, A. L. Sheppard, A.T. Lee.
Second Lieutenants- R.P. Maclay, J. Beardsley, C.D. Jordan, T.L. Chadbourne, E.B. Halloway, C.D. Merchant, T.J. Montgomery, J.G. Burbank, C.F. Morris, J.J. Booker, J. Longstreet, H.M. Judah, Geo. Wainwright, J.S.S. Shelling.
Second Brigade- Lieut. Col. J.S. McIntosh, 5th infantry commanding, 1st Lieut. C.L. Stevenson, 5th Infantry commanding, 1st Lieut. C.L. Stevenson, 5th infantry, Brigade-Major-Surgeon, R.C. Wood; general staff, Assistant Surgeons, J.W. Russell, and H.C. Cruttenden, do. do.
Fifth Regiment of Infantry- Major T. Stanford, commanding; 1st Lieut. G. Deas adjutant.
Captains- Martin Scott, M.E Merril, A. Drane, E.K. Smith, A.S Hool, C.C. Sibley, J.L. Thompson, W. Chapman.
First Lieutenants- B.B. Marcy, A.C.S. and A.Q.M.H. Whipple, N.B. Russell, D. Ruggles, A.C.S 5th infantry, W. Root, J.A. Whitall.
Second Lieutenants- S.H. Fowler, S. Norvell, H. Whiting, M. Rosecrants, T.G. Pitcher, R.L. Brooke, J.C. Robinson, P. Lugenbeel, J.P. Smith, W.L. Crittenden.
Seventh Regiment of Infantry- Major J. Brown, commanding, Second Lieutenant, F.N. Page, adjutant.
Captains-E.S. Hawkins, D.S. Miles, J.G. Rains, brevet major, T.H. Holmes, D.P. Whiting, F. Lee, W. Seawell, brevet major, S.W. Moore, R.H. Ross, R.C. Gattin.
First Lieutenants-F. Britton, N. Hopson, J.R. Scott; A. Montgomery, A,C,S,C, Hanson, C.H. Humber.
Second Lieutenants-L. Gantt, E. Von Dorn, J.H. Potter, A. Cruzot, J.H. Henry, S.B. Hayman, F. Gardner, W.K. Van Bokkelen, E.B. Strong, H.B. Clitz, W.H. Wood.
Third Brigade- Col. W. Whistler, Fourth Infantry, com’ding, Second Lieutenant, G.O. Haller, Fourth Infantry, Brigade Major, Assistant Surgeons, J.B. Porter, M. Mills, J. Simons, A.W. Kennedy, general staff.
Third Regiment of Infantry-Lieutenant Col. E.A. Hitchcock, commanding. Brevet 1st Lieutenant D.S. Irwin, adjutant.
Captains-N.L. Morris, J. Van Horne, G.P. Field, H. Bainbridge, J.L. Coburn.
First Lieutenants-P.N. Barbour, Brevet Captain, L.S. Craig, W.H. Gordon, W.H. Henry, brigade A.C.S.; J.M. Smith, D.T. Chandler, A.Q.M.; O. L. Sheppard.
Second Lieutenants-W.B. Johns, D.C. Buell, W.T.H Brooks, A.J. Williamson, J.C. McFeran, J.J.C. Bibb, Thomas Jordon, J.B. Richardson, A.W. Bowman, R. Hazlitt, G.C. McClelland, J.P. Hatch, B.E. Bee.
Fourth Regiment of Infantry-Lieutenant Colonel J Garland, commanding, First Lieutenant B. Hoskins, adjutant. Brevet major, G.W. Allen, acting major.
Captains-John Paget, P. Morrison, G. Morris, W.M. Graham, Brevet Major; G.A. McCall, R.C. Buchanan, C.H. Larnard.
First Lieutenants-B. Alvord, R.C. Cochrane, A.A.Q.M.; R.H. Graham, E.G. Elliot, A.C.S; St Joseph’s.
Second Lieutenants-T.H. Porter, killed; H.D. Walen, C.C. Auger; J.S. Woods, Sid Smith, J. Beanman, U.S. Grant, J.A. Richley, P.A. Farelly.
[JEB]
NNR 70.192 May 30, 1846 remarks and statements on US finances in light of the war with Mexico, possibility of a loan, of issuance of treasury notes, of postponement of revision of the tariff
National Finances. War has commenced. – Ten millions of dollars have been promptly voted towards commencing operations. One and a half millions have been voted to pay expenses already incurred, and which the annual appropriations of last year fell short of defraying. Two millions in addition to the treasurer’s estimates, to feed and clothe the 7 or 8000 men, voted last week as additional to the regular army. Their bounty and pay have been provided for in the annual appropriation bill passed last week. Munitions and transportation will accumulate military expenditures rapidly. The naval expenses will also be largely increased. Additional ships are to be put in commission. Crews are to be enlisted, stores to be provided. Transports are to be in service.
The National Intelligencer, noticing an article in a New York paper which intimates that “it may be necessary for congress to authorize a loan to meet these extras,” says-“Doubtless congress will find itself under the necessity, before adjourning, of providing money, in addition to the current revenue, to defray the expenditure which will attend the now inevitable operations of the government. The reduction of the tariff of duties on imports, had it been carried into effect, would equally have induced the necessity, now or not long hereafter, of supplying revenue from some other source. But. The late act of congress-and, indeed, independently of the movement of congress, the preceding action of the executive-requiring an expenditure probably far to exceed the surplus in the treasury, may be considered as an indefinite postponement of the treasury scheme for a general reduction of the tariff. We take it for granted, however, that for any immediate purpose, the administration will first resort to the expedient of an issue of treasury notes; the necessity for resorting to which will in connexion with the existence of a foreign war requiring the transportation to great distances of large sums of money, render the sub-treasury scheme wholly impracticable, and probably cause that as well as the anti-tariff project to be deferred. Should the war unhappily be prolonged, however, loans must be necessarily recurred to, and will constitute the chief source of revenue for defraying the expenses of the war. Whenever loans are to be authorized, in any considerable amount, congress will find itself obliged to lay direct taxes and excises, and pledge the proceeds of them to pay the interest and provide a sinking fund for their redemption. We do not suppose therefore, that any loan, in the shape of an issue of government stock, will be resorted to at the present session of congress.” [JEB]
NNR 70.192 May 30, 1846 accounts from New Orleans of extravagant expenditures for military supplies
The New York Journal of Commerce says-“The accounts from N. Orleans and Mobile are very bad. The produce of the west and south is coming down in one great arid endless avalanche, but the circulation of business is stopped. This rates of freight have advanced materially; merchants are unwilling to take the hazards of making shipments; the northern merchants, unwilling to advance on property which must encounter the risks of the gulf, have withdrawn their credits; and so the produce is piling up beyond the capacities of all the warehouses- How can merchants meet their engagements, when all their property is suddenly rendered unavailable? Great inconvenience and damage must be the consequence.”
Another New Orleans letter, published in the Philadelphia U.S. Gazette , says-“The government have not a dollar of funds here-are buying everything on credit, and paying enormously through the nose-the certificates of the quarter master, for amounts due for supplies, payable on demand so soon as funds arrive, are hawking out at every shaving shop at eight to ten per cent. Discount on the face.- I saw one today for $1,700 which was offered for $1,550, and no doubt $1,500 would have been accepted. Last week a heavy purchase of pork was made (1,000 barrels) at 13½ when the same quality could have been bought for cash at $10¾-other things in proportion-and this state of things with $12,000,000 of surplus funds in the treasury. Steamboats and transports are chartered in the same way-6 and $8,000 paid to a steamboat to the “Brassos St. Iago,” a run of 60 or 80 hours, and $500 per day demurrage.”
Another letter from New Orleans, dated the 10th inst. Says-“It will hardly be credited that with the large force in Texas, requiring constant and heavy supplies, and with the emergency now existing, the quarter master’s department is entirely destitute of funds, and it has to buy supplies, charter steamboats, and make all its arrangements on credit, of course paying an exorbitant addition in the price of every thing; and the quarter master’s certificates for money due, are hawking about in the streets and at every shaving shop in the city, at a heavy discounts, disgraceful to the credit of the government, who boast of having some 10 or 15 millions of surplus funds in the treasury!! These certificates, though payable on demand so soon as funds are received, are selling at 8 and 10 percent discount, and if they accumulate much longer will be at a still heavier rate. [JEB]
NNR 70.193 May 30, 1846 map of the seat of war
 |
EAT OF WAR-EXPLANATIONS. Figure 1. (in black square)- Palo Alto, where was fought the battle of 8th May, 13 miles from Point Isabel. 2. do. Resaca de la Palma-battle ground 9th May, three miles N. of Matamoros. a. Matagorda Island and Aransas Inlet. b. St. Joseph’s Island, south of which Espirtu Santo and Mustang Island. Corpus Christi Inlet, south of Mustang Island, draws four feet water. c. McGowan’s bluff d. Kenney’s Rancho e. Shoals f. Mud Island, surrounded by shoals.-At its south east extremity is an inlet, which liets south of the Brassos Island and between Brassos Island and the main delta of the Rio Grande called Bocca Chica, ‘(small mouth.)’ g. Low flat grounds |
Into the shoal at the south west extremity of Laguna Madre, another channel of the Rio Grande enters, which is not delineated on the chart. It starts from the main channel at a point (Pondo), between Barita and Matamoros, and when the river is very high this channel has some eighteen inches of water. In common it is converted into expanded marsh. When the river is very low, it is entirely dry.
The Laguna Madre, or Logo del Santander-is about 90 miles in length, and has generally about two feet depth of water. It is bounded on the east by the Island Padre Vayin, or Padre Bayin, or as generally called, Padre Island. Besides the Olmos and Rio or Sal Colorado, other streams flow into it, the San Fernando, the St. Gertrude, &c. &c.
Brassos Santiago, is about 5 miles from Point Isabel, and in lat 25 degrees 16 mites long. 97 degrees 12 minutes west from Greenwich, or 20 degrees 12 minutes west of Washington city, as represented in the chart. There are from three to six feet water within, and 7 ½ to 8 feet without its bar. There is from three to six feet water from thence to.
Point Isabel, from which two routes are sketched upon the chart, to Matamoros. By the southern road distance is 27 miles, by the other 35 miles. The former pursued by general Taylor’s army, is intersected by one or two small streamlets flowing into the Rio Grande.
Bocca Chica, (the narrow mouth), at the south end of Brassos Island, has approaching it, successively 3,2 and 8 feet water. From this point three roads diverge, viz. One southwardly to Las Taraesas,-one southwestwardly 6 miles to Barita and whence it passes 30 miles more, to Matamoros, and one due west, a wagon route, which after crossing the 2d pass to the Rio Grande is a direct line to Matamoros, follows the northern shore of that river to the point where now stands the American entrenchments.
The Rio Grande, at its first pass, or main outlet, has five feet water. We have stated above, that even at high water the second pass has but 18 inches. The territory or Delta between the two passes, is separated from the Island of Brassos, by the Bocca Chica.
Matamoros is situated in the latitude 25 degrees 53 minutes and long. 21 degrees west of Washington.
Letters from officers of the army represent their march from Corpus Christi to Matamoros to have been one of 120, and in some cases as high as 150 miles. Whether gen. Taylor pursued what is called the old direct road,-which is sketched upon the map,-or whether, as we apprehend, he took another route which led him to Isabel and thence to Matamoros thus by sinuosities increasing the distance, we are not confident. The Nueces is stated to be generally about 90 miles from the Rio Grande. West of Reynoso is Monterey. [JEB]
NNR 70.194 May 30, 1846 geography of the seat of the war
Geography Of the Seat of War- Distance, from Point Isabel to Matamoros
by land, 27 miles, do. by water 90 miles.
From Matamoros to Corpus Christi, by land 100 miles, by the old road.
An officer in General Taylor;s army mentions that the distance was 150
miles by the route the army marched.
From Matamoros to the mouth of the Rio Grande by the river is variously
stated, from 60 to 90 miles; in direct line, about 30 miles.
From Point Isabel to New Orleans by sea 802 miles.
From Point Isabel to Galveston, by water, 320 miles.
From New Orleans to Vera Cruz, 1,500 miles.
From Vera Cruz W.N.W. to the city of Mexico is 180 miles.
From Yucatan to the city of Mexico 900 miles.
From Brassos St. Jago to Point Isabel at its W.N.W. 5 miles.
From Matamoros eastward to the village of La Barita, 30 miles by land.
From La Barita, N. Eastward to Brassos 8 or 10 miles.
Santa Fe is N.N.W. of the city of Mexico, on the Rio Grande, above Matamoros,
and its distance from Mexico is about 1131 miles, N.N.W.-and from St.
Louis is about 830 miles, and from New Orleans 1020 miles N.W. population
about 4 or 5000. [JEB]
NNR 70.194 May 30, 1846 course of the Rio Grande (Rio del Norte or Rio Bravo)
The Rio Grande, Rio Del Norte or Rio Bravo, different names by which the same river is known, rises in the Southern Slope of the Rocky Mountains, near the head waters of the Arkansas river, pursues a course nearly due South for a distance of 2000 miles, to the Gulf Of Mexico. Its course is in good part through a thinly peopled desert, in some places mountainous, in others composed of wide sterile plains. Valuable mines of gold and silver exist in the province of Santa Fe, some 1,5000 miles from its mouth. The River is generally rapid and rocky, rendering the navigation dangerous if not impossible.
Twenty years ago attempts were made, and several times since, with steam boats to navigate it, but Matamoros, some 60 miles from its mouth, by the winding of the river, or 30 or 40 miles in direct line from the coast, is usual head of navigation0 and even that distance, boats of very light draft only can be used. [JEB]
NNR 70.194 May 30, 1846 distances on the route from San Antonio to Mexico City
| Rio Grande at the Presidio | 150 | Hacienda San Juan De Venegas | 25 | |
| San Juan De Nava | 22 | Village of Cadral | 10 | |
| San Fernando | 15 | Town of Mataguala | 20 | |
| San Juan de Mata | 15 | Hac. Represadara | 25 | |
| Rosita | 23 | “ Laguna Seca | 20 | |
| River Sabinas | 35 | Village of Benado | 30 | |
| Hacienda of Alamas | 20 | Hacienda Bocas | 33 | |
| “ Encines | 20 | “ Penasco | 20 | |
| “ Herm’nes | 15 | City San Luis Potosi | 10 | |
| Town of Monclava | 17 | |||
| Total | 355 | 800 | ||
| Castano | 10 | Hacienda Pila | 15 | |
| Ranche of Bajan | 30 | Town of Jeral | 30 | |
| Tank of San Felipe | 33 | Hacienda Cubo | 20 | |
| Hacienda Aneio | 20 | Town of Dolores | 35 | |
| “ Mesia | 22 | “ S. Miguel Gr’de | 30 | |
| Village Capellanillo | 25 | Hacienda Santa Rosa | 34 | |
| Saltillo | 10 | City of Queretero | 13 | |
| Total | 505 | 977 | ||
| Hacienda Agua Nueva | 15 | Hacienda Colorado | 15 | |
| “ Incarnacion | 35 | Town of San Juan Del Rio | 28 | |
| “ San Salvad’r | 30 | Hac. Arroya Saco | 30 | |
| “ Salado | 22 | Village of Tula | 30 | |
| City of Mexico | 50 | |||
| Total | 607 | 1130 |
[JEB]
NNR 70.194 May 30, 1846 account of the city of Mexico
The City of Mexico, has a population of 180,000.- Temptations similar to those with which Cortes inspired his Spanish followers three hundred years ago to follow him to the “Halls of Montezuma” are now loudly trumpeted for the purpose of inciting volunteers to undertake another subjugation of the devoted people that populate that lovely region.
Says a New York paper “High mountains rise in the distance on all sides of the city, but the location although under the Tropic of Cancer, is remarkable for its salubrity, and in summer the extreme heat is less severe than in New York of Philadelphia. The city is approached by excellent roads which branch out in every direction, and on which are transported the ores and bullion from some hundred of the richest mines in the world. The magnificence of the principal edifices-some being furnished with gold and silver ornaments valued at many millions, and containing rich treasures hid away by the avaricious-has excited the admiration of all travelers. Yet with all her riches, Mexico is poor. Her people are kept in ignorance by the tyranny of a few, and their wealth is carried off to other lands, to swell the gains of trade and commerce, which they are not permitted to enjoy. The poor Mexican crawls listlessly over neglected silver mines, lost in the contemplation of his own abject condition. The iron hand of despotism is upon him” [JEB]
NNR 70.194 May 30, 1846 Health on the Rio Grande - The best defence of Mexico.
The Washington correspondence of the Journal of Commerce says, that when Almonte was here as Minister from Mexico it was remarked to him that in case of a war between the United States abd Mexico, the Mexicans would have nothing to oppose to the overwhelming power and force of the United States. General Almonte replied - "It is a mistake, we have the "vomito" alias, Yellow Fever.
This potent arm will, no doubt, be relied on by Mexico, in the movements now going on. If our troops shall be kept on the Rio Grande through the summer, they may fall into the snare which Almonte designated for them."
The Washington Union, on the contrary, says:- "We are informed by an intelligent physician, who was a native of this city, but who resided for several years to the west of the Rio Grande, who married a Mexican lady, who was an United States consul, practised physic several years in the vicinity of Matamoros, and is intimately acquainted with the climate, as well as the habits of the Mexicans, that although at a certain season of the year it is unhealthy at Matamoros and on the immediate borders of the river, yet that several miles from it, the ague and fever is unknown. The climate for several miles beyond, away off to the west, is remarkably healthy, and that no such humbug ought to prevent the troops of the United States from visiting this interesting region of the earth." [GLP]
NNR 70.195 May 30, 1846 "true policy of the republic"
TRUE POLICY OF THE REPUBLIC
The “Courier des Etats Unis,” the French Journal published at New York, thus discourses, in relation to our war with Mexico and as the true policy and destiny of our republic:-
“The American people is the foremost among all people by the progress it has made in clearing the wilderness-in the arts of industry, and in navigation. No other has performed so great miracles in so short a time. It is emphatically the people which improvises civilization. With its steamboats and its axe it has already conquered one half of a world and is destined soon to conquer the other half. Industry is its genius, the fruits of the earth its arms, the liberty which it bears along with it, its power.-This liberty is the key which will open the universe to it.
But one is not perfect in all things, and it is not given to be, at the same time; a commercial and free people, and a warlike and domineering people. In nations as in individuals, particular faculties can only acquire extreme development at the expense of other faculties. Hence the Americans could not push so far their creations of industry and their political liberty, except upon the condition of having no military budget, no regular army. They could only become the strongest of people in time of peace, by exposing themselves to be the weakest in time of war. Of this, the high intelligence which distinguishes them, should have convinced them, if self love did not with them speak louder even than intellect. Accustomed to see everything yield to their spirit of enterprise-rivers, ports, mountains, they have fancied that whatever they chose, they could extemporize an army as they extemporize a city or a railroad. But this is an error which they will discover and deplore hereafter. Citizens are not soldiers-conscripts are not heroes. In every vocation an apprenticeship is needed- and that vocation, of all others, most needs this apprenticeship, which puts at hazard ones life.
“The political and social organization of the United States has, moreover, this inconvenience-the shade to its brightness-that the military career being the most neglected of all, the least honored because it is the least productive, the least in harmony with the instinctively pacific sentiments of the masses, it is a sort of last refuge for the worst portion of the population. Strangers to the soil, emigrants without home or hearth, constitute the greater portion of the enlisted men; these men are mercenaries who fight from necessity, or from the love of adventure, but who have none of that love of country adhering to their entrails sicul ossa cuti- Such men in fleeing from the enemy, have no consciousness of carrying off on the soles of their feet the honor of their country. It is not with such defenders that either great things, or even good things are done.”
Since then such is the system of the country, its rulers should at least comprehend at once both its feebleness, and its force and act in conformity.-Having raised on the soil temples to all the gods except the god of war, there should be the rarest possible recourse to his intercession-the combats should be not with the sword, but with the plough, which is your weapon-conquer the world not by armies, but by emigration, industry and the hardy pioneers of the wilderness. In all the expansive force of your arms and your ideas lies all your power and if that power, is less rapid than that of the cannon, it is more sure and irresistible. Texas furnishes a proof in point. While you were content to let the west pour itself out into Texas, nothing could check their progress, and they conquered it for you. And now when government action is substituted in the same country for individuals, and against the same enemy, you are conquered! It is because in the United States the government is nothing, the individual everything.
Since his accession to power, Mr. Polk has misapprehended this great organic principle of American society. He was for hurrying its march, and cutting the two knots of Texas and Oregon, which time of itself would have untied. What is the result of this unnatural policy? That the United States are at this moment placed in a position which may become excessively critical for them, for it may expose them at the same time for the two most dangerous wars they could be called upon to meet. In seeing what the mere commencement of a struggle with such an enemy as Mexico has already occasioned of embarrassment and expense-in perceiving the difficulties of meeting the demands of a single contest-one is tempted to ask with dread, what would happen if we had to repel at the same time a Mexican invasion in the south, a Canadian invasion at the north, and the attacks of the British fleets on the seaboard? Fortune which has so long shown herself propitious to the United States-fortune which loves youth-among people as among kings-as Louis XIV, when a sexagenarian, mournfully remarked, will spare the Americans this trial-but no thanks therefore to the policy of Mr. Polk; his policy is grossly blundering. That which Mr. Calhoun, from the beginning of the Oregon question has proclaimed under the title of “masterly inactivity,” is the only true policy-the only logical one-the only one in harmony with American institutions, and their actual military organization. The missions of Americans is that of the pacific conquerors-the institutions are to spread, as spread the waves by simple law of the level-their dominion is destined to grow by affinity, by alluvion-the whole of North America is their certain patrimony; land none but a madman buys with blood what is in fact a portion of his own inheritance. [JEB]
NNR 70.195 May 30, 1846 CAPTURE OF GEN. VEGA BY CAPT. MAY.
The battle commenced by heavy cannonading on both sides. Gen. Taylor, in passing his lines, accosted Capt. May of the 2d dragoons, and told him - "Your regiment has never done anything yet - you must take that battery." He said nothing, but turned to his command and said -"We must take that battery - follow!" He made a charge with three companies - at least the remainder of three companies - supported by the 5th and 8 th regiments of Infantry. They cleared the breastwork, wheeled and came through the enemy's lines, whilst the fire of the Infantry was so deadly in its effect as to carry all before it. Capt. May made a cut at an officer as he charged through. On his return he found him standing between cannon wheels - fighting like a hero. He ordered him to surrender. He was asked if he was an officer? - Capt. May answered him in the affirmative, when he presented his sword, remarking, "You receive Gen. Vega a prisoner of war." [GLP]
NNR 70.196 May 30, 1846 executive power granted to the president for conducting the war, funds authorized, troops to be raised, officers to be appointed
The President of the United States.
Large powers have already been conferred upon the president, toward meeting the way with Mexico.
Funds. Ten millions of dollars have been appropriated, and placed at the disposal of the president, for conducting the war.
The army of the United States, of which the president according to the constitution is commander in chief-according to the bill just passed by congress will be augmented to about 15,000 men. The volunteers placed at his disposal 50,000. The navy, as now established, 7,800. The increase being ordered, steamers included will augment it at least 10,000. = 82,000
The appointing power, called into requisition for officering these new levies, is amongst the highest of executive prerogatives. Seldom if ever has so vast a scope of power been in the hands of a president of these United States. [JEB]
NNR 70.196 May 30, 1846 requisition on the states for volunteers
REQUISITION FOR VOLUNTEERS
The Circular from the department of War to the Governors of the several States, dated May 19th, 1846 was accompanied with the following tables:-
Volunteers to be enrolled but not called into service until further orders.
| States | Number of Regiments |
Foot |
| Maine | 1 | 777 |
| New Hampshire | 1-2 | 390 |
| Massachusetts | 1 | 777 |
| Rhode Island | 1-2 | 390 |
| Connecticut | 1-2 | 390 |
| Vermont | 1-2 | 390 |
| New York | 7 | 5,439 |
| New Jersey | 1 | 777 |
| Delaware | 1-2 | 390 |
| Pennsylvania | 6 | 4,662 |
| Maryland | 2 | 1,554 |
| Virginia | 3 | 2,331 |
| North Carolina | 1 | 777 |
| South Carolina | 1 | 777 |
| Louisiana | 2 | 1,554 |
| Michigan | 1 | 777 |
| Florida | 1-2 | 390 |
| Iowa | 1 | 777 |
| Wisconsin | 1 | 777 |
| Alabama | 1-2 | 390 |
| Totals | 39 | 24,486 |
Volunteers called for from different states for immediate service
| States | Number of Regiments |
Horse | Foot |
| Arkansas | 1-2 | 789 | 388 |
| Mississippi | 1 | - | 777 |
| Alabama | 1 | - | 777 |
| Georgia | 1 | - | 777 |
| Tennessee | 3 | 789 | 1554 |
| Kentucky | 3 | 789 | 1554 |
| Missouri | 1 | 789 | - |
| Illinois | 3 | - | 2331 |
| Indiana | 3 | - | 2331 |
| Ohio | 3 | - | 2331 |
| Texas | 1 | 789 | 388 |
| Totals | 22 | 3954 | 13,208 |
NNR 70.196 May 30, 1846 report of the squadron under Com. John Drake Sloat at Mazatlan
Naval Journal
Pacific squadron. The New York Commercial Advertiser has advices from the squadron under commodore Sloat to the 8th April-all well. A letter from an officer dated Matzatlan, says-“We have still lying here most of the squadron, viz. Savannah 54, Constitution 54, Warren 24, Levant 22, Portsmouth 22, Erie 4, and the Congress 54, capt. Stockton, and the Cyane, daily expected. The Shark, 12, has gone to the Sandwich Islands to repair, after which she will return to the coast again.” [JEB]
NNR 70.196 May 30, 1846 government said to intend purchasing small vessels to run close in shore in the Gulf
The Norfolk Beacon of the 25th says-
Commander Garret J. Pendergrast has been ordered to the Memphis navy yard, and Commander Wm. H. Gardner to the rendezvous here; Commander McKean to the sloop of war Dale; and Lieut. Chatard to the Water Witch to be fitted out here. It is said that the government intend purchasing a number of small vessels to run close in shore in the Gulf after privateersmen. [JEB]
NNR 70.196-197 May 30, 1846 Gen. Zachary Taylor's official letters from Point Isabel, his brief notes on the Battle of Palo Alto and the Battle of Resaca de la Palma
WAR WITH MEXICO
[Official] From the Union of May 26
Headquarters Army of Occupation
Point Isabel, Texas, May 7, 1846
Sir: I respectfully report that I shall march this day with the main body of the army, to open a communication with Major Brown, and throw forward supplies of ordnance and provisions. If the enemy opposes my march, in whatever force, I shall fight him. Occasional guns are heard in the direction of Matamoros, showing that everything is right in that quarter.
Yesterday the recruits under Lieut. McPhail arrived here. After filling up the companies of the permanent garrison, (A 1st arty. and G 4th art.,) the remainder of the detachment with its officers, was placed under Major Munroe’s orders to assist in the defence of the depot. The men are yet to raw to take the field, though efficient for garrison defence. They will be permanently assigned as soon as practicable.
The four companies of the first infantry are hourly expected, and will be a seasonable reinforcement. The first shipment of volunteers from New Orleans may also soon be looked for. Their arrival will enable me to open the river and free our communications.
I am, sir, very respectfully, your obed’t serv’t
Z. TAYLOR
Brevet brig’r gen. U.S.A. com’g
The adjutant general of the army, Washington, D.C.
Headquarters Army of Occupation
Camp at Palo Alto, Texas, May 9, 1846
Sir: I have the honor to report that I was met near this place yesterday, on my march from Point Isabel, by the Mexican forces, and after an action of about five hours dislodged them from their position, and encamped upon the field. Our artillery, consisting of two 18 pounders and two light batteries, was the arm chiefly engaged, and to the excellent manner in which it was maneuvered and served is our success mainly due.
The strength of the enemy is believed to have been about six thousand men, with seven pieces of artillery, and eight hundred cavalry. His loss is probably at least one hundred killed. Our strength did not exceed all told twenty three hundred, while our loss was comparatively trifling-four men killed, three officers and thirty seven men wounded, several of the latter mortally. I regret to say that Major Ringgold, 3d artillery, and Capt. Page, 4th infantry, are severely wounded. Lieut. Luther, 2d artillery, slightly so.
The enemy has fallen back, and it is believed has repassed the river. I have advanced parties now thrown forward in his direction, and shall move the main body immediately.
In haste of this first report, I can only say that the officers and men behaved in the most admirable manner throughout the action. I shall have the pleasure of making a more detailed report when those of the different commanders shall be received. I am sir, very respectfully, your obedient servant,
Z. Taylor
Brevet brigadier general U.S.A. commanding
The adjutant general, U.S. army, Washington, D.C.
Headquarters Army of Occupation.
Camp at Resaca de la Palma, 3 miles from Matamoros, 10 o’clock, p.m.,
May 9, 1846
Sir: I have the honor to report that I marched with the main body of the army at 2 o’clock today, having previously thrown forward a body of light infantry, into the forest, which covers the Matamoros road. When near the spot where I am encamped, my advance discovered that a ravine crossing the road had been occupied by the enemy with artillery. I immediately ordered a batter of field artillery to sweet the position, flanking and sustaining it by the 3d, 4tf, and 5th regiments, deployed as skirmishers to the right and the left. A heavy fire of artillery and musketry was kept up for some time, until finally the enemy’s batteries were carried in succession by a squadron of dragoons and the regiments of infantry that were on the ground. He was soon driven from his position, and pursued by a squadron of dragoons, battalion of artillery, 3d infantry, and a light battery, to a river. Our victory had been complete.-Eight pieces of artillery, with a great quantity of ammunition, three standards, and some one hundred prisoners have been taken; among the latter, General La Vega, and several other officers. One general is understood to have been killed. The enemy has recrossed the river, and I am sure will not again molest us on this bank.
The loss of the enemy in killed has been most severe. Our own has been very heavy, and I deeply regret to report that Lieut. Inge, 2d dragoons, Lieut. Cochran, 4th infantry, and Lieut. Chadbourne, 8 th infantry, were killed on the field. Lieut. Col. Payne, 4 th artillery, Lieut. Col. McIntosh, Lieut. Dobbins, 3d infantry, Capt. Hooe, and Lieut. Fowler, 5th infantry, and Capt. Montgomery, Liets. Gates, Seldon, McClay, Burbank, and Jordan, 8th infantry, were wounded. The extent of our loss in killed and wounded is not yet ascertained, and is reserved for a more detailed report.
The affair today may be regarded as a proper supplement to the cannonade of yesterday; and the two taken together, exhibit the coolness and gallantry of our officers and men in the most favorable light. All have done their duty, and done it nobly. It will be my pride, in a more circumstantial report of both actions, to dwell upon particular instances of individual distinction.
It affords me peculiar pleasure to report that the field work opposite Matamoros has sustained itself handsomely during a cannonade and a bombardment of 160 hours. But the pleasure is alloyed with profound regret at the loss of its heroic and indomitable commander, Major Brown, who died to-day from the effect of a shall. His loss would be a severe one to the service at anytime, but to the army under my orders, it is indeed irreparable. One officer and non-commissioned officer killed and ten men wounded, comprise all the casualties incident to this severe bombardment.
I inadvertently omitted to mention the capture of a large number of pack mules left in the Mexican camp.
I am, sir, very respectfully, your obd’t. serv’t.,
Z. TAYLOR
Bt. Brig’r. general U.S.A. com’h
The Adjutant General of the Army, Washington, D.C.
[JEB]
NNR 70.197 May 30, 1846 Gen. Romulo Diaz de la Vega and other captured officers forwarded to New Orleans
Headquarters Army of Occupation
Point Isabel, Texas, May 12, 1846
[Special Orders No. 62]
1. General la Vega and the other Mexican officers, prisoners of war, will be conducted to New Orleans under charge of Lieut. J.J. Reynolds, 4th artillery, who will report on his arrival to Major General Gaines, for further instructions. The quartermaster’s department will furnish a steamer for the transportation of the party.
2. As many of the sick and wounded now at this place as may be indicated by Surgeon Wood, will be moved in suitable transports to St. Joseph’s Island. Assistant Surgeon Byrne will accompany the detachment, and will return with the convalescents that may not be in condition to leave the general hospital. The quartermaster’s department will furnish the proper transportation.
By order of Brigadier General Taylor,
W.W.J. BLISS
Acting adjutant general.
[JEB]
NNR 70.197 May 30, 1846 Gen. Zachary Taylor's letter from camp opposite Matamoros, enclosing Gen. Pedro Ampudia's letter of 12th April summoning Taylor to quit his position
Headquarter, Army of occupation
Camp near Matamoros, Texas, April 15, 1846
Sir: I have to report that on the 11th inst.-General Ampudia arrived at Matamoros with two hundred cavalry, the remainder of his force, variously estimated from 2,000 to 3,000 men, being some distance in the rear on the route from Monterey. Immediately after assuming the chief command, Gen. Ampudia ordered all Americans to leave Matamoros within twenty four hours, and repair to Victoria, a town in the interior of Tamaulipas. He had taken the same severe measure at Reinosa, on his way hither. On the 12th I received from Gen. Ampudia a dispatch, summoning me to withdraw my forces within twenty four hours, and to fall back beyond the river Neuces. To this communication I replied on the 12th, saying that I should not retrograde from my position. Copies of this correspondence are enclosed herewith. I considered the letter of Gen. Ampudia sufficient to warrant me in blockading up the Rio Grande, and stopping all supplies for Matamoros, orders for which have been given to the naval commander at Brazos Santiago.
Notwithstanding the alternative of war presented by Gen. Ampudia, no hostile movement has yet been made by his force. Whether he will feel strong enough to attempt anything when all of his force shall arrive, is very doubtful. Our brigades occupy strong positions, beyond reach of fire from the town, and can hold themselves against many times their number of Mexican troops. In the meantime our defences here and at Point Isabel, are daily gaining strength. The Latter point is well supplied with artillery, and in good condition to resist attack.
I regret to report that Colonel Cross has been missing since the 10 th instant, on which day he rode out alone in the vicinity of our camp. All attempts to trace him have hitherto proved fruitless, and I much fear that he has been waylaid and murdered by banditti known to be in our neighborhood. Today I address a letter on the subject to General Ampudia, desiring him to assist in our efforts to ascertain the colonel’s fate.
I shall authorize the raising of two companies of Texan mounted men, for service in this quarter, particularly for the purpose of keeping open our communication with Point Isabel, and relieving the regular cavalry of a portion of their duties, which are now oppressive.
Several resignations of officers have been tendered since our arrival here. While I regret that such has been the case, I have still deemed my duty to throw no obstacle in the way of their stance.
I am, sir, very respectfully, your obedient servant,
Z. TAYLOR
Brevet Brig. Gen. U.S.A. commanding
The Adjutant General of the Army
[JEB]
NNR 70.198 May 30, 1846 account of events at Point Isabel during the battle of 9th May
In looking over the New Orleans paper and extras of the 17th inst. A second time we observe a few items of sufficient general interest to claim a place in our columns:
The following from the Picayune was written before news of the engagement of the 9th-the last we have any account of-reached New Orleans. It is of some importance, however , as it reveals the reasons which determined Gen. Taylor to leave Point Isabel on the 7 th inst. for his encampment opposite Matamoros before the arrival of reinforcements.
Some time after the battle was begun two Negro men ran off from the army, and reported at Point Isabel that the day was going against the United States army. The excitement at the receipt of the intelligence may be more easily imagined than described. It was not till Gen. Taylor sent in his wounded to the Point, on the afternoon of the ensuing day that the issue of the day’s bloody business was known. The smoke of the battle was seen distinctly from Isabel, and every report of the cannon counted. It was thought that at least five guns a minute were discharged.
The general left Point Isabel for the entrenchments opposite Matamoros before the arrival of reinforcements, because he was apprehensive lest the enemy might so surround and harass it as to render its safety doubtful. The enemy has concentrated an immense force upon Matamoros and the neighboring country. The Mexican soldiers are in greater strength than has been hitherto supposed.
No further news was heard from Gen. Taylor, after the evening of the 9th, nor was any more firing heard. We are informed that when the two companies of Mexican artillery were seen-as they could be from Point Isabel-whilst yet the battle was raging, coming down to cross Coccha Chica, and boats and stores, the belief was that Gen. Taylor had been cut off. Such a spectacle, taken in conjunction with the story of the Negroes, who deserted; must have been a sad one indeed, to the few brave men who remained in the fort. Fortunately, the U.S. ship Cumberland was at hand to drive off this detachment. The Mexicans must have felt confident of obtaining a victory, to have sent these men down to take charge of the American stores before the close of the battle.
The impression was that Gen. Taylor would throw up a redoubt upon the field of battle, and remain there till the volunteers arrived. This was a conjecture only, as the general is one of those men who keep their own counsel. We have seen a letter from one of the officers at Isabel, who thought such would be his course.
Whilst congratulating the country upon the successes already achieved something is due to the brave men who have fallen in battle and the gallant officers who have been so severely wounded in the field. Major Ringgold is an honor to the service, and a victory is dear that is purchased with the loss of such an officer. Capt. Page we know well. He is as true a soldier as ever faced his country’s foe.-They will be remembered by their countrymen. Honor to the living and peace be with the dead.
A correspondent of the New Orleans Bulletin, writing from Point
Isabel on the evening of the 12th inst., remarks-Many instances
occurred of our men handing their canteens to the wounded Mexicans, and
turning from them to fire upon others. There was not a single occurrence
of cruelty towards the enemy.-The morale of the army is at its highest-it
can now accomplish anything, and they would die for a commander who does
not ask them to go where he is not willing to lead, and in whose judgment
they fully confide.
[JEB]
NNR 70.198 May 30, 1846 Gen. Pedro Ampudia's proclamation to the people of the east, his address to the inhabitants of the frontier, "Eagle of the North's"notice of the manifesto
From the “Eagle of the North,” April 8th, 1846
We have seen with the greatest satisfaction the manifesto given to the nation by his excellency the president ad interim, in regard to the correspondence relative to the subject of Texas, hold between the supreme government and the envoy extraordinary of the United States. This document is as satisfactory as could be hoped for after the sincere offers made at San Louis Porosi by the chief of our destinies; in it we explicitly treated the difficult question, which for ten successive years has been the pretext for civil discord, and in it we have a safe guarantee that the existing energetic government will fulfill without delay the obligations which it contracted with the nation in giving the programme, which unites all divisions, which makes opinion unanimous upon independence, the culminating point of our social experiences.
It is true war is not precisely declared in the manifesto referred to, and this will not readily satisfy the anxiety of those who are menaced by the ironically called colossus of the north; but in addition to their being in the expressions of his excellency, the president, marked indications of a desire for the campaign so long a time talked of, a matter which has no little force in the mouth of the chief magistrate of a people, it is also therein expressed, as a fundamental basis, that the forced occupation of our territory by the United States, and the appearance of their squadrons upon the coasts of Mexico, are regarded as a real aggression; such is the language proper for governments which desire to uphold dignity and decorum; nevertheless, there will not be wanting some malevolent spirits to charge us with not having finally declared was, as if such an act were not the proper duty of congress, for which they are legally assembled, and who will find no difficulty in giving their irremediable sentence. [JEB]
NNR 70.199 May 30, 1846 President Mariano Paredes y Arillaga's manifesto to the Mexican nation
From the “Diario Official,” (city of Mexico,) April 24th , 1846 [Translated for the Union]
MANIFEST OF HIS EXCELLENCY THE PRESIDENT AD INTERIM OF THE REPUBLIC TO THE NATION
On assuming in the beginning of this year the heavy responsibility of guiding the destinies of the nation during a short period, I determined resolutely to change its policy from the weak and pernicious system of temporizing, which has been observed with regard to the United States of America, not withstanding the perfidy with which that government prepared for the occupation of Texas, its treacherous violation of the existing treaties, which guarantee the limits of the republic, and the insidious act by which it incorporated one of our departments with its own confederacy. The Mexican nation did not conquer its independence by the most bloody and heroic sacrifices, nor place itself among the civilized powers of the world in order to become the sport of a neighboring nation, which, taking advantage of our quarrels and unfortunate disturbances and the exaggerated idea of our weakness, founded upon them, appeared with all the appliances for conquest, and entered upon the invasion of our territory, indulging in the dream that it could extinguish the manly race to which we belong, placing upon our foreheads the brand borne by the slaves in its southern states, destroying our nationality, and abandoning us to the humiliating misery of oblivion. The magnanimous people which, in a struggle of eleven years of blood and extermination, proved its boldness no less than its constancy, was waiting with impatience to rush forward into another war which it was called by the scandalous aggressions of a government declaring itself our friend, but at the same time aiming to prostrate us, relying on its power, and not caring to support itself on the titles of equity and justice which all nations respect, which strengthen the hopes of peace, and maintain the harmony of the universe. It was for this reason that the nation sanctioned the movement which I began at San Luis Potosi, not in order to place myself in the painful possession of power, but that my country may shine by the triumph of a cause which is the cause of the conservative principles of human society.
The old grievances, the offences against the Mexican nation, which have been incessantly repeated since 1836, had been consummated by the insult of sending us a minister, to be accredited near our government in the character of a residing minister, as if the relations between the two republics had not suffered any disturbance by the definitive act of the annexation of Texas. At the very time when Mr. Slidell appeared, the troops of the United States were occupying our territory, their squadrons were threatening our ports, and preparations were made to occupy the peninsula of the Californias, to which the Oregon question with England is only a preliminary; and I did not receive Mr. Slidell, because the dignity of the nation repelled this new insult.
In the meantime, the army of the United States fixed its encampment at Corpus Christi, and occupied the island of Padre Vayin; it then marched to Point Isabel, and the flag of stars floated on the right bank of the Rio Bravo del Norte, in front of the city of Matamoros, the American Vessels of war having previously seized upon the navigation of the river.- The town of Laredo was surprised by a party of these troops and one of our pickets there stationed was disarmed. Hostilities, therefore, have been began by the United States undertaking new conquests in the territories included in the departments of Tamaulipas and New Leon, whilst the troops of the same states threaten Monterey in Upper California. There can be no doubt to which of the two republics belong the responsibility of a war, which might have been prevented by a feeling of equity and justice, and of that respect which civilization was introduced, for the rights and property of all nations. If Mexico should indolently suffer these reiterated advances of a power, which already considers itself mistress and sovereign of the American Continent, not only would she lose the importance which her population, resources, and peculiar position have given her, ever since she raised herself to be an independent nation, but she would fall into shame and contempt should she, when challenged to fight for them, allows herself to be stripped of the integrant parts of her territory one by one. Outrages so many and so heavy, can no longer be borne; and I have sent orders to the general-in-chief of the division of our northern frontier, to act in hostility against the army which is in hostility against us, to oppose war to the enemy, which wars upon us; and invoking the God of battles to preserve, by the valor of our troops the unquestionable right to our territory, and the honor of our arms, which are no longer, to be employed only in defence of Justice. Our general, acting according to established usages, and the decided instructions given by my government, summoned the general-in-chief of the American forces to retire beyond the river Nueces, the ancient boundary of Texas, and the summons has been disregarded.
The nations interested in preventing the disturbance of the peace which has lasted so many years, and whose commercial relations with the Mexican republic, may suffer injury, see the hard alternative to which we are reduced by the invasive policy of the United States, and that we must succumb unless we defend with energy our national existence thus threatened. I solemnly announce, that I do not declare was against the government of the United States of America, because it belongs to the august congress of the nation, and not the executive, to resolve definitively what reparation should be exacted for such offences. But the defence of the Mexican territory, which the forces of the United States have invaded, is an urgent necessity, and my responsibility to the nation would be immense should I fail to order the troops, which thus act as enemies, to be repelled; and I have therefore given that order.-From this day begins our defensive war; and every point of our territory invaded or attacked, shall be valiantly defended.
The time has therefore come which the government of the Mexican nation have endeavored fruitlessly to put off, by debating the clearest and most just titles; and these having been contemned we enter into a necessary contest which will secure to us the sympathies of all nations and governments, which condemn the usurpations of the powerful. We shall ourselves become strong from the holiness of our cause; and when everything is endangered, our strength will correspond with the exigencies of our condition. Meanwhile the Mexican nation will resolve to hazard all in order to save all; and it will give a sublime example of sacred determination to exhibit that glorious devotion which has so often been displayed at all times by nations, maintaining their independence and their liberties.
I rejoice with pride that Providence should have destined me to be the organ for announcing the energetic will of the Mexican republic. Let us prove in battle that the sons of the heroes and martyrs of independence are animated by the recollections of their pure glory; that valor has not degenerated in their breasts, and that they are disposed to sacrifice themselves on the altars of their country.
Mexicans! I raise on the memorable day the standard of independence on which you see inscribed the illustrious names of Hidalgo and Iturbide.-Rally under this sacred ensign, leaving all internal questions and differences for a period of less peril.-I have assured you that the glory which I seek as the reward of my painful career, is not that of the ambitious man who regards power as the spoils of rapine. I have sworn to maintain the republic, in all its just rights, during the short period of my government; and now, while I urge you to the struggle and warn you that you must make great sacrifices, I also promise you that I shall not spare my own blood when it shall be necessary.
Mexicans! Your valiant soldiers are about to fight, and they will fight, with the valor of heroes; keep your blessings for them, and prepare yourselves to crown their noble foreheads, or their tombs, if they should fall, when destiny calls you to take their places in the ranks. Mexico will conquer or will no longer exist!
National Palace of Mexico, April 23, 1846
Mariano Paredes y Arrillaga
[JEB]
NNR 70.199 May 30, 1846 Texas general orders for volunteers for Mexico
General Order No. 1
Adjutant general’s office, Austin, May 2, 1846.
The executive has been officially advised by a date of 26th ult., from Gen. Z. Taylor, that actual hostilities have commenced between the Mexicans and the Army of Occupation, provoked by the Mexican foe. Under the authority of the United States, a requisition has been made upon him as the chief magistrate of the state, to call into the service four regiments of volunteer riflemen, two regiments of which to be mounted and two on foot, for six months, unless sooner discharged.
Relying upon the uniform chivalry of his fellow citizens, the executive addresses himself to their patriotism and in the absence of a due military organization makes the following requisition of the respective counties of the state. [JEB]
NNR 70.199-200 May 30, 1846 prompt measures to sustain Gen. Zachary Taylor, proclamations and correspondence of Gov. William Owsley of Kentucky about raising volunteers
Kentucky.-Prompt measures. On the 15th of May, Gov. Owsley received from Gen. Gaines U.S. army, a letter dated headquarters western division, New Orleans, May 4th, announcing that he had “solicited from the President authority to concentrate upon the borders” of the Rio Grande, “fifty battalions, each battalion to consist of 500 men,” (of western volunteers,) “to be accepted into service of the United States for six months, unless sooner discharged. To obviate loss of time in the accomplishment of this important service, I take this occasion to say that your excellency would contribute much to facilitate the desired movement by anticipating a formal requisition from the department of war, by authorizing, two, three, or four battalions of infantry and riflemen, to be taken from the young men constituting the chivalry of the state of Kentucky. To organize and repair to this city as soon as practicable, where they shall receive arms, with every requisite supply necessary to their health and comfort and to render them ready for action. From this city they will go by good vessels, (steamers if possible) to the Rio Grande, near Matamoros.
Gob. Owsley on the 16th wrote in reply to General Gaines: “I must beg leave sir, to assure you, that I admire and appreciate the patriotic zeal and professional ardor that so eminently characterizes your communication to this department. I am sure sir, that the people of Kentucky will feel gratified at the compliment paid to their chivalry, by being thus early called upon by the commanding general of the western division, to bear their part in the defence of the country. Yet, sir, occupying myself a post of great responsibility to the citizens of this state, my duty to them requires that I should await the authority of the president, which you have solicited, and which, if your anticipations are realized, must necessarily reach here in a few days. And this consideration reconciles me to the brief delay occasioned by deterring action till the receipt of orders from the general government. It would be impossible at all events to raise the battalions suggested in your letter, in time for them to form a part of the force to be concentrated at New Orleans “in present month.”- The month is now more than half gone, and as there has been no anticipation in the public mind of such an early call for volunteers, the month would have expired before the battalions would be in readiness to be placed under your immediate command. I need not assure you, sir, that when war has been declared by the United States, Kentucky will be found in the line of her duty-true to her ancient renown and true to the American Union. Hoping that the citizen soldiers whore fortune it was to be nearer the scene of action that we are, arrived in time to give all necessary aid to the gallant officers now in command on the Rio Grande. I tender you my grateful acknowledgements for the confidence you have reposed in the volunteers from this state. [JEB]
NNR 70.201 May 30, 1846 Death of Major Ringgold
MAJOR RINGGOLD. The following particulars relative to his death, are from
a distinguished officer of the U.S. navy.
Camp Isabel, near the mouth of the Rio Bravo del Norte, 11th
May, 1846. The numerous friends of Major Ringgold will doubtless be anxious
to know the particulars attending his melancholy end, and I hasten to
give them to you. The engagement of the 8th was entirely in
the hands of the artillery, and Major R. took a most active and important
part with it. About 6 o'clock he was struck by a six pound shot. He was
mounted, and the shot struck him at right angles, hitting him in the right
thigh, passing through the holsters and upper part of the shoulders of
his horse, and then striking the left thigh, in the same line in which
it first struck him. On the evening of the 9th he reached this
camp under charge of Dr. Byrne of the army. He was immediately placed
in comfortable quarters, and hiw wound dressed. An immense mass of muscles
and integuments were carried away from both thighs. - The arteries were
not divided, neither were the bones broken. I remained with him all the
night. He had but little pain, and at intervals had some sleep. On dressing
his wounds in the morning, they presented a most unfavorable aspect, and
there was but little reaction. During the night he gave many incidents
of the battle, and spoke with much pride of the execution of his shot.
He directed his shot not only to groups and masses of the enemy, but to
particular men in their line; he saw them fall, their places occupied
by others, who in their turn were shot down, pointing his guns to the
same place, and he felt as confident of hitting his mark as though he
had been using a rifle. He had but one thing to regret, and that was the
small number of men in his company. He said that he had made use of all
his exertions to have his company increased to 100 men, but without success.
From the small number of his men, as they were disabled at their guns,
he was without others to take their places. During the day he continued
to lose strength, but was free from pain and cheerful. He spoke constantly
of the efficiency of his guns, and the brave conduct of his officers and
men.
He continued to grow worse, and a medical officer remained constantly by his side. Dr. Byrne remained with him during the night, using every means which could be devised to save his valuable life, but without effect. He continued to grow worse until one o'clock last night, when he expired. He survived his wounds 60 hours; during all this time he had but little pain - conversed cheerfully, and made all his arrangements for his approaching end with the greatest composure and resignation. He will be buried to-day at 3 o'clock, P.M., lamented by the whole camp. The wounded are generally doing very well. I am your obedient servant.
J.M. FOLTZ,
Surgeon United States Navy.
[GLP]
NNR 70.200-202 May 30, 1846 Gov. Thomas G. Pratt's (Maryland) proclamation and general orders (similar official proceedings in other states), successors of the "old Maryland line" in the field
MARYLAND-CALL FOR VOLUNTEERS-PROCLAMATION BY THE GOVERNOR-EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT, ANAPOLIS
WHEREAS, the Congress of the United States has declared “that a state of war exists between the United States and the Republic of Mexico,” and has authorized the President of the United States, “to employ the Militia, Naval, and Military forces of the United States, and to call for and accept the service of any number of volunteers not exceeding 50,000, to serve twelve months after they shall have arrived at the place of rendezvous, or to the end of the war, unless sooner discharged, according to the time for which they shall have been mustered into service.” And, whereas, the President, with the view of securing to the citizens of each state and territory the privilege of participating in the defence of their Country, has appointed the said volunteer Force among the Several States and Territories; and has made his requisition upon me for two Regiments of Infantry, as the quote of this force to be supplied by the State of Maryland:
Now, therefore, I THOMAS G PRATT, Governor of the State of Maryland, do issue this proclamation, announcing to the Citizens of Maryland. That they are now privileged to enroll themselves under the Flag of their country, and to participate with their fellow citizens of other States in restoring to the United States the blessings of Peace.
I call upon the Citizens of the State of Maryland between the ages of 18 and 45 to enroll themselves forthwith, that the two Regiments required for this state may be immediately filled and mustered into the service of the United States.
The Sons of Maryland have always obeyed the call of patriotism and duty, and will now sustain the honor of the State by enabling her to be the first, or amongst the first, to offer the Federal Executive, for muster into the service of the country, her quote of the Volunteer force which has been called for.
“THE OLD MARYLAND LINE.”
Have already been duly represented in the Mexican war.
This emulation amongst the clans, is a valuable ingredient. No apoloigy is necessary for the introduction here. Let other states compete for the palm.
Col. Truman Cross, the first victim of the war was a native of Maryland, a descendant of the revolutionary officer. [JEB]
NNR 70.202 May 30, 1846 volunteer spirit in the states
Volunteers for the Army of Invasion
The general movement throughout the country may be judged of from the following brief summary which we take partly at random from innumerable articles of similar import which now crowd the daily journals from every direction.
Maryland-About 260 gallant volunteers, under the command of Captains Stewart, Piper, and Steiner, broke up their camp in Howard’s Park on the 27th instant, and after marching through the city of Baltimore, took passage in the cars for the city of Washington, where they designed to report to the commandant of the “District Volunteers,” with a view of expediting their arrival at the frontier.
Alabama-The “Relief Volunteers,” of Montgomery, Alabama, commanded by Captain Elmore, when they arrived at Mobile, received information that the Louisiana requisition was filled, and that they could not be received into service, They immediately sent an agent to New Orleans to solicit the privileges of being received without pay and Gen. Gaines accepted them as part of the regiment which he has authorized Colonel Bayley Payton to raise in the anticipation of a new call. They accordingly went over on the 16th instant to take their places in the ranks of the Louisiana volunteers. Another company from Alabama went over with them to request the same privilege. It is composed of citizens of Mobile and Tuscaloosa, commanded by Col. W.H. Platt
Louisiana-Volunteers pour into New Orleans enroute for the army, from all directions so rapidly that the governor finds it difficult to dispose of them. A proclamation has been issued stating, that the state’s quote of four regiments is full, and that no more can be received. The organization of Col. Peyton’s regiment under the authority of Gen. Gaines, will still continue.
The legislature of the state on the 18th inst. passed a bill appropriating $200,000 for the equipment and transportation of the volunteers to Texas.
The Central Bank of New Orleans, on the 19th, placed whatever funds might be required by the governor for the dispatch of the troops at his disposal free of charge.
Kentucky- The promptitude of the Kentuckians shows that they are as ready as ever to anticipate a call. We notice on another page, Governor Owsley’s proceeding. The Louisville Legion composed of eight companies, was to embark on the New Orleans on the 24th instant. Some of the companies have an excess of men. Distinguished military men of Kentucky have tendered their services to Governor Owsley.
The Northern Bank of Kentucky on the 18th instant, placed $250,000 at the disposition of the governor, to enable him promptly to fulfill any requisition upon Kentucky for the southern army.
The Louisville Journal of the 21st instant, says that some of the manufacturing establishments in that city have been compelled to suspend operations for want of hands, so great is the number of operatives who have joined the army.
Missouri-The St. Louis Volunteers, numbering about 600, were to march to Jefferson barracks on the 16th instant, from which point they would embark for the south. Volunteers from the interior of the state were constantly arriving in St. Louis.
Judge Mullanphy, of St. Louis has raised $4,500 by private subscription to defray the expenses of the volunteers.
At St. Louis committees have been appointed at a town meeting to solicit subscriptions in aid of the families of volunteers from that city.
Ohio.-The Cincinnati papers announce that one thousand men in that city are only waiting for orders. In various other sections of Ohio, volunteer corps are forming.
Indiana.-Two volunteer companies have been organized in New Albany, and they report themselves ready to march at a day’s notice. Two corps have also been raised at Evansville.
Hoosier pluck!-A western editor says a strapping customer who looked as if he could “chaw up” a half dozen Mexicans at any one meal, without being satisfied, reached our city yesterday morning, from an interior county (Putnam) in Indiana, for the purpose of joining one of the volunteer companies. So anxious was he to enter into service that he walked the entire distance from home, which was more than a hundred miles, barefooted. He is one of the right kind of “boys”
Illinois.-The St. Louis papers say three volunteer companies at Quincy, Illinois, were ready to march to the assistance of the army in the south, whenever their services should be required.
Tennessee Volunteers.-The Nashville Whig of the 19th instant, says that volunteers from every part of Tennessee are daily tendering their services to Governor Brown, the Whig adds-“A draught will certainly take place, but it will be to ascertain who shall be compelled to stay at home. Tennessee will be ready to furnish more than her quote of any number that may be needed.”
The Nashville Banner says, five thousand Tennesseeans will be ready for whenever their services are required.
The Union Bank of Tennessee has offered a loan of $100,000 to the governor of Tennessee, to equip the volunteers for the war. [JEB]
NNR 70.202 May 30, 1846 Gen. Zachary Taylor's official account of the campaign to Gen. Edmund Pendleton Gaines
INCIDENTS OF THE CAMPAIGN. From the New Orleans Bee, May 18
Official dispatch to Gen. Gaines. We have been politely favored with a perusal of the official dispatch addressed by Gen. Taylor, to Gen. Gaines, dated from his camp on the field of battles, three miles from Matamoros, May 9th, 1846. It does not differ materially from the accounts of the two engagements already laid before the public. On the 8th Gen. T. drove the enemy from their position, and occupied it during the night.
The loss in the conflict was 12 killed and 39 wounded. On the 9 th, the army resumed its march, until it encountered the enemy protected, as stated in our extra, by a ravine, with artillery on its right. This battery was stormed by Capt. May’s company of dragoons.-The number of killed and wounded on our side could not be ascertained. Private accounts make the number something over one hundred.
In this second engagement Lieut. Inge of the 2d dragoons, Lieut. Cochran of the 4th Infantry, and Lieut. Chadbourne of the 8th infantry were killed. Officers wounded: Lieut. Cols McIntosh and Payne, Capts. Montgomery and Hooe, Lieuts. Gates, Maclay, Selden, Burbank, Jordon, and Fowler of the infantry.
They dispatch states that the forces under Gen. Taylor were two thousand three hundred men, and that they had to contend about 3,800 Mexicans of the regular army and about 2,000 irregular cavalry. [JEB]
NNR 70.202 May 30, 1846 bombardment of the fort opposite Matamoros
The fort opposite Matamoros has been incessantly bombarded during one hundred and sixty hours, during which an immense number of shot and shells were thrown in it. No material damage has been sustained.[JEB]
NNR 70.202 May 30, 1846 rejoicing in New Orleans about the action of the president and cabinet on receipt of news of the war
An express from Washington arrived at New Orleans on the 17th inst. with accounts of the action of President Polk, and the cabinet at Washington, on receipt of the news of the status belli existing on the Texan frontier. The news caused great rejoicing. [JEB]
NNR 70.202 May 30, 1846 comments on the plan of the campaign revealed in the correspondence of Gen. Mariano Arista
The Galveston Civilian speaking of Gen. Arista’s correspondence, which fell into the hands of General Taylor, says:
The plan of the campaign, and the instructions from Gen. Arista’s government, ordered him to take possession of Point Isabel; this was to be the brief act of hostility; he was to fortify it as strongly as possible. He was likewise ordered to take possession on the mouth of the river and fortify it at once. [JEB]
NNR 70.202 May 30, 1846 the firing on American troops bearing captured Mexican colors
After the rout, Gen. Taylor dispatched Capt. Carr, of the dragoons, with a guard, to convey the intelligence. They bore so many of the enemy’s colors with them that they presumed in the fort that it was the Mexicans coming up to make an assault, it being dark, and the fort fired upon them, but fortunately injured no one. [JEB]
NNR 70.202 May 30, 1846 total number of volunteers furnished by Louisiana
The total number of volunteers furnished by the state of Louisiana up to the 18th inst., was 4,753, and companies were still pouring in from every direction. [JEB]
NNR 70.202 May 30, 1846 departure of Capt. D.J. Ricardo's Rangers for the war
Capt. D.J. Ricardo’s corps of Ranger, seventy-one men in all, had left for Point Isabel, without waiting for their bounty and caps. [JEB]
NNR 70.202-203 May 30, 1846 expedition against Barita
EXPEDITION AGAINST BARITA, &c.- Captain G. informs us that General Taylor left Point Isabel on the morning of the 13th, with about two hundred men and a supply of provisions for the army at the camp. After proceeding for a short distance, however, he deemed it expedient to return and increase his escort, and take with him a large quantity of supplies. He did so, and took up his march again for the camp, on the morning of the 14th, with from six to eight hundred men, a park of artillery, and about two hundred and fifty wagons. He was met about midway between Point Isabel and the camp, late on the evening of the 15th. Up to that time he had not met the enemy nor was it anticipated that he would encounter opposition, as the general impression was that the enemy had retreated from our soil immediately after their disastrous defeat on the 8th and 9th. And sought safety on the west bank of the Rio Grande.
While General Taylor was at Point Isabel but received intelligence that the Mexicans were gathering in large numbers at Barita, a Mexican town, immediately on the bank of the Rio Grande. On being that informed, he ordered the town companies of Louisiana Volunteers under Captains Desha and Stockton, and a detachment of United States infantry, [From Jefferson Barracks,] numbering in all regulars and volunteers, about one thousand men, composed entirely of infantry, to proceed to the attack of that town. [JEB]
NNR 70.-203 May 30, 1846 Gen. Taylor returns to Fort Brown, exchange of prisoners, Taylor plans to cross the Rio Grande, volunteers reach the Brazos
Camp opposite Matamoros, May 14 th - at night.
General Taylor returned to-night from Point Isabel. A party of Dragoons since his arrival have swam over and brought a boat from the opposite side. The sentinel over this boat left in haste.
All the prisoners whom we had in Matamoros were exchanged day before yesterday, besides which, we gave our enemy ninety-seven wounded men.
P.S. The camp is hurraying for the patriotism of the citizens of New Orleans, having just heard of their reception of the news of our situation and the promptness with which they acted.
From the Picayune Extra, May 19- On Saturday, the 16th , intelligence was received from the General Taylor that the intended crossing the Rio Grande, just below his camp, by making a bridge with his wagons. So far every thing looked favorable to his design. The fleet had sailed from off the Brazos to the mouth of the river, and were to send up detachments to co-operate in the attack upon the Barita.
Arrival of the Volunteers- Expedition against Barita- Camp at Point Isabel, Brazos Santiago. [AEK]
NNR 70.203 May 30, 1846 maneuvers of the US fleet on the scene
These troops embarked on the morning of the 15th, on the steamers Neva, Leo and Cincinnati, and were landed at the Brasos at 1 P.M. and immediately marched for the Rio Grande; the steamers being ordered to ascend the river and transport the troops and their ammunition across. Commodore Conner with his whole squadron, consisting of the steam frigate Mississippi, the frigates Cumberland, Raritan, and Potomac, sloop Mary, the brig Lawrence, and the schr. Santa Anna, at the same time weighed anchor and sailed for the mouth of the river intending to assist the troops in crossing with his boats, and to add in the attack with his men. The expedition was under the command of Colonel Wilson. [JEB]
NNR 70.203 May 30, 1846 departure of the steam schooner Augusta with wounded
On the 15th, the steam schooner Augusta, sailed for St. Joseph, with all the wounded that were able to be transported, taken from the battle of the 89th and 9th instant. [JEB]
NNR 70.203 May 30, 1846 letter from a correspondent at Point Isabel
A letter from Major L.J. Beall, to his brother Major B.L. Beall dated Point Isabel, Texas, April 27th, 1846.
My Dear Brother,- I wrote you a long letter yesterday, giving you the melancholy tidings of the death of your son-in-law poor Porter which I dispatched by way of New Orleans. This morning about half an hour since, Mr Catlett arrived, and will depart immediately for Austin. Gen Taylor announces through him that hostilities have commenced. I have no but a moment left to give you an account of Porter’s death, which from all I can learn, was of a most cruel nature. He was sent out with a party of ten men, to gain some intelligence concerning the late lamented Col. Cross (now ascertained to be murdered.) He was sent out on this duty somedays, when he met with a Mexican sentinel who snapped his piece at him and retreated to the woods, being prused by the men, they came on a camp, where they found nine horses belonging to the Mexicans, which they mounted. On their way back to Gen Taylor’s camp they were surrounded by forty Mexicans, and fired upon. Pat Flood was killed, Porter wounded, but not before he had discharged both barrels of his guns with effect. This occurred during the heavy rain, and the men with Porter were unable to discharge their guns, and retreated to the chapparel, only one man remaining near enough to see what took place afterwards. Flood was surrounded immediately and stabbed with knives, and the man things they served Porter in the same manner after he had fallen from his horse. I have only time to express the deep and heartfelt regret that has followed this sad occurrence throughout the army; and the feelings of sorrow which I sympathise with you in this loss to your family.
A note from the camp just received, informs me that a squadron of dragoons under the command of Capt. Thornton, has been surrounded by about one thousand mounted Mexicans, and among other disasters Kane was killed, and Hardee taken prisoner. Mr. Catlett is about leaving, and I cant add another hasty word.
Your affectionate brother
L.J. BEALL
[JEB]
NNR 70.-203 May 30, 1846 A Letter from Major L. J. Beall, death of Lt. Porter
A Letter from Major L. J. Beall, to his brother Major B. L. Beall dated Point Isabel, Texas, April 27th , 1846.
My Dear Brother,--
I wrote you a long letter yesterday, giving you the melancholy tidings of the death of your son-in-law poor Porter which I despatched by way of New Orleans.
This morning, about half an hour since, Mr. Catlett arrived, and will depart immediately for Austin. Gen. Taylor announces through him that hostilities have commenced. I have now but a moment left to give you an account of Porter's death, which from all I can learn, was of a most cruel nature. He was sent out with a party of ten men, to gain some intelligence concerning the late lamented Col. Cross, (now ascertained to be murdered.) he was sent out on this duty some days, when he met with a Mexican sentinel who snapped his piece at him and retreated to the woods; being pursued by the men, they came on a camp, where they found nine horses belonging to the Mexicans, which they mounted. On their way back to Gen. Taylor's camp they were surrounded by forty Mexicans and fired upon. Pat Flood was killed, Porter wounded, but not before he had discharged both barrels of his gun with effect. This occurred during the heavy rain, and the men with Porter were unable to discharge their guns, and retreated to the chapparel, only one man remaining near enough to see what took place afterwards. Flood was surrounded immediately and stabbed with knives, and the man thinks they served Porter in the same manner after he had fallen from his horse. I have only time to express the deep and heartfelt regret that has followed this sad occurrence throughout the army; and the feeling of sorrow with which I sympathize with you in this loss to your family.
A note from the camp just received, informs me that a squadron of dragoons under the command of Capt. Thornton, has been surrounded by about one thousand mounted Mexicans, and among other disasters Kane was killed, and Hardee taken prisoner. Mr. Catlett is about leaving; and I can't add another hasty word.
Your affectionate brother,
L. J. Beall.
[GLP, AEK]
NNR 70.-203-204 May 30,1846 account of the search for Lt. Porter
Lieutenant Porter. The Providence Journal publishes a letter from an officer under Genl. Taylor giving an account of the search for the body Lieut., Porter from which some idea of the nature of the campaign may be derived. The letter says,
"As soon as the news of Porter's being shot was made certain, I was ordered, with a party of fifty men and two officers, to go and find his remains, if possible also get hold of some of the rascals by whom he was killed. I started at daybreak on the 22d, with two day's rations, having as guides the same men who had been with Porter. We marched, the first day, twenty-five miles, and encamped, as my guides assured me, within two miles of the place where they were fired on.
I cut a place in the 'chapparel' and stowed my men away so snugly that you might have passed a hundred times without suspecting a soul was near. I hoped, by keeping thus unseen, and making a very early start, to come down upon a nest of the scoundrels before they scattered for their daily scouts, and help myself to the whole of them. After marching about four miles, however, the nest morning, my guide gave up, admitted that he was mistaken in the trail, and could give me no farther assistance. All the other men who had been with Porter said the same. They could tell me nothing, save their belief that it was in a certain direction toward which they pointed.
My guides having all thus failed me, I had nothing to do but try my own resources, so terracing our footsteps about eight miles, I struck off right through the 'chapparel,' steering by compass in the course which would 1 thought, intersect Porter's trail. Of the difficulty of this march I can give you but a faint idea. Most of my men were old Florida soldiers, and they all declared that their worst marches in its swamps and hammocks were play to this.
The 'chapparel, is made up of a variety of strong gnarled shrubs, or rather bushes, from six to twenty feet high, all bearing thorns, and all so crooked and twisted that you cannot look at them without squinting, between these it is filled up with prickly pear, Spanish bayonet, and an endless variety of other plants, vines &c., all having the one common property of being full of thorns, spikes and prickles. We had often to cruel, and almost constantly to walk bent nearly double.
After penetrating about four miles in this manner, we came at last to a thicket of an entirely different character, composed almost solely of a dry, white, thorny bush, without leaves, and so closely matted together that it looked as if you could hardly run your arm into it. My advanced guard halted and said they could not get through it. I told them they must try, and by beating the bushes aside with butts of their muskets, they made a place large enough for one an to crawl in.
The labor of the men in front was so severe that I had to change them every few minutes, and by the time I had gone a mile in this slow and painful manner, I saw from the general exhaustion of the men, that it was useless to attempt getting farther. I then sent two of them up the highest bush I could see, for trees there were none, to discover the nearest outlet, but in every direction hey could not see any thing but' chapparel.' There was nothing for it, therefore but to order and about-face and take the back track, until we emerged from this horrible wilderness of thorns.
My two officers were almost exhausted, and two of the men taken sick, from the terrible heat in this dense thicket, where not a breast of wind could relieve the close, sultry, unhealthy atmosphere, and where not a drop of water was to be had. When we got to water again every man would, I believe, had it been deep enough, have plunge in head foremost; fortunately it was nearly milk warm, so that unrestrained indulgence was not very likely to injure them.
My scout was entirely unsuccessful. My guide had misled me so far wrong that I could not get right, and was compelled to return on the third day, having marched at least fifty five miles, and bringing back nothing save the thorns, prickly pear needles, and the ticks, with which we were most abundantly garnished.
My knees and arms, from the wrist to the elbow, bore a striking resemblance to pin-cushions.
Poor Porter still lies, no doubt, a prey to the brigands, and the only
way to obtain his remains will be by bribing some Mexican to bring them
in. he has left young wife and child utterly destitute, save the pensions
which , for five years, they receive from the noble generosity of our country--twelve
dollars and a half per month. [AEK]
NNR 70.209 June 6, 1846 British steamer Terrible rumored ordered to Oregon
The British Steamer Terrible.--An article in Wilmer and Smith's Times, states as a rumor, that "twenty gunners, two sergeants, two corporals, and two bombardiers, under the command of Captain Blackwood are to be despatched by the British Government in their war steamer, the terrible, to Oregon early next month; the vessel is to take an adequate supply of guns and stores; and 3,000 excavators are to be sent to the same destination with all possible speed. This force and these men are professedly sent to the Hudson Bay Company's territory, but it would be useless to shut our eyes to the fact that the bar announcement of such an expedition, while the territory in question forms the subject of negotiation between the two Governments, is calculated to produce no small excitement in American amongst the parties who have been striving so zealously to fan the smoldering embers into a blaze." [AEK]
NRR 70.209 June 6, 1846 commissions for production of uniforms
Army Clothing.--Three of our large manufacturers, Messrs. McCallment, Dupont and Whippeny, have received commission from the United States, for the manufacture of 60,000 yards kerseys, and 20,000 yards blue cloth for the use of the United States Army--Phila. North American [AEK]
NNR 70.210,70.304 June 6, 1846 French notions about the war, the intention of France to interfere to prevent annexation of Mexican territory by the United States
[June 6, 1846] In relation to Mexico and the United States,
the Paris correspondent of Wilmer and Smith’s Times, writes, that
the subject “excites considerable interest here; but little is said thereon,
either in conversation or by newspapers. The latter, however, carefully
translate all intelligence they can find in the American or English papers
bearing upon the subject. Of course, there is but one opinion, that if
the poor devils of the Mexicans go to war with the United States, they will
get a most terrible licking. From what I can collect, I am of the opinion
that the United States, at present, were to attempt to conquer Mexico,
or even to annex any considerable portion of its territory, they would
cause great satisfaction in France; and in all probability, would have
to encounter the decided hostility of the French government. A reference
to M. Guizot’s very remarkable seeeches on the Texan question will
show France attaches very great importance to the preservation of Mexico
as a separate union, and that, apart from that consideration, it would
regard unfavorably any further aggrandizement of the United States. Mr.
Polk, it is true, has declared that neither France nor England shall interfere
in the affairs of the American continent; but, then, M. Guizot has also
declared in the most formal manner, in the name of France that it will,
in spite of Mr. Polk, interfere as often and in such a manner as it pleases
in American affairs. I say again, then, that my opinion is that any seizure
of Mexican territory by the United States government would be stoutly objected
to by France; and, no doubt, also by England. It would be ludicrous in
me to presume to advise American statesmen as to the course to adopt in
the present posture of affairs; but I say to American journalists – wait!
wait! wait! wait! and in a few years Mexico will be yours; but if you attempt
to seize it now, or any portion of it, you will most likely have to count
with England and France, and in that case you may depend upon it that England
and France united will be too strong for you. [JCB]
[July 11, 1846] Paris, June 15. The Journal des Debats
lately published a remarkable article on the state of affairs between
Mexico and the United States. Our contemporary, says and English paper,
asserts that Mr. Polk has only gone against Mexico to compensate for
his defeat in Oregon, and to regain popularity. It thinks Mexico
is totally unable to resist the United States, and that existing hostilities
will result in dismemberment. It thinks that the states will endeavor
to seize the Californias to make up for their being obliged to lose Oregon,
and that the Californias are infinitely more valuable. It views all this
with regret, but beyond a few sneers at Mr. Polk, for whom it appears
to have cherished the most profound contempt, it says nothing offensive
to the United States. It points out the necessity of France and England
interfering in the matter, in order to bring about a reconciliation, and
to protect Mexico. It alleges that France has interests at stake in
Mexico which call promptly for such interference. [JCB]
NNR 70.210 June 6, 1846 the Nashville "Union" announces the design of government to take and to hold California
“We understand, from a reliable source, that it is the intention of the Government to send a force to California sufficient to take possession of that country and hold on to it.” – Nashville Union. [JCB]
NNR 70.211 June 6, 1846 express riding to carry the news
Express Riding--Probably the most extraordinary equestrian feat of
modern times, was accomplished the other day by Fred. Tyler, a youth
of fifteen years of age who rode the express between Blakeley (opposite
Mobile) and Montgomery, bringing the late new from the seat of war.
The distance one hundred and ninety miles, was accomplished in thirteen
hours--and during the entire night; he caught and saddled his horses--none
of which were in readiness, as he was not looked for by those having the
horses in charge.--He was rewarded with a contribution purse of seventy
dollars. [AEK]
NNR 70.212 June 6, 1846 difficulties in organizing volunteers
THE ARMY OF VOLUNTEERS. The apprehension was expressed in a preceding number, that the government would find no little difficulty in arranging the several corps of volunteers – especially in relation to the requisition under which they were called out.
Our requisition came from General Taylor, in virtue of existing laws. The most of the volunteers that have yet started for the seat of war, have gone under this requisition.
Next we have a requisition made by Major General Gaines, for some eight or nine thousand men. Under this requisition the Kentucky volunteers paraded, and the Louisville Legion, nearly a thousand men have proceeded to New Orleans. We have it now stated from Washington, that General Gaines’ requisition will not be recognized by the government. What is to be done in this case?*
And next we have the requisition made by the president upon the several states, for volunteers under the act passed by congress on the 11th ult.
The term of service authorized by the last mentioned law, is six months. Under the other requisition, three months is the hunt.
In a general order issued on the 18th of may, 1846, to Gen. Gaines, the secretary of war directs him to countermand his call for “the several regiments of mounted gun-men,” which were to rendezvous at Fort Jesup, as it would interfere with other arrangements. The order adds, “The volunteer force called into service from Louisiana, Alabama, &c., on your authority, and which you have previously reported, I am instructed to say, meets the approval of the department.” [JCB]
NNR 70.212 June 6, 1846 various detachments to proceed to Texas, Flying Artillery
Flying artillery.--Company H. Captain Swartwout, of the 2d. Reg. Of Artillery, stationed at Fort Adams, New York R.I. received orders on the 28 thult. To proceed to N. York, from whence no doubt they will embark for the Rio Grande. Newport papers speak highly of the company.
Company E. Capt. Merchants, has orders to proceed from Fort Trumbull, New London, to garrison Fort Adams. [AEK]
NNR 70.212 June 6, 1846 General Plan for Conducting the War with Mexico.
That the President of the United States has calculated upon the probability of a war occurring with Mexico, no one who read his annual message to Congress of December last, could doubt for a moment.--the tenor of that message sufficiently indicated his view to Congress on the subject, to prepare them fully for such a contingency. The President's political opponents indeed insist that he not only considered such an event to be probable, but that he took such measures and gave such orders as to inevitably produce that result, whether designedly or not. The truth or falsity of this insinuation will in due time no doubt be ascertained; until then the executive is entitled to such a fair share of public confidence as is necessary to a successful conduct of the war, with a view to its speedy and successful termination.
So far as we can judge by the present spirit of the public journals, the question of the origin of the war, seems to be, by general consent, postponed,--as a family dispute which can be settled hereafter. We are at war, --and all hands--and all hearts, are required to use efforts to aid the government in making that war as brief as possible. On this point all political parties speak and think alike. To carry out this the representatives of every party in congress vote alike. The government meets with no opposition to their call for either men or money to prosecute the war, any more than to their recommendation to "recognize the existence of the war," which we believe not one member in congress opposed, though some few votes dissented from the expression of opinion as to the provocation for war with which the declaration set out. The war my be assumed as having been virtually, unanimously authorized by congress, and as now being as unanimously sustained by the people, so far at least as to enable the government to prosecute it with every energy, to a successful termination.
Thus armed and thus countenanced, the country cannot but look with deep solicitude to the government for an able conduct of the war. How much there is dependent upon this.
It was said above that the president must have at least contemplated the strong probability of a war with Mexico, and this implies of course, that he must have prepared some general, comprehensive plan, for carrying on the war and for achieving the object of which the war was commenced.
That no general plan has been arranged, should not be concluded from the fact that no publications of such plan has been made. The government might not deem it good policy to announce their designs as to conducting the campaign.
This may be true as to details, and as to some general views on foreign relations. The Executive is fairly entitled to have some state secrets, as well as secret service money.
But, allowing full latitude to these, there must be, or certainly should be, well arranged by the government, some general plan for conducting the war, some distinct outlines as to both means and ends, sufficient to satisfy people, jealous of both their honor and their interests, that their confidence is deserved, and that the sacrifices which they are called upon to make in the cause of their country, are entrusted to the management of competent authorities, and will be well improved. The country is looking to the government with profound anxiety for the announcement of so much of their views as fairly come within the scope of these remarks. [AEK]
NNR 70.212 June 6, 1846 Brig. Gen. Wool to muster troops bordering Ohio and Mississippi rivers
Brigadier Gen. Wool, U.S.A., is said to be now on his way to the northwestern states bordering on Ohio and Mississippi rivers, having been commissioned by the president to muster the quota of troops required of those states into the service of the United States, and to expedite them to the scene of action on the Mexican frontier. [AEK]
NNR 70.213 June 6, 1846 letter about traders to Santa Fe departing Independence despite news of the war
SANTA FE TRADE - Independence, Mo, May 16, 1846. Since last May, the scene has entirely changed in our town. Instead of great bustle of emigrants for Oregon or California, with their wagons crowding our streets, laying in their outfits for their journey across the plains, we have a great crowd of Mexicans and traders to Santa Fe and Chihuahua. It is supposed that we have at least two hundred Mexicans in the town and vicinity, at this time. Messrs. Aguira and Skillman arrived here a few days since in advance of the main company, making the trip from Chihuahua in forty-six days. The present week several companies have arrived, among them Peo Semirane, Jose Gonzales, and Louis Yaulwager Mexicans, who are on their way to purchase goods. They came in the early part of the week: also, James Magoffin, with others from Chihuahua, have also reached here. These various companies have brought in an immense quanitity of specie, amounting to about three hundred and fifty thousand dollars. These Mexicans had to make forced marches between Chihuahua and Santa Fe, owing to the hostilities of the Indians, who pursued them for the purpose of robbing them, and were much pressed.
About forty wagons have left for Santa Fe and Chihuahua this week; and others are preparing to leave shortly. The late war news from Mexico does not seem to intimidate the traders. They are determined to push ahead, let what will turn up. They feel very sanguine of success in their enterprise, and say they believe they will not be molested, as the northern States of Mexico are in favor of the trade being kept open at all hazard. What will be the result, time only can determine. It is believed by many, that the trade will greatly increase in consequesnce of the ports of the gulf and Pacific being closed by our vessles, and thus having this only point through which they can safely receive goods. We trust that such may be the result of a war which cannot be sanguinary. St: Louis Republican [JCB]
NNR 70.214 June 6, 1846 Incidents of the Campaign.
Latest from the Army. No official accounts have reached the public from the army on the Rio Grande, since our last. The arrival at New Orleans on the 28th ult., of the statesmanship Telegraph, in twenty-six hours, from Point Isabel, via Galveston, furnishes the latest intelligence.
Barita, was taken without opposition, on the 17th, by Col. Wilson, with a detachment or 300 regulars and 350 volunteers, this was the first post occupied by the Americans on the south side of the Rio Grande.
Matamoros, Taken. An express arrived on the night of the 19th, from General Taylor, announcing that he had crossed the Rio Grande and taken the city of Matamoros, without opposition. The Mexicans had fled the city. Their army were deserting in battalions. They were in a state of starvation, having been suddenly collected, without sufficiency of provisions.
Part of two U.S. regiments having arrived, were stationed at Brassos Point, waiting Gen. Taylor's orders to march for Matamoros.
The steamer Sea reached Isabel on the 10th, filled with volunteers. The Alabama left same day for New Orleans.
The Mexican army certainly behaved bravely, ad were ably commanded during the battles of the 8th and 9th of May. Disciplined bererans have seldom acquitted themselves better, under similar circumstances, even including Napoleon's forces at Waterloo.
Capt. Auld thinks the whole number of our killed and wounded must amount to more than 300; besides the wounded taken to St. Joseph's, there are now forty at Point Isabel too badly wounded to be removed. All but three, it is tough, will recover.
There are three Mexican prisoners having but one leg between them all.
The wounded at Point Isabel, were doing well.
After being shot in the arm, Col. McIntosh received a bayonet wound in the mouth which passed through one side of his head. There are hopes of his recovery.
The condition of the brave and esteemed Captain Page is melancholy indeed. The whole of hi lower jaw, with part of his tongue and palate, was shot away by a grape shot. He, however, survives through entirely incapable of speech. He communicates this thoughts by writing on a slate, and receives the necessary nutriment for the support of life, with much difficulty. He does not desire to live, but converses with cheerfulness and exultation upon the success of our army.
Captain Thornton's escape, at the time his company was so badly cut
up, is almost incredible. After carrying him safely over a high
hedge enclosure, into which he had been decoyed, his horse bore him
safely over several other fences and deep ravines, swimming the Rio Grande,
above Matamoros; then passing down below the town on the opposite side.--in
attempting to leap a broad ditch he missed hi footing, when both horse
and rider were thrown.--By the fall, Capt. T. was so stunned that he was
soon after taken up by the Mexicans, perfectly unconscious of what had
happened. After the battle of the 9 thhe was exchanged
and restored to our army. [AEK]
NNR 70.214 June 6, 1846 expedition against Santa Fe planned
MOVEMENT AGAINST SANTA FE. It was a matter of course, if war with Mexico occurred, that our government would immediately take measures for securing Santa Fe.
An extract of a letter written by a U.S. senator, “in confidence of the government,” on the day after war was recognized by congress, to Col. R. Campbell, and to the governor of Missouri, is published in the St. Louis Republican of the 22nd of May, which says –
“Our first care in this sudden change in our relations with that country was to try and take care of our Santa Fe trade. For this purpose, it will be proposed to the people of New Mexico, Chihuahua, and the other internal provinces, that they remain quiet and continue trading with us as usual, upon which condition they shall be protected in all their rights and treated as friends. To give effect to this proposition and to make sure of protection to the persons and property of our traders, (besides the proclamation of the president to that effect,) Col. Kearney will start immediately with three hundred dragoons; to be followed as quick as possible by one thousand mounted volunteers from Missouri, and with authority to engage the services, if necessary, of all the Americans in that part of the world. This military movement will be to make sure of the main object, to wit: peace and trade, to be secured peaceably if possible, forcibly if necessary. For, unless they accept these conditions, the country will have to be taken possession of as a conquest. This, however, we hope will not be necessary, as it will be so obvious to the interest of the inhabitants of that part of Mexico, (too far off from the central government to have any effect in general hostilities,) to enjoy the benefits of peace and trade, with the full protection of all their rights of person, and religion.
This letter caused a great deal of excitement in St. Louis. A book was opened for the enrollment of names of persons desirous of entering upon an expedition to Santa Fe. The Republican says that a gentleman – understood to be the bearer of important dispatches from the government to the governor of Missouri and Col. Kearney – arrived at St. Louis on Thursday, and would proceed on his route as fast as steam could carry him. No doubt seemed to be entertained that the statement contained in the letter was true, and that a requisition on Missouri for one thousand mounted volunteers would be speedily made. The requisition, it is said, can be filled immediately. [JCB]
COMMANDER OF THE AMERICAN ARMY Major General Scott. From announcements which made their appearance in the official journal at Washington, as well as elsewhere, it was understood that General Scott, who, next to the president, is commander in chief of the army of the United States so soon as sufficient forces were concentrated upon the frontier, for an effectual invasion of Mexico, was to proceed to the field and assume command. The Union of the 16th ult., for instance, the following article, under the head of
“Military arrangements. During the week the first active preparations have been made to give effect to the measures of congress for a vigorous prosecution of war with Mexico. We do not doubt that large discretion given to the president, will be felt to be in safe hands. While the public may rest assured that the utmost care will be used to control the economy, and to secure a force competent to the protection of the national honor, and to a speedy termination of the war, we do not apprehend that the authorized number of troops will be immediately mustered into service.
“True economy and a due regard to the high national interests, however, make it indispensable that a force shall be at once put into active service extraordinary for us in point of numbers, as large that officers of the highest rank will of necessity be in command. From the mixed character of the corps – partly of regular troops and more largely of volunteers – it seems natural that the general chief of the army should take the field – and we assume that Gen, Scott will, as a matter of courage to assume command.”
The foregoing article, and others of like idea rendered it certain that the president, at that designed that Gen. Scott should have command of the army intended for the invasion of Mexico.
Subsequent publications have led the public to apprehend that the views of the president in this aspect have changed. The official journal for two weeks past remained silent on the subject while papers out of Washington, however, have not presented silence. It is feared that an unpleasant difficulty is experienced.
The Philadelphia North American, of the 26th has an article on the subject which assesses “There is serious reason to believe an effort is being made by the administration to supercede Gen. Scott in the command of the southeastern army!!! In order to present the case fairly, it is necessary to refer to the circumstances which brought about his selection to this post. After the first indications of his return from the frontier, Gen. Scott was called in for council as to military operations. It was then presented to him by the president and secretary of war to proceed to the Rio grande and take command of those forces – in plain terms, they desired to displace Gen. Taylor. With all the true instincts of a commander and the noble qualities of a man, Gen. Scott respectfully requested to be relieved from such duty. He stated that Gen. Taylor was his personal friend – they had served on the field of battle together – he had always shown himself superior to every emergency in which he had been placed, and was a brave and gallant officer, and would come out victoriously. Afer this urgent remonstrance, at various interviews, the subject was renewed, and it was then submitted whether he would accept the command of forces ordered by congress. To this he readily assented, alleging that General Taylor would then have no proper ground for exception, inasmuch as his higher rank would entitle him to the position, and could not be regarded as any disparagement to Gen. Taylor. When this understanding had been perfected, the president at once entered into what was presumed to be very confidential intercourse with Gen. Scott, and they were closeted nearly two days without interruption of any sort, in arranging the requisitions upon the states, and other details.
It was well known with what a cordial and universal response the selection of Gen. Scott was received all over the Union, and by men of all parties. – The echo found its way back to Washington, and fell upon the ears of some high office, in anything, but grateful notes. I shall not say how much or how little the prospect of a future, beyond the successful termination of this Mexican war, may have influenced those in power in the course of conduct which has been manifested towards Gen. Scott since this acclimation was heard; but I know, and proclaim it, that the president and his advisers have acted with marked coolness, and in a manner utterly at variance with their recent profession. Whether this be the result of cause and effect, is left to others to judge.
During all these consultations and councils, no order of any sort was issued to Gen. Scott. The president expressed his desire he should take command of the army, when it was mustered into service, and General Scott made but one stipulation, viz., that in the event of war with England, he should be permitted to return from the frontier, to the more honorable command, which was granted.
Thus stood matters until about nine days ago. – Gen. Scott was all the while pushing forward his arrangements, and was devoting night and day to the organization of troops. Then, much to his surprise, the president, and the secretary of war, and others connected with the administration on different occasions, renewed the suggestion, that he ought to go to the seat of war. He replied as before – Gen. Taylor had accomplished as much as any officer could do, under the circumstances – had proven himself in every way capable of coping with the enemy, and deserved whatever laurels were to be won from the campaign on the Rio Grande. Still it was pressed upon his attention, so as to become disagreeable. – About this time, (a week ago,) it became necessary to frame a bill systematizing the details of that granting the supplies. This was confided to General Scott, and was laid before the military committee of the senate in his handwriting. It was done with the knowledge and consent, and I believe at the request of the war department.
The military committee of the senate met, and Mr. Marcy, the secretary of war, appeared in person before them – a proceeding altogether unusual. Several members being absent, a section was introduced without any conference with General Scott, which appears as the very first in the bill reported on Tuesday morning last by Col. Benton. It is as follows:
Be it enacted by the senate and house of representatives of the United States of America in congress assembled, that the president of the United States be, and he hereby is authorized to appoint, by and with the advice and consent of senate, two major generals, and four brigadier-generals, in addition to the present military establishment.
Within the last few days Gen. Scott being still without orders, the subject not being resumed, and this bill, itself singularly expressive, being before congress – he addressed a letter to the president, stating at length his reasons fr declining the appointment to supercede Gen. Taylor, and why he could, without any reflection upon that gallant officer, assume command of the whole force to be called out. No reply has been given, as yet, and it is now a matter of much doubt if he will be ordered.”
The N.Y. Express intimates that a sharp correspondence has taken place between Gen. Scott and the administration, which will shortly be published.
That general Scott might not be acceptable commander to southern volunteers, we can readily imagine. Without pretending to decide whether he deserved the imputation, certain it is he was accused, of having more regard to his own perogative of command than to the true interests of his country, in giving his orders to General Clinch, durning his, General Scott’s, first campaign in Florida, not to move from the spot they were at, not to “give any aid to the interloper,” as he is said to have designated General Gaines, who was at the moment, at the head of a corps, in very much such a predicament – nay, a worse one than was General Taylor recently on the Rio Grande. Gen. Clinch’s forces, if allowed to move, might have relieved them promptly. They proposed to do so – Gen. Scott’s orders forbid them. The men under Gaines were literally in a state of starvation when subsequently relieved by Gen. Clinch.
These and similar incidents, with which southern volunteers are familiar, growing out of Gen. Scott’s unfortunate Florida campaigns, would prevent his being popular commander of volunteers from that section of the Union. The expression used by him in making his official call upon the government for adequate forces wherewith to commence his second campaign against the Seminoles, with a prospect of better success, has not been forgotten by the ardent spirits that at that time rushed spontaneously to the field, as thousands are now doing, and served their country as devotedly as men ever did: Gen. Scott told the government upon that occasion, that it would require such and so many troops for the ensuing campaign – “good troops – not volunteers.”
The insinuation, the reflection, contained in this official expression from the commander-in-chief, under whose orders these volunteers had so faithfully served, was keenly felt and will never be forgotten. If commanders induge preferences as to the forces they require to fight with, volunteers will be apt to choose as to who they will volunteer under.
It is an assembly of mainly ‘volunteers” that is now assembling on the frontier.
Yesterday, 5th inst., in the United States senate, we find a warm debate occurred, relative to Gen. Gaines, and the above topic was introduced, and a call was made upon the president for all the correspondence of both generals. [JCB]
NNR 70.215 June 6, 1846 Capt. Thornton's arrest
Capt. Thornton. We learn that this officer was put under arrest immediately after his exchange, by order of Gen. Taylor. The cause of this proceeding our informant was not at liberty to state, but mentioned that it was on complaint preferred by his officers. There is a possibility, it is said, that Capt. Thornton may not be brought to trial at all inasmuch as he would be entitled to demand his release and return to duty on the firing of the first gun by the Mexicans. [AEK]
NNR 70.215-217further details of the battles on the Rio Grande
THE BATTLES OF THE RIO GRANDE. A letter from an officer who was in both the battles, writes to Gen. Towson, from Fort Polk, Point Isabel, May 16th, the following account of them, which we extract from the Union, of the 30th ult.
“General Taylor having received information from the fort, on the morning of the 5th of May, that it was doing well, and the enemies shells not doing much execution, concluded to wait at this place with his army for a few days, and on the morning of the 6th, placed his whole force on the trenches of this work, and by united efforts of officers and men, added greatly to its strength in the course of twenty-four hours. About 3 o’clock on the 7th of May, General Taylor having completed all of his arrangements, moved forward with his army and supplies, to resume his former position opposite Matamoros, determined and prepared to push his way through – (I must here state that it was my good luck to receive orders to join the army on this march, and to be present at the two succeeding engagements.) – His artillery consisted of two 18 pounders on siege carriages, intended to strengthen the fort, and Major Ringgold’s and Capt. Duncan’s light artillery batteries. The cavalry numbered two hundred sabers, divided into two squadrons, and the infantry numbered about 1800 bayonets, composed of the 3rd, 4th, 5th, and 8th regiments, with a battalion of artillery acting on foot.
At 12 o’clock on the 8th, the scouts reported the appearance of the enemy. Line of battle was immediately formed, and the supply train (consisting of 250 wagons) closed upon the troops. The army then advanced in this order about a mile, when the troops found an abundant supply of water. From this position the enemy was seen drawn up in the form of a crescent, with his left resting on the road leading to the fort. As soon as the two armies had approached within half a mile of each other, the Mexicans opened their batteries. Our battalion was thrown back so as to look to the left flank, which was menaced by the enemies cavalry.
General Taylor advanced in person with the two 18 pounders, and directed them to be placed in battery as soon as he was told that the range was good. When the fight commenced, Ringgold’s and Duncan’s batteries moved rapidly forward some eighty or ninety yards, and returned the fire of the enemy’s artillery. The two 18 pounders were diected against the cavalry on the left flank of the enemy’s line. – This cavalry, accompanied by two pieces of artillery, soon made a movement to turn our right or to attack the train. As soon as this was observed, the 5th infantry was advanced to the front and the right, and formed square against cavalry perceiving the square advanced at a charge sufficiently near to discharge their escopettes, but without doing much damage – The fire was immediately answered by one face of the square, which emptied some dozen saddles. The head of the cavalry column then withdrew, and continued its movement towards our rear. The 3rd infantry was then placed so as to cover the train, and two pieces of Ringgold’s batteries disposed on the left of the 5th. These movements were executed with great promptitude and effect. The cavalry seeing the 3rd infantry covering the train, began a retrograde movement, and at the same moment the two pieces of Ringgold’s battery under Lieut. Ridgely opened a brisk fire on the column and the two pieces of artillery that accompanied it before they could be unlimbered. This fire was so galling to the cavalry as to compel them to retire with the utmost precipitation. During these movements Duncan’s battery had done the enemy’s lines great damage.
The battle commenced at 3 o’clock, P.M., and after continuing for one hour and a half, the smoke from the cannon and burning prairie (between the two armies) became so dense that the artillery fire gradually ceased on both sides, and there was an intermission of three-quarters of an hour. The 5th infantry was then moved forward to the point abandoned by the enemies cavalry. The two 18 pounders were also advanced along the road – the artillery battalion on Ringgold’s left, and Duncan threw himself on the enemy’s right, supported by the 8th infantry. The battle was renewed, and the firing continued until dark, when out train being ordered to the rear of our new front, we all bivouacked for the night around the spot occupied by the 18 pounders. On the morning of the 9th, Gen. Taylor determined to disembarrass himself of his train; and with this view, it was placed in a good position, guarded by the teamsters, the two 18 pounders, and two 12 ponders, (that happened to be in the wagons for the defense of the fort,) with such field-works as could be immediately constructed. The army then moved forward over the ground occupied by the enemy the day before, and for the first time got an idea of the great havoc and distruction that had been done. – 150 of the enemy had been buried the night before, and upwards of 100 were lying dead on the field. – Most of the wounded had been carried off, but enough remained to tell the dreadful havoc that had been produced in their ranks. They acknowledge their forces to have been upwards of 7,000, and their loss in killed and wounded 500. The loss sustained by our army was 46 killed and wounded; among the latter three officers, one of whom, Major Ringgold, has since died.
General Taylor had not advanced far before he was informed that the light troops had discovered the enemy, occupying a strong position three miles this side the fort, and prepared to receive him.
This accompanying sketch represents the position of the enemy as near as could be ascertained. The artillery and infantry of the line were posted as indicated, and their light troops filled the woods up to line A B. General Taylor threw forward one hundred as skirmishers, who engaged those of the enemy and drove them back. Ridgely’s battery pushed along the road until it gained the point C, when it opened upon the guns of the enemy. The 5th, 3rd, 4th, and 8th regiments of infantry were put into the brush on each side of the road, extended as light infantry. Captain May was then ordered to charge the three guns pointed down the road with his squadron of dragoons, which was done in gallant style, and the men driven from their pieces. The 5th infantry followed up the charge and took possession of the guns. General La Vega surrendered his sword to Captain May. Duncan’s and Ridgely’s batteries rushed forward, gained the center of the enemy’s position, and directed a terrible fire on the flanks of his broken lines, while the 8th and 5th attacked him from the front; the Mexicans gave way and all the rest was rout. In this battle the slaughter on the part of the Mexicans was immense – between one and two hundred were made prisoners among them twenty officers, eight pieces of cannon, a number of standards, ten or twelve wagon loads of ammunition and arms, 500 pack mules, besides a large quantity of camp equipage, &c., were also captured. General Arista’s private baggage, portfolio, with all his instructions from Toruel, the secretary of war, and a great deal of useful information was also got possession of. Among the latter was a map of the country showing the dispositions of his army since it crossed the river, a copy of which I send you.
After detailing the casualties, already mentioned in former accounts; the letter proceeds –
The rout was followed up by Duncan’s and Ridgely’s batteries, and Captain Ker’s squadron of dragoons, moving at a rapid pace on the road taken by the enemy. The infantry also followed in close pursuit. The second day after the battle an exchange of prisoners was made, and the dragoons previously captured by the Mexicans joined our ranks.
The cannonading and the bombardment of the fort were kept up by the Mexicans until the evening of the 9th. They established one mortar battery on this side of the river, and arranged their others so as to bombard the fort from three quarters of a circle. Astonishing to relate that, although 1,500 shells and 3,000 round shot were thrown at the fort during the siege, only three were killed. Among them the gallant Major Brown, its commanding officer. He was struck in the leg by a shell, mortification took place, and he dies while hearing the guns of our second battle. It is the intention of this regiment, the 7th infantry, to gather the shot and shells thrown into the fort, and from them to erect a monument to his memory. This can be easily done, as all their projectiles are copper.
The following account is from the pen of an officer who bore his share in the duties and dangers of scenes he so graphically describes:
Camp opposite Matamoros, May 13, 1846. On the 1st of May he army under Gen. Taylor took up its line of march at three o’clock, P.M., for Point Isabel, thirty miles distant, in order to force up from that point provisions, which were necessary to the maintenance of our fort here. To defend it in our absence Gen. Taylor left the 7th regiment of infantry, Bragg’s battery of four six pounders, Capt. Lowd’s battery of four eighteen pounders and some convalescents as garrison – the whole under he command of Major Brown of the army. We had heard of the crossing of six or seven thousand of the enemy to oppose our march to our depot, and expected to fight them going down – but did not meet them. On the 2nd instant, in the afternoon, we reached Point Isabel, and on the 2d heard the bombardment of our fort at this place. This bombardment continued at intervals for several days. In the meantime, Gen. Taylor – having learned by express from Major Brown that he could hold the fort – put his whole command to work in the entranchmants at Point Isabel, the basis of our operations, and having made it sufficiently strong and loaded about three hundred wagons with provisions and ammunition, he determined to proceed at once to the relief of our gallant little band in this fort, and to give battle to the enemy if necessary. He commenced his march at 2 o’clock, P.M., on the 7th instant, in the following order: A squadron of dragoons, commanded by Captain May, in front; the third brigade, composed of 3rd and 4th regiments of infantry and Ringgold’s light artillery; the 5th infantry not brigaded, and the first brigade, composed of the artillery battalion serving as infantry; Duncan’s light artillery and the 8th regiment of infantry – to which must be added two eighteen pounders drawn by oxen, and Capt. Kerr’s squadron of dragoons protecting the rear – the wagons on the march being in a degree interspersed between the brigades for greater security.
On the night of the 7th we encamped about twelve miles from Point Isabel, without seeing the enemy. On the 8th we had advanced about five miles, when we descried the enemy some two miles distant, drawn up in great force on the open prairie, and occupying the crest of a gentle slope with their backs to the thick bushes, - called in this country “chaparral.”
We immediately formed line to the front, and advanced calmly and quietly to the attack. Our brave and considerate old general, finding that the enemy waited to receive us, and that we were passing near a lake of water, the day being very hot and the men thirsty, halted in full view of the adversary and directed the men to fill their canteens with water. – We had now a little leisure to examine the force of the enemy and its composition. The horizon in our front and to the right appeared lined with cavalry. – (Lancers and Dragoons.) The works in their rear were giving p column after column of infantry, which were manoevered with great regularity, and batteries of artillery were abserved taking their designated places in our front and on our flanks. – The lowest estimate, at the time, of the enemy’s force was 5,000 of all arms – our own being under 2,000 fighting men. We have since learned that on this occasion the enemy had over 6,000 fighting men. But the greatest difficulty, under which we labored, was the absolute necessity of protecting in an open prairie, from the enemy’s numerous cavalry, our enormous train of provisions and ammunition, without which, even if we gained a victory, we could not hope to relieve our garrison opposite Matamoros or maintain our position there. Besides we were miserably deficient as to the number of our cavalry, having only some 200 dragoons, while the enemy could not have had less than 1,800 or 2,000. The men being refreshed our general rode to each brigade, told the men to keep cool, and when the enemy charged, not to fire a shot until they were repulsed with the bayonet, and had turned their backs in fight.
Our advance the recommenced slowly, but firmly, wagons and all; and when we arrived within good artillery range, their batteries opened upon us, some of their balls bouncing along the plain and passing us in “ricochet;” others flying over our heads, and falling in the rear, showing us in a few moments that their pieces were served with skill and precision. A movement was now observed among the enemy’s cavalry as if about to charge, and the regiments nearest them were thrown into square, or formation preparatory to the square, and so disposed as to protect our own artillery whenever it was ordered to fire. During this time, some fifteen minutes, the enemy’s fire was received in perfect silence by us, and at length, Capt. Duncan having been ordered to open upon them, advanced in a position to be protected by the infantry from the assault of the enemy’s cavalry, and one which would enable him at the same time to gall their cavalry and masses of infantry, sent a withering fire among them, which created some confusion, and which was answered by our squares of infantry by one long simultaneous shout, which showed how anxious they were to be led to the charge at once – but this could not be. – They were destined to give the strongest evidence of the courage that a soldier can exhibit, to stand in squares four hours under the enemy’s artillery, so as to protect from the enemy’s cavalry our own artillery, whilst the latter was mowing down the enemy’s ranks. As soon as Duncan opened, Major Ringgold’s thunder was heard on the right, lieut. Churchill’s from the 18 pounders in the center, and all the enemy’s batteries opening at the same time, a tremendous cannonading ensued, which, on this plain of almost boundless extent, presented a spectacle of great magnificence. The battle commenced at 10 minutes past 2, P.M. It lasted about an hour, when a large body of the enemy’s red Lancers charged the 5th infantry, with a view of cutting off our wagon train. They were met with the most perfect tranquility, and a discharge of musketry from the 5th (Gen. Brook’s) regiment told us their fate. They fled precipitately, leaving men, horses, and guidons on the field. In the mean time, the whole order of battle had been changed to conform to the maneuvers of the enemy, and our brigade, the 1st, which was the left, now found itself in advance and on the right – the artillery battalion being on the extreme right and the most in advance. It must be observed also that in these different changes our general was always slowly but steadfastly gaining ground to the front, and the enemy gradually falling back. The enemy’s fire having slackened, and then ceased, General Taylor, from his new and more advanced position, ordered all his batteries to open, and in his turn attacked the enemy with such fury as to cause evident destruction in his ranks; but still they remained firm. By a charge on them the might have been routed entirely, but then we must have exposed our wagons to be captured by their cavalry, and that could not be thought of.
The battle now lasted from 10 minutes past 2 P.M. to about 7 P.M. At this moment the enemy was discovered coming down with his left flank in great force of cavalry and indantry, on the artillery battalion and the 18 pounders which that battalion supported. The 18 pounders were served by thirty men, and the artillery battalion was about 360 strong. Both the batteries and this battalion were in such a position that they could not be supported by the other portion of the army, and at the time the charge commenced the battalion had deployed into line. – However, it was thrown into square by a prompt maneuver, and awaited steadily the Mexican charge. On they came, “horse, foot, and dragoons,” shouting and yelling, when a single horseman rode into the square, and said, “Men, I place myself in your square.” The general was immediately recognized by the men, who gave him three cheers for this evidence of his confidence. At this moment Lieut. Churchill discharged one of his 18 pounders, loaded with grape into the advancing ranks, creating great havoc, but not checking entirely their onward movement. They marched forward to within good musket range, some 150 yards of us, halted and delivered their fire, which our men received quietly at a shoulder. Finding that they would come no nearer, Col. Childs, commanding his battalion, ordered the volley, which was given as in parade, when the enemy immediately retired, and the action ended for the night. Our army slept on their arms precisely as night found them, and occupied the position in which the enemy commenced the battle. The two armies slept quietly almost in presence of each other. The night was serene and beautiful, the moon casting the softest light on everything around us, and, but for the groans of the wounded and the screams of those who were suffering under the knife of the surgeons, no one could have imagined the scenes which had occurred but a few hours previously.
On our side we had fifty five killed and wounded. The gallant Major Ringgold was mortally wounded, and his noble steed killed by the same shot, as he was giving his last fire for the night, and after having distinguished himself by the coolness, precision, and effect with which he managed his battery. Captain John Page, of the 4th infantry, was horribly wounded, supposed to be mortally. Many officers had horses shot under them – Capt. Bliss, Lieut, Daniels, Capt. Montgomery, and several others.
Many dragoon horses were also killed, and the escapes were almost incredible. In Magruder’s company two men, whilst at an order, had the bayonets of their muskets cut off by cannon balls, passing just over their shoulders and between their heads. He had also a man killed on his immediate right and left. Some of the balls fell into the centers of the squares, and ricocheted out again, without touching any one. Others fell just on the outside and bounced over. – To stand patiently and coolly, in square, under such fire for five hours, without firing a shot, is the best evidence of discipline and invincible courage that troops can give. But more: - the effect of this conduct, which none but regulars could have shown, must be considered. The next morning the enemy retreated, leaving the field strewed with their dead, and having lost, by their own confession, five hundred killed and wounded; but we have found out since that the loss was much greater. The enemy’s artillery was numerous and served with great rapidity and precision; while we had little cavalry, and they had an immense proportion of that arm. Hence our shell and grape shot told briskly among them. In short, we gained on that day a great victory. When we consider the enemy’s numbers, his numerous and effective regular cavalry, and well-drilled infantry and artillery, and above all that he had chosen his own ground, that upon which he is most accustomed to fight, - the plain, - and compare all this with our inferiority in all arms, and that we were encumbered by a train we could not afford to lose, we can only account for the result by the impression made on the enemy by our firm and unshaken advance; by the steadiness with which we repulsed their cavalry, and by the unrivalled skill of our artillery officers and man – to which must be added a perfect knowledge on the part of both men and officers that if we lost that battle the fort at Matamoros would fall, the army be destroyed, and our depot – Point Isabel – be taken, to the eternal disgrace of the American army and the ruin of the interests of our government, for some time, at least, in this part of the world. We could not afford to be driven back a single inch, and we were prepared for anything but retreat.
On the morning of the 9th, the Mexican army left the field at early dawn, and after arranging our train, we commenced the march towards our fort at this place. At 2 o’clock, P.M., we found the enemy drawn up in great force, occupying a ravine, which our road crossed, with thick “chaparral” or thorny bushes on either side before it reached the ravine, and a pond of water on either side, where it crossed the ravine, constituting a defile. They were 7,000 strong, we 54 weaker than the previous day. The general ordered an immediate attack, by all the troops except the first brigade, which was kept in reserve, and soon the rattling fire of musketry, mingled with the heavy sound of artillery, announced the commencement of action. The enemy had chosen his position which he considered impregnable – was vastly superior to us in numbers, and had ten pieces of artillery, planted in the defile, which swept the road with grape, and which it was absolutely necessary for us to take before he could be beaten. These pieces were flanked on either side by a regiment of brave veteran troops, from Tampico, and we were obliged to stand as awful shower of grape and bullet before a charge could reach them. The battle had lasted some two hours with great fury on both sides and many heroic deeds had been done, but no serious impression made, when Gen. Taylor sent for Capt. May, of the 2nd dragoons, and told him he must take that battery with his squadronof dragoons, if he lost every man. May instantly placed himself at the head of his men, and setting off at full speed, with cheers and shouts, dashed into the defile, where he was greeted with an overwhelming discharge of grape and bullets, which nearly annihilated his first and second platoons, but he was seen unhurt darting like lightening, through this murderous hail storm, and in a second, he and his men drove away or cut to pieces the artillerists.
The speed of his horses was so great, however, that they passed through the battery, and were halted in its rear. There turning, he charged back, and was just in time to rescue a Mexican general officer who would not leave his guns, and who was parrying the strokes of one of the men. He handed his sword to May, announced himself as General Vega, and gave his parole. May turned him over to an officer, and galloping back to General Taylor, reported that he had captured the enemy’s battery, and the gallant Gen. Vega, bravely defending it, whose sword he had the honor to present to his commanding officer. The general was extremely gratified, and felt no doubt that a blow had been given, from which it would be difficult for the enemy to recover – and so it proved, for a portion of the fifth infantry, finding the enemy had immediately re-occupied and commenced serving their pieces, gallantly charged and brought off several; when the 8th, which had just come up, marched to the attack by its gallant commander, Col, Belknap, seconded nobly by Capt. Montgomery, and took off the remaining pieces. – Col. Belknap, leading his regiment into the thickest of the fight, seized a Mexican standard, and waiving it over his head, dashed on in front of his men, until his horse stumbled over some dead bodies and threw him. Being a heavy man, he was helped on his horse by a soldier, who in the act received a ball through his lungs, and at the same moment, a shot carried away the Mexican flag, leaving but the handle with the colonel. He dashed ahead with that, however, and his regiment carried every thing before it. At this moment, the Mexicans gave way entirely, and throwing down their arms, fled in every direction, leaving all their stores, munitions of war, arms, standards, &c. the killed, wounded, and prisoners, including among the killed those who were drowned in the Rio Grande, do not fall short of 1,500 – so that the enemy’s loss in two days amounts to at least 2,000 men, something more than the number we had in our army.
When Lieutenant Magruder introduced General Vega to General Taylor, the latter expressed his deep regret that such a misfortune should have happened to an officer whose character he so highly esteemed, and returned to him his sword which he had won so bravely. It is said also that the general gave the captive officer an order on his private banker for a large sum, for his use when he arrived in the United States.
Immediately after the victory, a regiment
marched into this fort, and was received with cheers and open arms. All
had done their duty – those who were left to defend our fort – those who
marched to relief. I had nearly forgot to mention that no officer
in the battle of the 9th was more distinguished than Lieutenant
Randolph Ridgely. His conduct drew praises from the lips of every officer;
but I shall never finish if I record the feats of personal valor which occurred
in this battle, where officers and men fought hand to hand for hours
with the Mexicans. I shall therefore conclude with the hope that in a
few days we shall be in Matamoros. [JCB]
NNR 70.217Mexican account of incidents on the Rio Grande
MEXICAN ACCOUNT OF EVENTS ON THE RIO GRANDE FROM MAY 1ST TO 3RD INCLUSIVE. We have been favored, says the New York Journal of Commerce with the following translation of an article in the Matamoros Eagle of the North, of May 4th, giving an account of what it calls the “retreat of general Taylor” to Point Isabel on the 1st inst., and the subsequent cannonading between the forts of Matamoros and the American encampment opposite. Read in connexion with the events which have since occurred, and with the well known fact that only one man, (a sergeant,) was killed in the American fort on the 3rd and 4th, and only three up to the date of the last accounts, (14th instant,) nothing can be more ridiculous, - unless it be the reports of the same affair which reached this country, representing that 700 Mexicans were killed, their batteries silenced, town burnt, &c. The Eagle limits the death of one sergeant and two artillerymen on the Mexican side during the cannonading of the 3rd, which is two more than were killed in the American fort. On the whole, the firing on both sides appears to have been nearly harmless. We should like to see what the eagle will say of the actions of the 8th and 9th. Perhaps by this time it has found out that Gen. Taylor is not so great a coward as it supposed him to be. [JCB]
NNR 70.217-218 June 6, 1846 bombardment of Fort Brown
THE BOMBARDMENT OF FORT BROWN. – The New Orleans Picayune says:
“We have nowhere else seen so circumstantial and interesting an account of the bombardment of the camp opposite Matamoros as is contained in the following letter. It is due the author to state that it was written exclusively for the gratification of “a select few” of his friends – not for the public eye.
Camp opposite Matamoros, May 13, 1846. Since the evening of the 9th, nothing has transpired here. You may know ere this, that we gave the Mexicans “jesse” on the 8th and 9th. General Taylor, after establishing his little sand fort here, right opposite the town left the 7th infantry and two artillery companies in it, with instructions to defend it to the death; he then left with the remainder of his force for brazos Santiago for supplies, and with the hope that the two mortars (which he had ordered six months ago) had arrived from Washington, and also to bring up ammunition enough for our four 18 pounders to batter down Matamoros. – General T. and command left on the 1st of this month. On the morning of the 3rd, at daylight, the Mexicans opened their batteries on our fort, or rather our grand entrenchments; from that moment it was right hot work until 12 o’clock, when both parties had to cease until their guns would cool. Were you ever shot at, in front, with a 12 pounder, in the flank with a 6 pounder, and a shell directed to burst over your head? If not, try it, just to properly enjoy a brandy toddy after the gun cooling begins. Well, after the refreshments the ball continued, varied only by a little more “vindictate looseness,” and wild-colt comet like flying shells. It was only 23 minutes after we commenced our fire before one of our 18 pound shot struck their twelve pound cannon directly in the muzzle, and knocked it, head back and stomach into the air about 20 feet, and it was accompanied by legs, hands and arms.
Seven Mexican officers were wounded, and eight privates who were round their pieces were killed. We have not heard from their 12 pounder since, and so hot was the little fort in which it had been placed, that they were compelled to abandon it. When the first fire came, I rushed into my tent and jerked up my rifle, and as I stepped out, a 9 pound shot struck my tent at the head of my bed, ranged the whole length of my bed, cut off the back upright pole, passed out the back part through the two other tents, and then buried itself in the parapet. I’m glad I was not “caught napping.”
In the first half hour a sergeant of Captain Lee’s company was killed; he was carried over to the hospital tent (full of sick) and directly after was laid on a bed, a bomb shell was thrown through the top of the tent, lit near the bed, burst and blew the dead man’s head off without injury to anyone else. On Wednesday, 6th of May, and the 3rd day of the bombardment, Major brown was struck on the leg with a bomb shell, and his leg had to be amputated – he diesd on the 9th. These are the only two we have lost during the bombardment, which commenced on Sunday, the 3rd, and lasted, with little intermission, day and night, until the next Saturday at dark. – During this time the enemy had thrown about 3,500 shots – solid and shell – amongst us. It is incredible that the damage should have been so light. Finding we could not dismount their mortars – they being sunk into the ground, with thick embankments in front – and having only about 400 rounds of ammunition to our cannon, we went to work to throw up a kind of temporary bomb proof shelter, by taking our barrels of pork, laying sticks of wood across them, and throwing up six feet of earth upon that. These we built at points in the fort where they would be convenient for the men; and when we saw the smoke from their guns, everyone would fall from the parapet, and “hole.” When we would see a shell coming we would fall upon the ground, as the explosion takes place upwards. The Mexicans thought they thought they had killed nearly all of us, as they were under the impression that all who fell were shot.
It was very distressing to stand and be fired at all round and not be able to return it ‘in full force and virtue;” but, knowing our ammunition was scarce, we reserved it till the death struggle should come on. We were in hopes that after a reasonable time of the bombarding, the enemy would attempt to storm us. Two or three feints were made, but they could not be brought to the scratch. Five mortars were playing on us at once, from every point of their works. General Taylor’s orders to us were to maintain this post, and not to pretend to make any sally, or risk in the least his position here; but in case we were surrounded after he left, hat signal guns should be fired at certain intervals, which would notify him of the attack. This notice was given to the general, as they heard all our guns at Point Isabel. On the 8th, the general commenced his march with the train of provisions, and when about twelve miles from here, he saw the enemy in position. He immediately “walked into their affections.” We heard the firing of the cannon on both sides, and distinctly the volleys of musketry. We knew well that it was the general poking it into their short ribs. We had then stopped to “licker,” but at the first gun we sprung to our parapets, opened our batteries and for one hour we had the prettiest little cannon fight that ever a man beheld. They gave us gun for gun, while we slung at them “the best the shop contained.”
But wait, I forgot one thing: On the first Wednesday, after the bombardment had lasted three days, the enemy “sounded a parley.” Major Seawell and Lieut. Britton were ordered to go out and see what they wanted. They did so, and the Mexicans demanded the surrender of the fort for “humanity’s sake.” They gave us one hour to surrender, or they would put us all to the sword. They brought us a letter from General Arista to our commanding officer. The commanding officers, Captain Hawkins – Brown had been shot just before – had a council of war called, and said he presumed we were unanimous on such points, but that he would put the matter to vote as to their feelings. The vote of the youngest member was taken first, and so on throughout. This was the unanimous vote: “Defend the place to the death.” Gen, Arista was in thirty minutes replied as follows:
That we had received his humane communication, but not understanding perfectly the Spanish language, we were doubtful if we had understood exactly his meaning; but from all we could understand, he had proposed that we give him possession of this place or we would all be put to the sword in one hour; if this was proper understanding, we would respectfully decline his proposition, and “took this opportunity to assure his excellency of our distinguished consideration.” After the reception of this by his “excellency” it just rained balls. The different mortars kept two pair of “saddle bags” in the air all the time, varied only by their six and four pounders. But in the midst of all the storm, the Star Spangled Banner still floated on our breast – works, at the point where they directed their strongest efforts; and we took out our two regimental colors and planted them on different parts of the wall. This fire was kept up all night, while their musketry played on us from the rear, at the distance of five hundred yards. We ordered our men not to fire a shot until they came within eighty yards – but they did not approach. Their object was to exhaust us in ammunition. They knew from deserters that it was scarce and Gen. Taylor had gone for a supply. They are fond of fighting at long distance, but they can’t stand the cold steel.
Now for where I left off on the night of the 8th; Gen. Taylor and the Mexican army were twelve miles from here – between this and Brazos. The batteries at Matamoros and around us, and our fort kept up a constant firing until dark, when all ceased. We had no communication from the general, but that he had to lick ‘em or die! The sound of arms had not retrograded but advanced; besides there was no ringing of bells in the city or signs of rejoicing, therefore we judged they had not the first cause for jollification. That night was the first sound napping that had been done in the fort for six nights. The next morning at daylight the enemy’s batteries opened on us as usual, we laying low, as our cannon ammunition was nearly exhausted, giving them now and then a “crowder” to let them know that the “degenerate sons of Washington” were not all dead yet. At 1 o’clock we heard General Taylor open again and from that till 4 o’clock, the battle raged with fury, and coming closer almost every shot. – The general was driving them before him in the chaparral at the point of the bayonet. About half a mile in our rear we saw their cavalry retreating for the ferry, to recross the river at Matamoros, and they were in utter confusion; we turned one of our 18 pounders to bear on the mass and gave them a “blizzard” to help them along.
Then you should have heard the loud huzzas that went up from the little spot. I sprang upon the walls near our regimental flag and requested silence. Every thing was still as death. Says I, “three cheers, altogether, for the Star Spangled Banner.” It was given in full blast; Matamoros heard the shout, and then, and not till then, every gun of the enemy ceased its fire.
General T. captured more muskets from the enemy, than we had in the fight against them – the biggest pile of ammunition you ever saw, 400 splendid mules, and baggage of all kinds enough to load the steamer “Harney.” We have lost about 150 killed and wounded – 4 officers killed, 9 wounded. Gen. T. left day before yesterday, for Brazos to bring up his mortars, which we understand have arrived. – He will also organize the volunteers expected. We look for him to night, and so soon as he arrives, we shall commence operations against Matamoros, and we will have it or faint in our traces. It is my opinion that we have crippled them so by the loss of their cannon, muskets, and ammunition, that they will be forced to retreat to Comargo. [60 miles from here,] or Monterey, [108,] but from indications they may be fortifying the city and preparing to give us a street fight; let it be so – we are prepared for any event. The American never can acknowledge the corn of the cross of Negro and Indian. Some of us will get our pates cracked, but it is our profession. Nevertheless, mark what I say – unless everything we demand is granted, our banner will in a few days waive from the walls of Matamoros. [JCB]
NNR 70.224public journals on finances in light of war
FINANCES FOR THE WAR. On the 4th inst. In the United States senate –
MR. LEWIS, of Alabama, (Chairman of the committee on finances,) offered two resolutions, calling upon the president to communicate to the senate the amount of available funds for the ensuing fiscal year, - the probable expenses of a vigorous prosecution of the war with Mexico, - the means relied upon for raising the requisite revenue, - what were the views of the government in reference to duties to be derived from imports whilst in a state of war, - whether a loan was contemplated, - and, in short, information in reference to the state of the finances, with a view to the prosecution of the war.
No objections being made, the resolutions were adopted.
On the motion of MR. CRITTENDEN, the resolutions were afterwards reconsidered. His object was to have the enquiry made rather more comprehensive. As adopted they looked only to a modification of the tariff, as a means for an increase in revenue. – He wished to add “and other purposes,” – so as to elicit the president’s general views as to the requisite increase of revenue.
MR. WEBSTER, was anxious that the attention of government should be directed to the fact, that the money market was greatly embarrassed. The transfer of so large an amount of funds in specie, by land, to N. Orleans, as was now required there, would be difficult, and the sudden abstraction of funds from places where they had been deposited would occasion a deal of mischief. Whether treasury drafts ought be issued – or what measure for relief would meet the views of those who had the country in charge, was a matter of profound interest. He respectfully enquired of the chairman of the committee on finances, if anything was to be done towards relieving the exchanges, no so unequal?
MR. LEWIS, knew of no changes in the present mode of conducting the transfers.
MR. CALHOUN, did not like that one senator should catechize another. The embarrassments spoken of were incident to, and necessary to a state of war. – Exchanges were against New York and in favor of New Orleans, and that was the cause. It could not be avoided by a national bank, or in any other way.
MR. WEBSTER, said that the government might afford relief by a proper administration of the existing laws, or by framing new ones. If he was called upon to point out the means of relief he should suggest a small issue of treasury notes, the effect of which would be to allay alarm, to increase confidence, to facilitate exchanges. It would not be necessary in doing this to rely upon treasury notes for the support of the war. All that would be necessary would be to aid the government itself by a transfer of its finds in the available means to treasury drafts.
MR. SIMMONS, of R, Island, concurred in this, and thought it a practical remedy for relief.
MR. NILES, of Conn., was for a vigorous application of the sub-treasury bill, and that was his means of relief.
MR. DAVIS, was glad that the resolution had been brought forward. It was time that the policy of the administration was made known in reference to the existing war. The policy laid out by the president and his friends six months since was in reference to a time of peace, and not to such a moment as the present.
After further debate the resolutions were deferred until next day, when –
MR CRITTENDEN, offered an additional enquiry, by way of amendment, and the whole were adopted without further debate.
The financial views entertained by the government will no doubt be communicated accordingly. [JCB]
NNR 70.224 June 13, 1846 Volunteers, Mexican schooners to USN, Brooklyn Navy Yard activity
Overwhelmed with articles, that ought to be inserted, many of them of primary interest, it is difficult to select. We have a number of columns in type, waiting for room, each one seeming to demand immediate insertion, amongst them the "Volunteer" movements, in all directions. Six thousand Volunteers were stated to have reached Point Isabel within a few days past. The disbursements required for the army now on the frontier are stated to approach half a million of dollars per day, rather an over estimate no doubt, but yet the amount must be heavy.
Amongst the volunteers for the Army, are noticed Henry Clay, Jun., son of Henry Clay, of Ashland Kentucky; a son of Mr. Crittenden, U. States Senator from Kentucky; the youngest son of Daniel Webster, with the approbation of his father, U.S. Senator from Massachusetts is raising, volunteer company in that state, for army of invasion.
Additions to the Navy.--The Bonito, Petrel, and Reefer, three schooners which are recently built at New York for Mexico, not having been paid for, have been sold by their builders to the United States government, delivered at the Brooklyn Navy Yard, and will be forthwith armed and dispatched to the Gulf,-- under command of Lieutenants Shaw, Sterret and Purviance.
Two Steamers, built also at the same port for the Mexican government, have likewise been purchased by our government, and will be ready for delivery in about a month.
The Brooklyn Navy Yard, is all bustle.--The Sloop Albany, will
be launched in about two weeks.--The splendid picture, presented by
the Albanians in honor of her name, has arrived, and will shortly occupy
a conspicuous place in her cabin. A North River sloop was engaged
on Saturday morning in landing some eight or ten Paixhan guns from the
West Point Foundry, probably intended for the Albany. Workmen are
likewise engaged in making ready the store ship Relief and the sloop Boston.--Nothing
is said about preparing the frigate Macedonian, Lexington,
or the frigate Sabine, the latter of which is on the stocks.
There are now some eight hundred additional hands of all kinds who have
been placed in employment since the arrival of recent orders for fitting
out the government vessels. [AEK]
NNR 70.225indignation of disbanded volunteers
A letter from New Orleans says: “The disbanded mounted gun-men,’ which were being raised under Colonel Lafayette Saunders, and who had been at great expense in procuring equipiments, &c., have held several meetings to express their indignation at the conduct of the war department, in rejecting their services. Their disappointment seems to have been very great, and they express it in no measured terms. [JCB]
NNR 70.225 June 13, 1846 Official Reports
June 13, 1846 GENERAL TAYLOR’S OFFICIAL REPORTS, of the battles of the 8th and 9th of May, have been received at Washington, but not yet published. Despatches from him dated Matamoros, 18th, 20th, 21st, and 24th May, giving an account of the retreat of the Mexicans and of his having taken possession of Matamoros, displaying the American flag over “Fort Paredes,” and referring to the embarrassments which General Gaines’ requisition for other volunteers than had been asked for in his, Gen. Taylor’s requisition, &c., &c., reached us too late for insertion in this number. [JCB]
NNR 70.226, 256 June 1846 escape of two Mexican steamers from Veracruz for Havana
June 13, 1846 THE MEXICAN STEAMERS - Montezuma and Guadaloupe. – A slip from the office of the Charleston Courier, dated May 31st says – The schooner F. A. Crown, four and a half days from Havana , reports that two Mexican steamers, Montezuma and Guadaloupe, had escaped from Vera Cruz and arrived at Havana under English colors on the 24th ult. In 6 days. [JCB]
June 20, 1846 The Mexican steamers, Guadaloupe and Montezuma have reached Havana, their officers rejoicing at their escape from the American squadron. Santa Anna is said to have connived the purchasers of these vessels.
The probability is, that British capital was obtained where with to pay for building those vessels, and that the Mexican governemtn having never paid for their construction and outfit, the capitalists concerned have paid themselves as far as they could, by taking the steamers as a purchase from the Mexican government. The British government it is thought have had no agency in this transaction. The steamers were built in New York. [JCB]
NNR 70.227difficulties developing over requisitions for volunteers
The difficulties which were foreseen and pointed out in the first reception of intelligence that requisitions from different authorities were being made for volunteers, are now developed, exactly as predicted. Government finds them exceedingly embarrassing, the state authorities scarcely less so, and the volunteers themselves are provoked and disheartened at the outset, by an evident want of proper arrangement in the premises. Meantime officers of the army heretofore high in estimation, are to be overhauled, perhaps, court martialled, instead of being in command at the moment when and where their experience and military knowledge ought to be available to the country. [JCB]
NNR 70.227confusion about mustering of the Saint Louis Legion into US service, troops raised for service against Santa Fe
THE MISSOURI VOLUNTEERS, or rather, the St. Louis legion, numbering 700 men, promptly assembled under command of Col. A.R. Easton, under Gen. Gaines’requisition to aid Gen. Taylor on the Rio Grande, were utterly confounded on being informed that under instructions from the war department, General Gaines’ requisition would not be recognized, and that consequently they could not be mustered into the U. States service. Afer endevouring in vain to reconcile the difficulty, the legion spiritedly resolved to embark for the Rio Grande on their own hook, and had made arrangements to leave on the 23rd ult. Just as they were leaving, Col. Campbell received a letter from Gov. Edwards, then in Washington, stating that Gen. Gaines requisition on Missouri had been approved by the president, and the volunteers that had started would be accepted, but the president desired that all who had not started, would be detained for the expedition against Santa Fe. Volunteers for Santa Fe, are pouring into St. Louis. [JCB]
KENTUCKY VOLUNTEERS. The Louisville legion, appear to have been too quick for the counter orders from the war department. At least they were off for New Orleans in virtue of impulse, if not of Gen. Gaines’ requisition. They will contrive to get themselves mustered into the United States service, we hope, under some constitutional clause or other. Gen. Gaines’ requisition was recognized by Gov. Owsley on the 17th of May, and the volunteers on that day were called for. The Frankfort Commonwealth, of the 26th says: “The requisition has been met. Before 12 o’clock on Monday, 13 companies of infantry, and nine of cavalry had been tendered to the governor. The governor accepted them in the order in which they tendered themselves, so that there were three superfluous companies of infantry, while but one company of cavalry remains to be tendered to fill up the requisition.” [JCB]
NNR 70.227 over 5,000 Tennessee volunteers for the Rio Grande
TENNESSEE. Over five thousand volunteers have offered their services already to the governor, for the Rio Grande, twice the number the state is to furnish. Ex-governor Jones, (the late whig candidate,) is raising volunteers. [JCB]
NNR 70.227 Gov. James Pinckney Henderson takes command of the Texas volunteers and proceeds to frontier
TEXAS. Gov. Henderson and a portion of his staff left for the Rio Grande on the 19th ult. [JCB]
NNR 70.227 departure of Texas companies of volunteers for the Rio Grande
A splendid company of volunteers from Montgomery, under Captain (late colonel) Jo. Bennet, left Galveston for the Rio Grande on the 29th ult. A company of about sixty mounted riflemen, under the command of Capt. Early, had started from Washington county for the Rio Grande; another company was to follow in a few days. [JCB]
NNR 70.227general orders specifying routes of western volunteers to the frontier
ROUTE OF VOLUNTEERS. A general order from the headquarters of the army, at Washington, under date of 19th May, thus specifies the destination and routes of the quotas of volunteers called from the western states:
“The regiments of cavalry or mounted men called from Kentucky and Tennessee, will, from their respective state-rendezvous, take up their line of march, by the best routes, via Memphis, Little Rock, on the Arkansas, Fulton, on the Red River, and Robins’ Ferry, on the Trinity River, upon San Antonio de Baxar, Texas. The regiments of cavalry or mounted men called from Arkansas, will, from its state-rendezvous (say) Washington, take the same route from Fulton to San Antonio de Bexar.
“Exception one regiment of the Kentucky and one of the Illinois quote of foot – to which General Wool is charged with giving different routes, and alos excepting the Arkansas battalion which will receive instructions through Brevet Brigadier General Arbuckle, all other regiments and battalions of volunteer infantry or rifle called for, from the said states, will be embarked at the nearest navigable points to their state-rendezvous, and thence proceed by water, with or without transshipment at Mobile, or New Orleans, to Point Isabel or Brazos Santiago, Texas, like the troops ordered to San Antonio de Bexar? The whole will come under the orders of the general officer in the chief command of the United States’ land forces operating against Mexico.” [JCB]
NNR 70.227discouragement of Indiana volunteers
INDIANA VOLUNTEERS. The requisition on Indiana called for three regiments of volunteer infantry, artillery and riflemen.
A public meeting was called at Indianapolis, which was addressed by gov. Whitcomb, (a warm partisan of the administration,) who addressed the people, and exhorted them to volunteer for the defense of the country. As to supplies, he said no provision had been made by the general government for supplies of any kind, and the volunteers must pay their own expenses, until mustered into service, but be thought the general government would refund! – he stated that the Madison bank had offered to place $10,000 to his credit for supplying volunteers, but he had scruples about his right to accept it. He would consider of the proposition further, and, in case the bank would agree to advance and look only to the United States for payment, he did not know but he would accept it! Before this speech, says the statement, some were determined to volunteer, but they were discouraged and did not offer. [JCB]
NNR 70.227difficulty in supplying Ohio troops mustered into US service
OHIO VOLUNTEERS. The requisition on this state was for three regiments, 2,400 men.
Cincinnati prompty responded, by parading the following companies –
Cincinnati Greys, numbering 80, Montgomery Gaurds, 160, Washington Cadets, 80, Morgan Riflemen, 80, German Volunteer Companies, 500, total, 900.
Difficulties were encountered as to meeting expenditures. The Ohio Life Insurance and Trust Company placed to the credit of the governor of the state the sum of $10,000 to meet the immediate demands of fitting out the volunteers.
The quota of the state was filled up. The Cincinnati Gazette on announcing the fact, adds – “We regret to learn that arrangements supposed to have been completed for passing the troops into the service of the United States, and for the prompt supply of volunteers by the general government, have failed, and that major Tompkins declines furnishing supplies, or to pay for those heretofore furnished. The state officers, therefore, continue to perform these duties.
Why is the burthrn thrown upon the state officers? Why this disregard by the war department of the wants of men invited in its behalf into the service of the country? These volunteers are United States troops, brought into service under the law of the U. States. The action of the state executive has been invoked to facilitate the raising these troops for the United States, not for the state. The governor has acted promptly with mean procured of individuals and state institutions – no menas whatever having been furnished by the war department, though congress had placed $10,000,000 at the disposal of the president, for the express purpose of raising and supplying this force. The action of the state governors and other state officers is gratuitous as it regards the general government. The act of congress confers no authority and impresses no obligation upon state officers. Why, then, are they asked to assume these onerous duties? And why, if these duties are readily assumed, and the department relieved, are they left to raise the means as best they may? Surely, if asked to perform these duties, they should be supplied with means. There is culpable negligence somewhere.
Major Tompkins, of the quarter master’s department of the army, has been here some days, but for some reason unknown to us, refuses to relieve or provide for the troops in camp! The law provides a method of mustering the volunteers into the service of the United States. This has been complied with. The law expressly provides, that when mustered into service, these volunteers shall be subject to the rules and articles of war, and shall be “in all respects, except as to clothing and pay, placed on the same footing with similar corps in the United States army.” The volunteers of camp Washington have been mustered into service, and have taken the oath according to law. They are entitled to subsistence from the United States most clearly. Under what pretext so plain a duty as to supply them is neglected or thrown upon the state, we are unable to discover. The word now is, they must wait the arrival of ge. Wool. There is great fault somewhere, and it should be ferreted out and exposed. But we are glad to learn that the governor will furnish supplies rather than let the troops suffer.” [JCB]
NNR 70.228American consul at Veracruz and all Americans ordered to leave
It was reported that Gen. Paredes intended
leaving the city of Mexico with troops to reinforce the army at the north.
By an order from the Mexican government the American consul at Vera
Cruz was ordered to close his office, and, with all Americans to leave
in eight days from the date of the order, which was on the 18th
of May.
The consul intended to embark on board of the U.S. steamer Mississippi
on the 26th. At anchor off the Isla Vorda, U.S. frigate
Raritan and steamer Mississippi, and off the port the U.S.
sloop Falmouth. [JCB]
NNR 70.228 June 13, 1846 Maryland volunteers
Maryland volunteers. We noticed in our last, the departure on the 29th of three fine companies of volunteers, raised within a few preceding days in the city or Baltimore, for the Mexican war. Impatient of delay, they determined to report themselves at once to the secretary of war, and for that purpose took passage in the cars for Washington. No provisions having been made for their reception there, they had some difficulty in the then extremely crowded condition of the city, to find accommodations.--A touch of campaigning even in the capitol of their own made republic they had to begin the service with. They soon made themselves known however, and were then duly appreciated and their services were accepted. The president requested the governor of Maryland to make the appointments of that portion of "the District of Columbia Battalion composed of Maryland volunteers." Gov. Pratt accordingly commissioned Wm. H. Watson, late captain of the Independent Blues, (of Baltimore) to lieutenant colonel of said battalion. Another company also from Baltimore joined the battalion a few days after, and the whole embarked on the 11th instant, on board the steamer Massachusetts, for the Rio Grande. [AEK]
NNR 70.228 June 13, 1846 Mexico--Latest, Vera Cruz blockade, Battles of May 8th and 9th
Advices to the 25th ult., were received at New Orleans, on the 1st inst., from Vera Cruz, brought by the barque Louisiana, Capt. Williams.
The blockade of Vera Cruz commenced on 20th May, and 15 days were allowed for all neutral vessels to load and depart. The British mail steamers will enter and leave the port as usual; but will only be allowed to take specie.
The day the Louisiana sailed, information reached Vera Cruz that Mazatlan and Lepia had proclaimed in favor of General Santa Anna. Gen. Alvarez, in the south, was carrying on a disastrous war against the government.
It was reported that Gen. Paredes intended leaving the city of Mexico with troops to reinforce the army at the north. By an order from the Mexican government the American consul at Vera Cruz was ordered to close his office, and, with all Americans, to leave in eight days from the date of the order, which was on the 18th May.
The consul intended to embark on board of the U.S. steamer Mississippi on the 26th. At anchor off the Isle Vorda, U.S. frigate Raritan and Steamer Mississippi, and off the port the U.S. sloop Falmouth
Great animosity prevailed against the Americans since the defeat of the Mexicans at Matamoros was known. The Louisiana sailed from Vera Cruz in company with the brig Helen McLeod (of Baltimore) for this port. I learn from Capt. Williams that no American vessels were left in port at the time he sailed. The packet brig St. Petersburg sailed for New York on the 20th ult.
The N. O. Picayune, June 2d, says--"The enormous forced loans which the government had imposed upon the clergy, the latter had declared itself totally unable to meet. The Metropolitan church was ordered to furnish a subsidy of $98,000 per month; the Mechoacan $35,000; of Puebla $40,000; of Guadalajara $2,000; of Durango $15,000, and of Oajaca $8,000. These great sums per month show that the president is determined to prosecute the war with energy. He will never be able to collect such loans.
In regard to Paredes putting himself at the head of the army, El Republicano says it is uncertain whether he will repair to the Rio Grande or to Vera Cruz; but he will leave the capital as soon as congress assembles. Full accounts of the disastrous actions of the 8th and 9th had reached the capital and appeared in the official journal.
They are more accurate by far than Mexican bulletins generally, and do credit to Arista.
The news was received with profound regret, but with an apparent determination to fight the war out."
The Mexican papers claim positively that the number of the killed and wounded on the part of the Americans was more considerable than that of the Mexicans. Gen. Arista sets down the force of the Mexicans in the action of the 8th May at 3000 men and twelve pieces artillery; our numbers are stated to have been 3000 men, more or less, with great superiority in artillery. The destruction by our artillery is represented to have been severe--over three thousand shot are said to have been fired at the Mexicans in the same time discharged seven hundred and fifty shots from their artillery.
The Mexican loss on the 8th is set down at 352 killed, wounded, and missing--and they claim to have retained possession of the field of battle.
We have not the description of the action of the 9th, by Gen. Arista, as we had supposed in our has, but we have by us a journal friendly to him. His position is represented to have been gallantly forced, notwithstanding the repeated charges of the Mexican cavalry, the last of which was headed by Arista in person, and during which they actually "cut to pieces two entire companies of the Americans." The loss of the Americans is still represented as superior to that of the Mexicans.
The papers make very patriotic appeals to all good citizens to come up now to the rescue of the country.
In regard to the loan attempted to be raised from the cleft of Mexico, we have the official letter of the minister of the treasury, Senor Iturbe, dated the 13th, before the news of the actions of the 8thand 9th could have been received. It sets for the grievous necessity of money for the war, and urges the duty of the clergy to submit to the hardship forced upon all by the national calamities.
He tells the archbishop that the government has appropriated all revenues which were mortgaged, suspending, without exception, all payments to its creditors; that it withheld a fourth part of the salaries of all its employees; that all classes were call upon to make sacrifices, and the clergy must not be exempt. He then calls for a loan of $2,400,000, payable in twelve monthly installments, commencing the 30thof June. The archbishop is called upon to partition the loan among the various bodies of the clergy.
On the 15th the archbishop replied, that he had summoned an ecclesiastic convention to meet that morning, before whom the matter would be laid; and that he would co-operate to the extent of his powers "in a war in which were at stake the two precious objects of Mexicans, its independence and its religion."
The next we hear of the loan is an announcement in El Republicano, of the 21st, that the metropolitan churches could not contribute the $98,000 a month allotted to them, as the total of their revenues will fall short of that sum. The same paper states that the collection of such sums as are assigned to the other churches is utterly impracticable in the present ruinous state of the tithes and the general depreciation of ecclesiastical property. [AEK]
NNR 70.228proclamation in favor of Gen. Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna
The day the Louisiana sailed, information reached Vera Cruz that Mazatlan and Lepia had proclaimed in favor of General Santa Anna. Gen. Alvarez, in the south, was carrying on a disastrous [. . . ]
NNR 70.228 Gen. Mariano Paredes y Arrillaga intends to move north with troops
In regard to Paredes putting himself at the head of the army, El Republicano says it is uncertain whether he will repair to the Rio Grande or to Vera Cruz; but he will leave the capital as soon as congress assembles. Full accounts of the disasterous actions of the 8th and 9th had reached the capital and appeared in the official journal.
They are more accurate by far than Mexican bulletins generally, and do credit to Arista. [JCB]
NNR 70.228animosity against the United States
Great animosity prevailed against the Americans since the defeat of the Mexicans at Matamoros was known. The Louisiana sailed from Vera Cruz in company with the brig Helen McLeod (of Baltimore) for this port. I learn from Capt. Williams that no American vessels were left in port at the time he sailed. The packet brig St. Petersburg sailed for New York on the 20th ult. [JCB]
NNR 70.228Mexican clergy refuse to loan funds for the war
The N.O. Picayune, June 2d, says – “The enormous forced loans which the government had imposed upon the clergy, the latter had declared itself totally unable to meet. The Metropolitan church was ordered to furnish a subsidy of$98,000 per month; the Mechoacan $35,000; of Puebla $40,000; of Guadalajara $2,000; of Durango $15,000, and of Oajaca $8,000. These great sums per month show that the president is determined to prosecute the war with energy. He will never be able to collect such loans. [JCB]
NNR 70.228 Mexican account of casualties in the late battles
The Mexican papers claim positively that the number killed and wounded on the part of the Americans was more considerable than that of the Mexicans. Gen. Arista sets down the force of the Mexicans in the action of the 8th May at 3000 men and twelve pieces of artillery. The destruction by our artillery represented to have been severe. – Over three thousand shot are said to have been fired at the Mexicans by our artillery, between 2 o’clock. P.M., and 7, in the evening, when the battle closed. The Mexicans in the same time discharged seven hundred and fifty shots from their artillery.
The Mexican loss on the 8th is set down at 352 killed, wounded, and missing – and they claim to have retained possession of the field of battle. [JCB]
NNR 70.228 patriotic effusions of Mexican journals
We have not the description of the action of the 9th by Gen. Arista, as we had supposed in our haste, but we have by us in a journal friendly to him. His position is represented to have been gallantly forced, notwithstanding the repeated charges of the Mexican cavalry, the last of which was headed by Arista in person, and during which they actually “cut to pieces two entire companies of the Americans.” The loss of the Americans is still represented as superior to that of the Mexicans.
The papers make very patriotic appeals to all good citizens to come up now to the rescue of the country. [JCB]
NNR 70.228 further discussions with the clergy about the proposed loan to the Mexican government
In regard to the loan attempted to be raised from the clergy of Mexico, we have the official letter of the minister of the treasury, Senor Iturbe, dated the 13th, before the news of the actions of the 8th and 9th could have been received. It sets forth the grievous necessity of money for the war, and urges the duty of the clergy to submit to the hardship forced upon all by the national calamities.
He tells the archbishop that the government has appropriated all revenues which were mortgaged, suspending, without exception, all payments to its creditors; that it withheld a fourth part of the salaries of all its employees; that all classes were called upon to make sacrifices, and the clergy must not be exempt. He then calls for a loan of $2,400,000, payable in twelve monthly instalments, commencing the 30th of June. The archbishop is called upon to partition the loan among the various bodies of the clergy.
On the 15th the archbishop replied, that he had summoned an ecclesiastic convention to meet that morning, before whom the matter would be laid; and that he would co-operate to the extent of his powers “in a war in which were at stake the two precious objects of the Mexicans, its independence and its religion.”
The next we hear of the loan is an announcement in El Republicano, of the 21st, that the metropolitan churches could not contribute the $98,000 a month allotted to them, as the total of their revenue will fall short of that sum. The same paper states that the collection of such sums as are assigned to the other churches is utterly impracticable in the present ruinous state of the tithes and the general depreciation of ecclesiastical property. [JCB]
NNR 70.228 preparations for an expedition against Santa Fe
EXPEDITION AGAINST SANTA FE. The St. Louis Republican of the 1st instant says – Yesterday capt. Turner, of col. Kearney’s staff, arrived in this city, direct from Fort Leavenworth, with instructions to the proper officer to furnish the necessary provisions, baggage, trains, &c. &c. for the contemplated expedition to New Mexico. They will be supplied at an early day, and shipped to Fort Leavenworth.
Upon the reception of the orders of the president, col. Kearney put every means in requisition to expedite his departure at as early a day as possible.
We are gratified to learn that col. K. does not go on this expedition, with the meager force which has been reported. His power, we hear, is ample to call for any force which the exigencies of the service may require. We do not know the whole amount of troops which he will dem proper to call for, but we understand that, in addition to two companies of artillery and mounted men, he will take a large infantry force. [JCB]
GEN. TAYLORS ARMY. – The Washington Union says: - “Gen. Taylor had, according to, the last accounts, about 8,000 troops under his eagles. Hundreds and thousands of volunteers were pouring into his camp. He will soon be in advance into the enemy’s country and we shall not be surprised to hear of his reaching Monterey, about 130 miles from Matamoros about the commencement of the table land, in a healthy region, at no distant day.” [JCB]
NNR 70.228 operation of the Army on the Rio Grande, talk between Gen. Pedro Ampudia and Gen. Zachary Taylor
ARMY ON THE RIO GRANDE. The steamship New York, at New Orleans, from Galveston, brings papers of the latter place to the 30th of May, inclusive. A letter in the New Orleans Commercial Times says –
Gen. Taylor took possession of Matamoros without opposition, on the 18th. He sent out Captain Walker and a company of dragoons, on a scouting part, and to observe the Mexican Army on their retreat. They had a slight skirmish with the vanguard of the army, in which they killed several of the enemy, and took twenty-five prisoners. It is reported that the enemy are strongly fortifying Monterey, and receiving strong reinforcements. Gen. Taylor, it is supposed, has now about nine thousand men, and reinforcements coming in daily.
Gen. Taylor’s encampment is a mile from Matamoros, and our soldiers are not permitted to enter the town – the citizens of which are respected and protected in all their rights.
A correspondent of the New Orleans Deltas furnishes the following particulars of the capture of Matamoros:
On the morning of the 17th, Gen. Taylor demanded an interview with Gen. Ampudia, which was granted. Ampudia arrived at our camp, and a big talk was to be had.
Ampudia talked of an armistice: Gen. Taylor demanded an unconditional surrender of the town. – Ampudia wished the armistice: Gen. Taylor told him that the time for such things had passed; and that it was no use now to talk about it, particularly since he had been put t the trouble of transporting those heavy pieces of artillery. Ampudia still hesitated; at length he proposed to exclude the public buildings and public property. “No,” says the general, “I will have everything.” Finally, Ampudia agreed to return an answer by a certain hour that day – and took his leave, casting a woeful look at the heavy mortars as he passed them.
The hour at which the answer was to be given arrived, but no answer came. Gen. Taylor immediately ordered preparations to be made for crossing the river; parties were sent up and down the river, to secure all boats that could be seen on either side. That night, just after dark, the army moved three miles up the river, and encamped for the night opposite the crossing. Next morning, every thing being ready, the passage of the river was commenced just after sunrise, and the whole army landed on the opposite side without firing a single gun. It was understood that the Mexican army, after throwing part of their ammunition and cannon into the river, and concealing another portion of the same, had commenced their retreat about dusk on the evening before, by way of the main road towards the interior, in number from four to five thousand men, Arista at their head.
After our troops had crossed, Adjutant General Bliss advanced towards the main fort in front of the town, and sounded a peal. The principal Alcalde made his appearance, and a formal demand was made for the surrender of the town, with a promise that all religious and civil rights should be secured to them – all private property protected. The Alcalde wished to know if the public buildings and property would be free. The answer was, every thing belonging to the government must be given up. The Alcalde then said Gen. Taylor could take possession as soon as he thought proper, and that he would meet with no resistance. This was done, our army encamping in front of the town. [JCB]
NNR 70.228-229 a party of Americans taken and barbarously treated between Point Isabel and Corpus Christi
The Galveston News, May 29th says – “The most distressing news is the murder of a party of fifteen Americans, including two women and a child, between Point Isabel and Corpus Christi, by a party of Mexicans, exceeding in cold-blooded cruelty and of the previous atrocities of these savages. It appears that a party of fifteen, of whom Mr. Rogers spoken of above was one, left Corpus Christi for Point Isabel on the 2nd or 3rd inst. They arrived at Little Colorado just previous to the battle of the 8th ult., where they were surprised by a company of Rancheros, and being overpowered by numbers, were induced by Mexican promises to surrender as prisoners of war.
No sooner had those blood-thirsty dogs obtained possession of their arms than they stripped and robbed their victims, bound them beyond the power of resistance, and having ravished the women before their faces, cut all their throats, one fiend performing the horriblke butchery. Rogers saw his father and brother butchered in this terrible manner, before his own turn came, and his own escape was owing to the fact that while the wound upon his throat was not fatal, he had the presence of mind to feign himself dead, and was accordingly, with all the balance, thrown into the Colorado, where he managed to escape unseen, and swam to the other side of the river.
Thence he subsequently made his way to the Rio Grande, was taken prisoner, sent to the hospital in Matamoros, and after the battle, exchanged. It is stated that a letter was written from Corpus Christi two days before the departure of this company, giving information to the Mexicans of their march, and of the amount of their money. It was not, we learn, without much reluctance, and some threats from an American officer, that the Mexican officer consented to exchange Mr. Rogers. [JCB]
NNR 70.229 items of information from Brazos
The New Orleans Commercial Times, June 2nd, says – “By the arrival of steamer Mary Kingsland from Brazos, which place she left on the 27th ult., eight hours after Galveston, we are put in possession of the following items of intelligence: [JCB]
NNR 70.229 arrival of Texas Rangers and infantry at Point Isabel
On the 26th, a reinforcement of 600 Texans arrived at Point Isabel; 400 mounted rangers and 200 infantry, from Padre Island. Amongst the latter is a German company, 80 strong, from Point Lavaca, said to be one of the finest looking bodies of men yet seen in camp.
It is confidently stated that Arista is concentrating his forces at Reinosa.
The troops that went by the Mary Kingsland, were to march on the 28th for Matamoros, by way of Bocca Chica and Barita.
The U.S. brig Lawrence was the only vessel of war left at the mouth of the Rio Grande. [JCB]
NNR 70.229 Mexican account of incidents from 1st to 3rd May
MEXICAN ACCOUNT OF THE INCIDENTS, from the 1st to the 3rd of May, inclusive. [From the Matamoros Eagle, May 4th.]
The first day of this month, at 11 A.M., his excellency, the general-in-chief, left his place to join the army, which had marched a few hours previous, for the purpose of passing the river at no great distance from the enemy’s camp. In consequence of the orders given for the accomplishment of this dangerous operation, with proper security and comformable to the rules of the military art, on the arrival of our troops at the point designated, all the troops under the command of Gen. Torrejon had already occupied the left bank. The enthusiasm of our soldiers to overcome the obstacle that separated them from the enemy was so great, that they appeared sorrowful at the delay caused by the injuries received by the flatboats that had necessarily been conveyed by land on carts, and were so much damaged that they immediately filled with water on being put into the river. Nevertheless such was the activity of the general-in-chief, whose orders were fulfilled with the greatest celerity and exactness, that a few hours sufficed to transport to the opposite margin of the Bravo a strong division, with all their artillery and train of war.
This rapid and well combined movement ought to have demonstrated to the invaders, that the Mexicans have not only instruction and aptitude for war, but that these qualities appeared realized on the present occasion by the most pure and refined patriotism. – The Division of the North, encountering fatigue and overcoming difficulties, ran in search of the enemy, who covered by parapets and defended by cannons of such heavy caliber, can, with indisputable advantage, await the attack. With deep losses, with a multitude of fortifications, the defenses were easy against those who present to them their bare breasts. But Gen. Taylor dared not resist the valor and enthusiasm of the sons of Mexico! Well he foresaw the intrepidity with which our soldiers would have rushed upon the usurpers of our national territory; well he knew that those who have so many injuries to avenge, those who have grasped their arms not to augment their own property by despoiling others, not in favor of independence of the country; well he knew, we again repreat, that Mexicans have no dread, either of forces, or fortifications, or heavy artillery. Thus it is, the chief of the American forces, intimidated the moment he knew by the proximity of the situation of his camp that our army prepared to pass the river, sallied out precipitately for the Fronton de Santa Isabel, with nearly all his troops and pieces of artillery, and some wagons.
The march was observed from this place, during which his Excellency Sr. General D. Francisco Mejia sent an express to communicate the notice to the general-in-chief. Here we must render to our heros the honor that they merit. The express verbally informed some soldiers, who had not yet reached the river, of the retreat of the enemy; they immediately set off at a run spontaneously the rest of the distance, such was the ardor and the anxious desire to come up with the enemy. The complete flight and terror that these set off with, from the frontier, to shut themselves in and evade the encounter, frustrated the active measures of Sr. Gen. Arista, given with the object of advancing the cavalry on the plain, to cut off the retreat of the fugitives. But it was not possible, even by a forced march in the night. Gen. Taylor left his camp at 2 P.M., and as fear has wings, he succeeded in getting into the Fronton; for when the cavalry got to the point where they ought to have cut them off, they were already past, and some leagues ahead. Great was the disappointment of our valiants that they could not meet the enemy face to face; Their route would have been certain, and the greatest part of the American army, who thought to cast down the Mexicans, would have perished in the first battle of importance. But we want to fight, and the Americans do not know how to use any arms except deceit and perfidy. Why did they not remain firm and fight at the foot of their flag? Why did they leave the land they iniquitously pretend to usurp? Is this the way the general fulfils his word of honor? – Has not Mr. Taylor said in all his communications, that he was prepared to repel those that offered to attack him? Why then did he run away cowardly, and shut himself up in the Fenton? The chief of the American army has covered himself with disgrace and ignominy; sacrificing, to save himself, a part of his forces that he left in the fortifications; for it is certain he would not return to succor them. He is not ignorant of the danger they run, but he calculates that his would be greater if he had the temerity to attempt to resist on the plain the bayonets and lances of the Mexicans.
We pass on to relate the glorious success of yesterday (Sunday, May 3d.) At day break our batteries opened fire on the fortifications of the enemy, and the thundering of the Mexican cannon was saluted by the drums of all the barracks and points of the line, by the bells of the parish church, and by the cheers of the inhabitants of Matamoros. In a moment the streets were filled, and all were happy that the hour had arrived to give a terrible lesson to the American camp, whose odious presence ought no longer be tolerated. The enemy answered, but were soon convinced that their artillery, although of superior caliber, could not compete with that of this place. After five hours fire, our bulwarks remained immovable from their solidity, and the knowledge displayed in the rules of the art of their construction; but it did not happen so with the fortifications of our opponents, for their parapets were completely demolished, in such a manner that by 11 o’clock, A.M., they ceased to play their artillery, and silenced their fire. For our part we continued actively the rest of the day without the enemy daring to answer, for the parapets which they sheltered themselves under, being destroyed, they had not the courage to load their cannons, that remained entirely uncovered. The result demonstrates what is in reality the exaggerated skill of the American artillery. – They have 18 pounders, and those of our line do not exceed the caliber of 8 pounds; nevertheless the skill and practice of the Mexicans sufficed to vanquish those that handled superior arms. Unfading glory and eternal honor to our valiant artillery!
The enemy, in their impotent rage, and previous to hiding their shame behind the most ditant parapets, had the barbarity to direct their arms on the city, to destroy the edifices, since it was not easy to destroy the fortifications from whence they received so much injury. The mean vengance, that can only be in the souls of miserable cowards, fortunately did not succeed as they intended. They who so unworthily adorn themselves with the title of illustrated (illustrious?) philanthropists! But their awkwardness was equal to their malice, for nearly all the balls went over, and those that struck the houses, although they were 18 pounders, did no other damage than mark one or two holes in the walls. If those who conceived the infamous idea of destroying Matamoros, had seen the smile of contempt that the owners of the houses displayed, and their indifference for the losses they might sustain, they would have admired the patriotism and unconcern of the Mexicans, who are always ready to make the greatest sacrifices to maintain their country and independence. The brilliant 3rd of May is another testimony of this truth. In the hottest of the fire we noticed the enthusiasm of all the inhabitants. A ball scarcely fell before the children ran in search of it, without fear that another, directed by the same arm, might strike the same place. – This occurred in our presence in the principal square, where a great many citizens had collected. The triumph of our arms has been complete, and we have only to lament the death or one sergeant and two artillerymen, who died gloriously fighting for their country. The families of these victims will be provided for by the supreme government, to whose paternal gratitude they have been recommended by the general-in-chief. It will also serve to console us that the blood of those valiants has been avenged by their brave companions.
As the artillery of our bastions introduced many balls in the enemy’s embrasures, the loss of the Americans must have been very great; and although we do not know with certainty the number of deaths, the most exact information makes them 56. It is probable it is so – their abandoning their cannon since 11 A.M., in consequence of two of them being dismounted, and the rest entirely uncovered – the terror and panic with which they retreated to their farthest entrenchments at the greatest speed; their taking every thing away from the reach of our artillery – the destruction which ought to have been occasioned by the grenades which were so well directed that some were scarcely a vara (yard?) distant from the spot where they ought to have fallen – all contribute to prove that the enemy has suffered terrible injury. If it was not so, why, if they have any valor left, did they not dare to repair their fortifications during the night? It is true that from time to time we fired a few cannons in the dark, but the aim could not be certain, and nothing but cowardice hindered them from answering the fire we opened on them at the break of day; not an American has shown his head. Silence reigns in their camp, and for this motive we have suspended our fire today to a few shots, for there is no enemy to present himself within reach of our batteries. To conclude, we insert a brilliant paragraph in the answer given by his excellency the general-in-chief, to the account which he received of the proceedings of yesterday. He says, “Mexico ought to glory, especially the valiant division of the North, that a force inferior in discipline, and perhaps in numbers, and who require nearly two months to receive their necessary supplies from the Capital, are proudly defying, on an immense plain, the army of the U.S., and all the powers of that republic, who, although they can receive assistance in fifty hours, have not dared to come out of the Fronton and give us battle.” [JCB]
NNR 70.229 June 13, 1846 Mexican Statement of their own loss, May 8th and 9 th
Plan of Campaign. Among the papers found in the captured effects of Arista, was the morning return of the Mexican force on the day of battle, which shows the strength of the enemy to have exceeded 8,000; though it is not absolutely certain the whole of that force was on the United States bank of the Rio Grande. Gen. Arista's aid, while making arrangements with a distinguished officer of our army for the exchange of prisoners and the care of the wounded, stated that the Mexican loss, in killed on the field of battle and drowned, was 800. Among the latter was one of the perished in his flight in the waters of the Rio Grande. In this number, the wounded and prisoners of course are not included. Fifteen hundred Mexican muskets (all king's arms,) had been collected by our troops.
The plan of campaign, as developed by Arista's papers, was that the general, after demolishing the small force under command of Gen. Taylor, to overrun Texas; and, having effected "the conquest of that revolted province," if it should be necessary to secure the fruits of victory, it was arranged that Gen. Paredes himself should march an army of occupation into the conquered country. [N.Y. Jour. Com. ] [AEK]
NNR 70.230 June 13, 1846 La Barita taken
Was the post, in Mexico, (according to the geography assumed by the president of the U. States,) first occupied by the American forces in the present war.
It was taken possession of by Col. Wilson, on the 17th May, 1846. An officer under his command furnishes the following account of the post and of its capture:
"La Barita, May 17, 1846.--I am here to select a site for the depot of our new base of operations and to intrnchit. This village is about then miles from the mouth of the river and the same distance from Brazos Santiago, or Fort Polka, (Point Isabel.) the prominent features which might induce me to decide upon this as the proper point for the depot, are, that it is the first high land you reach in ascending the river, that it is above hurricane tides, that the ground is naturally formed for a military position, commanding everything around it, and commanded by nothing. It is equi-distant, and not very inaccessible, from our other depots. The worst road is to Fort Polk--while the direct line is only then miles, the only road for wagons is over twenty. Col. Wilson is in command. He has four companies of his regiment--1 st infantry, and four of volunteers.
This movement up the river was intended to have been a combined one with Commodore Conner. It has been delayed two days by unfavorable weather, rendering the bar too rough. The commodore's limited stay here compelled him to notify the general not to count upon his co-operation in an expedition up the river. This morning, at daylight, I started the Neva (a river boat) out from the Brazos; she entered the Rio Bravo without difficulty about 8 A.M. I rode down the beach. Col. Wilson's command has been bivouacking for two days on our side of the mouth. We crossed them all over by 12; before 1 P.M., the column was en route up the river. The banks of the river are but slightly higher than the surface of the water for some miles up. The whole country low and filled with lagoons. There is a high ridge of sand hills some twenty feet high, extending up and down the coast, resting immediately on the beach. The couture back of this ridge is one vast plain of prairie and lagoon. The road up the river is tolerably good. The river is very serpentine. The road runs from bend to bend. The distance by river nearly double that by road. The road up the right bank is skirted to the left and south by lagoons until you reach Barita; so that a march of a column up this side was by no means exposed to a thick attack. The steamboat deck gave me a fine opportunity of observing the country. We can find no difficulty in making use of the river for transporting our supplies." [AEK]
NNR 70.235-239 June 13, 1846 Albert Gallatin's address to the people of the United States on the subject of war with Mexico
[June 13, 1846] COL. BENTON’S SPEECH ON THE OREGON. U.S. senate, May 25, 1846.
In resuming my speech on this subject, I wish to say, Mr. President, that the bill now before the senate is not the one recommended by the president of the United States. He recommended that the sovereignty and jurisdiction of the United States be extended to our Oregon territory to the same extent that Great Britain had extended her sovereignty and jurisdiction to the same country. In this recommendation I fully concur: and venture to say that, if such a bill was brought in, it might pass the senate, (leaving out unnecessary speeches) in as little time as it would require to read it three times by its title. But the bill before the senate is not of that character. It goes for beyond the president’s recommendation. It proposes many things not found in the British act of 1821 – things implying exclusive jurisdiction and sovereignty in us, and that to an undefined extent of country, and under circumstances which must immediately produce hostile collisions between our agents and the British agents on the other side of the Rocky Mountains. I am opposed ti all this; but I am not in favor of the indefinite postponement of the bill. I wish to see it amended and made conformable to the president’s recommendation. If gentlemen who have the conduct of the measure here will bring in such an amendment, and put it on its passage without speeches, I will stop my speech until it is passed.
I will now proceed to show, as well as I can, the degree and extent of our just claims beyond the Rocky Mountains.
To understand what I mean to say, it is necessary to recollect the geography of the country in question, and see it presenting as it does, three distinct geographical divisions, to each of which a different claim and a different degree of claim attaches, and which cannot be confounded under any one general view, without a general mystification and total confusion of the whole subject. The Columbia river and its valley is one of these divisions; the islands along the coast is another; Frazier’s river and its valley, (called by the British New Caledonia) is the third. Under these three divisions I now propose to speak of the country. Under these divisions I have always spoken of it; and what I have said of one part had no application to the other. When I spoke of the great river of the west and its valley, either by its American name of Columbia or its Indian name of Oregon, I never intended Frazier’s river as its valley, or Vancouver’s Island, or the Gulf of Georgia, or Desolation Sound, or Broughton’s Arch. When I speak of the coast and the islands, I do not mean the continent and the mountains; and when I speak of Frazier’s river or New Caledonia, I do not mean the Columbia river. I repudiate all such loose and slovenly verbiage; and, desiring to be understood according to my words, I go on to speak of the country beyond the Rocky Mountains under the three great geographical divisions into which nature has formed it, and to which political events have so naturally adapted themselves.
I begin with the islands.
From the straits of Fuca, (in fact from Puget’s Sound to the peninsula of Alaska – a distance of one thousand miles – these is a net-work of islands – an archipelago – some large, some small, checquered in together, and covering the coast to the extent of one, two, even three hundred miles in front of the continent. They are most of them of volcanic impression, and separated from each other and the continent by deep bays, gulfs, and straits, and by long deep chasms, to which navigators have given the name of canals. This long chequer-board of islands, and the waters which contain them, have been the theatre of maritime discovery to many nations, and especially Spanish, British, and Russian; but except the Russians, no nation made permanent settlement on any of these islands; and they only as low down as 55. The British and Spaniards both abandoned Vancouver’s Island after the Nootka Sound controversy; and from the time had no settlement of any kind on the coast, or the islands north of Cape Mendocino, lat. 41; and the British had none any where. In this state of the case the question came on between Russia, Great Britain, and the United States, in which the distinction between the islands and the continent was acknowledged by all the powers, and Russia excluded from the continent and confined to the islands, because her discoveries and settlements were not continental, but insular. The conventions with Russia, (British and American), of 1824-25 were framed upon that principle; and now I proceed to read the instructions from our government under which this distinction between the islands and the continent was asserted and maintained. I read from Mr. Adam’s dispatch to Mr. Middleton, July 22nd, 1823:
“It never has been admitted by the various European nations which have formed settlements in this hemisphere, that the occupation of an island gave any claim whatever to territorial possessions on the continent to which it was adjoining. The recognized principle has rather been the reverse; as by the law of nature, islands must rather be considered as appurtenant to continents, than continents to islands.
And again, to Mr. Middleton’s communications to the Russian government:
“The Russians have an establishment upon the island of Sitka, in latitude 57 degrees 30 minutes. - This fort, built in 1799, was destroyed three years after by the natives of the country, and re-established in 1804 by Mr. Lisianski, who called it New Archangel. Russia cannot, however, avail herself of the circumstances of that possession to form a foundation for rights on the continent, the usage of nations never having established that the occupation of an island could give rights upon a neighboring continent, that the inverse of the proposition.”
These were the instructions of our minister, under which we treated with Russia 1824, and upon which the conventions of that period were formed. They establish the fact that these islands in front of the northwest coast were considered a separate geographical division of the country, governed by national law applicable to islands; and that discoveries among them, even perfected by settlement, gave no claims upon the continent. I have considered it a cardinal error, in all recent discussions on Oregon, to bottom continental claims upon these insular discoveries. The Spaniards, as so well shown in the speech by the senator from N. York, (Mr. Dix), were the predecessors of the British in these discoveries; but I did not understand him as claiming the continent out to the Rocky Mountains, and up to 54° 40, by virtue of these maritime discoveries; and I am very sure that I limited my own sanction of his views to the tracks of ships which made the discoveries. I consider Spanish discoveries along that coast as dominant over the British, both for priority of date and for the spirit of ownership in which they were made. The Spaniards explored as masters of the country, looking after their own extended and contiguous possessions, and to which no limit had ever been placed: the British explored in the character of adventurers, seeking new lands in a distant region. Neither made permanent settlements; both abandoned; and, now, I see nothing, either in the value or the title of these islands, for the two nations to fight about. The principle of convenience and mutual good will, so magnanimously proposed by the emperor Alexander in 1823, seems to me to be properly applicable to these desolate islands, chiefly valuable for harbors, which are often nothing but volcanic chasms, too deep for anchorage and to abrupt for approach. In the discussions of 1824, so far as they were not settled, they were considered appurtenant to the continent, instead of the continent being held appurtenant to them; and the reversal of the principle, I apprehend, has been the great error of the recent discussions, and has led to the great mistake in relation to Frazier’s river. I dismiss the question, then, as to this geographical division of the country, with saying that our title to these islands is better thatn that of the British, but that neither is perfect for want of settlement; and that now, as proposed in 1824, they should follow the fate of the continental divisions in front of which they lie.
Frazier’s river and its valley, known in the northwestern geography as New Caledonia, is the next division of the disputed country to which I shall ask the attention of senate. It is a river of about a thousand miles in length, (following its windings), rising in the Rocky Mountains, opposite the head of the Unjigah, or Peace river, which flows into the Frozen ocean in latitude about 70. The course of the river is nearly north and south, rising in latitude 55, flowing south to near latitude 49, and along that parallel, and just north of it, to the Gulf of Georgia, into which it falls behind Vancouver’s Island. The upper part of this river is good for navigation; the lower half, plunging through volcanic chasms in mountains of rock, is wholly unnavigable for any species of craft. This river was discovered by sir Alexander Mackenzie in 1793, was settled by the northwest company in 1806, and soon covered by their establishments from head to mouth. No American or Spaniard had ever left a track upon this river or its valley. Our claim to it, as far as I can see, rested wholly upon the treaty with Spain of 1819; and her claim rested wholly upon those discoveries among the islands, the value of which, as conferring claims upon the continent, it has been my providence to show that our negotiations with Russia in 1824. At the time that we acquired this Spanish claim to Frazier’s river, it had already been discovered twenty six years by the British; had been settled by them for twelve years; was known by a British name; and no Spaniard had ever made a track on its banks. New Caledonia, or Western Caledonia, was the name which it then bore; and it so happens that an American citizen, a native of Vermont, respectably known the senators now present from that state, and who had spent twenty years of his life in the hyperborean regions of Northwest America, in publishing an account of his travels and sojournings in that quarter, actually published a description of this New Caledonia, as a British province at the very moment that we were getting it from Spain, and without the least suspicion that it belonged to Spain! I speak of Mr. David Harmon, whose journal of nineteen year’s residence between latitude 47 and 58 in Northwestern America, was published at Andover, in his native state, in the year 1820, the precise year after we had purchased this New Caledonia from the Spaniards. I read, not from the volume itself, which is not in the library of congress, but from the London Quarterly Review, January number, 1822, as reprinted at Boston; article, Western Caledonia.
“The descent of the Peace river through a deep chasm in the Rocky Mountains first opened a passage to the adventurers above mentioned into the unexplored country behind them, to which they gave the name New Caledonia – a name, however, which, being already occupied by the Australasians, might advantageously be changed to that of Western Caledonia. This passage lies in 56° 30’. MacKenzie had crossed the rocky chain many years before in latitude 54 ½ ° and descended a large river flowing to the southward, named Tacontche Tessa, which he conceived to be the Columbia; but is now known to empty itself about Birch’s Bay of Vancouver, in latitude 49°, whereas the mouth of the Columbia lies in 46° 15’. Another river called the Caledonia, (Frazer’s river,) holding a parallel course to the Tacontche Tesse, (Columbia), falls into the sea near the Admiralty Inlet of Vancouver, in latitude 48°, and forms a natural boundary between the new territory of Caledonia and the United States, falling in precisely with a continued line on the same parallel with the Lake of the Woods, and leaving about two degrees of latitude between it and the Columbia. Its northern boundary may be taken in latitude 57°, close to the southernmost of the Russian settlements. The length, therefore, will be about 550, and the breadth, from the mountains to the Pacific, from 330 to 350 geographical miles.
“The whole of this vast country is in fact so intersected with rivers and lakes, that Mr. Harmon thinks one sixth part of it may be considered as water. The largest of the latter yet visited is named Stuart’s and is supposed to be about 400 miles in circumfrence. A post has been established on its margin in latitude 54°34’ north, longitude 125°west. Fifty miles to the westward of this is Frazer’s lake, about eighty or ninety miles in circumference, here, too, a post was established in 1896. A third, of sixty or seventy miles in circumference, has been named Mcleod’s lake, on the shore of which a fort has been built in latitude 55° north, longitude 124°west. The waters of this lake fall into the Peace river; those flowing out of the other two are supposed to empty themselves into the Pacific, and are probably the two rivers pointed out by Vancouver, near Point Essington, as we had occasion to observe in a former article. The immense quantity of salmon which annually visit these two lakes, leave no doubt whatever of their communication with the Pacific; and the absence of this fish from McLeod’s lake , makes it almost equally certain that its outlet is not into that ocean. The river flowing out of Stuart’s lake passes through the populous tribes of the Nate-ote-tains, who say that white people come up in large boats to trade with the A-te-nas, (a nation dwelling between them and the sea), which was fully proved by the guns, iron pots, cloth, tar, and other articles found in their possession.
“Most of the mountains of Western Caledonia are clothed with timber trees to their very summits, consisting principally of spruce and other kinds of fir, birch, poplar, aspen, cypress, and, generallyspeaking, all those which are usually found on the opposite side of the Rocky Mountains. The large animals common to North America, such as buffalo, elk, moose, reindeer, bears, &c. are not numerous in this new territory; but there is no scarcity of the beaver, otter, wolverine, marten, foxes of different kinds, and the rest of the fur animals, any more than of wolver, badgers, and polecats; fowls. Also, of all the descriptions found in North America, are plentiful in Western Caledonia; cranes visit them in prodigious numbers, as do swans, bustards, geese, and ducks.”
This is the account given by Mr. Harmonof New Caledonia, and given of it by him at the exact moment that we were purchasing the Spanish title to it! Of this Spanish title, of which the Spaniards never heard, the narrator seems to have been as profoundly ignorant as the Spaniards were themselves; and made his description of New Caledonia as of a British possession, without any more reference to adverse title than if he had been speaking of Canada. So much for the written description: now let us look at the map, and see how it stands there. Here is a map – a 54° 40’ map – which will show us the features of the country, and the names of the settlements upon it. Here is Frazer’s river, running from 55° to 49°, and here is a line of British posts upon it, from Fort McLeod at its head, to Fort Langley, at its mouth, and from Thompson’s Fork, on one side, to Stuart’s Fork, on the other. And here are clusters of British names, imposed by the British, visible every where; Forts George, St. James, Simpson, Thompson, Frazer, McLeod, Langley, and others; rivers and lakes with the same names, and others; and here is deserter’s Creek, so named by Mckenzie, because his guide deserted him there in July, 1793; and here is an Indian village which is named Friendly, because the people were the most friendly to strangers that he had ever seen; and here another called Rascals’ village, so named by Mackenzie fifty-three years ago, because its inhabitants were the most rascally Indians he had ever seen; and here is the representation of that famous boundary line 54°40’, which is supposed to be the exact boundary of American territorial rights in that quarter, and which happens to include the whole of New Caledonia, except McLeod’s Fort, and the half of Stuart’s lake, and a spring, which is left to the British, while we take the branch, which flows from it. This line takes all in – rivers, lakes, forts, villages. – See how it goes! Starting at the sea, it gives us, by a quarter of an inch on the map, Fort Simpson, so named after the British Governor Simpson, and founded by the Hudson Bay Company. Upon what principle we take this British fort I know not – except it be on the assumption that our sacred right and title being adjusted to a minute, by the aid of these 40 minutes, so oppositely determined by the emperor Paul’s character to a fur company in 1799, to be on this straight line, the bad example of even a slight deviation from it at the start should not be allowed even to spare a British fort away up at Point McIntyre, in Chatham sound. On this principle, we can understand the inclusion, by a quarter of an inch on the map, of this remote and isolated British post. – The cutting in two of Stuart’s lake, which the line does as it runs, is quite intelligible: it must be on the principle stated in one of the fifty-four fourty papers, that Great Britain should not have one drop of our water; therefore, we divide the lake, each taking their own share of drops. The fate of the two forts, McLeod and St. James, so near to each other and so far from us, united all their lives, and now so unexpectedly divided from each other by this line, is less comprehensible; and I cannot account for the difference of their fates, unless it is upon the law of the day of judgment, when, of two men in the field, one shall be taken and the other left , and no man being able to tell the reason why. All the rest of the inclusions of British establishments which the line makes, from head to mouth of Frazer’s river, are intelligible enough: they turn upon the principle of all or none! – upon the principle that ever acre and every inch, every grain of sand, drop of water, and blade of grass in all Oregon, up to fifty-four forty is ours! And have it we will.
This is the country which geography and history five and twenty years ago called New Caledonia and treated as a British possession; and it is the country which an organized party among ourselves of the present day all “the whole od Oregon or none,” and every inch of which they say belongs to us. Well, let us proceed a little further with the documents of 1823, and see what the men of that day – Pesident Monroe and his cabinet – the men who made the treaty with Spain by which we became masters of this large domain; let us proceed a little further, and see what they thought of our title up to fifty-four forty. I read from the same document of 1823:
Mr. Adams to Mr. Middleton, July 22, 1823. “The right of the United States, from the 42nd to the 49th parallel of latitude on the Pacific ocean we consider as unquestionable, being founded, first, on the acquisition by the treaty of 22nd February, 1819, of all the rights of Spain; second, by the discovery of the Columbia river, first, from the sea at its mouth, an then by land by Lewis and Clarke; and, third, by the settlement at its mouth in 1841. This territory is to the United States of an importance which no possession in North America can be to any European nation, not only as it is but the continuity of their possessions from the Atlantic to the Pacific ocean, but as it offers their inhabitants the means of establishing hereafter water communications from one to the other.”
FORTY-NINE, MR. PRESIDENT, FORTY-NINE! TO THAT LINE, AND THAT FOUR YEARS AFTER THE ACQUISITION OF THE SPANISH CLAIM, WAS OUR UNQUESTIONABLE RIGHT HELD TO EXTEND; FIFTY-ONE WAS THE HIGHEST DEBATABLE LINE NAMED, AND THAT NAMED ON A PRINCIPLE KNOWN TO BE ERRONEOUS, AND READY TO BE GIVEN UP.
Mr. Adams to Mr. Rush. Same date. “By the treaty of amity, settlement, and limits, between the United States and Spain, of 22nd February, 1819, the boundary line between them was fixed at the forty-second degree of latitude, from the source of the Arkansas river to the South sea. By which treaty the United States acquired all the rights of Spain north of that parallel.
“The right of the United States to the Columbia river, and to the interior territory washed by its waters, rests upon its discovery from the sea and nomination by a citizen of the United States, upon its exploration to the sea, made by Captains Lewis and Clarke; upon the settlement of Astoria, made under the protection of the United States, and thus restored to them in 1818; and upon this subsequent acquisition of all the rights of Spain, the only European power who, prior to the discovery of the river, had any pretensions to territorial rights on the northwest coast of America.
“The waters of the Columbia river extend, by the Multnomah, to the 42nd degree of latitude, where its source approaches within a few miles of those of the Platte and Arkansas; and by Clarke’s river to the 50th or 51st degree of latitude; thence descending, southward, till its sources almost intersect those of the Missouri.”
“To the territory thus watered, and immediately contiguous to the original possessions of the united States, as first bounded on the Mississippi, they consider their right to be now established by all the principles which have ever been applied to European settlements upon the American hemisphere.”
This is an extract of great value, and is an amplification and development of the principle laid down in the extract just read. It recites the Spanish treaty of 1819, and claims nothing under it beyond the Columbia and its valley. To this our title ia alleged to be complete, on American grounds, independent of the treaty, namely, discovery, settlement, and colonization by Mr. Astor, under the protection of the United States. Again:
Mr. Adams to Mr. Rush. Same dispatch. “If the British Northwest and Hudson Bay Companies have any posts on the coast, as suggested in the article in the Quarterly Review above cited, the third article of the convention of the 20th of October, 1818, is applicable to them. Mr. Midleton is authorized to propose an article of similar import, to be inserted in a joint convention between the United States, Great Britain, and Russia, for a term of ten years from its signiture. You are authorized to make the same proposal to the British government; and, with a view to draw a definite line of demarcation for the future, to stipulate that no settlement shall hereafter be made on the northwest coast, or on any of the islands thereto adjoining, by Russian subjects, south of latitude 55; by citizens by citizens of the United States north of latitude 51; or by British subjects either south of 51 or north of 55.
“I mention the latitude of 51, as the bound within which we are willing to limit the future settlement of the United States, because it is not to be doubted that the Columbia river branches as far north as 51, although it is most probably not Taconeschee Tess of Mackenzie. As, however, the line already runs in latitude 49 to the Stony mountains, should it be earnestly insisted upon by Great Britain, we will consent to carry it in continuance, on the same parallel, to the sea. Copies of this instruction will likewise be forwarded to Mr. Middleton, with whom you will freely but cautiously correspond on this subject, as well as in regard to your negotiation respecting the suppression of the slave trade.”
Four things must strike the attention in this extract: 1. The offer of a partnership to the Emperor Alexander, which he wisely refused. 2. The offer of the same to Great Britain, which she sagaciously accepted. 3. The offer of 55 to Great Britain as her permanent northern boundary. 4. The offer of 51 to her as her permanent southern boundary, and its offer on a principle not valid, with the alternative to fall back upon the line of 49.
The British, who know all this, and a great deal more, must be astonished at our fifty-four-fourty war fever of to-day! Again:
Mr. Rush to Mr. Adams. London, Dec.22, 1823. “In an interview I had with Mr. Canning last week, I made known to him, preparatory to the negotiation, the views of our government relative to the northwest coast of America. These, as you know, are:
“First. That as regards the country westward of the Rocky Mountains, the three powers, viz: Great Britain, the United States, and Russia, should jointly agree to a convention, to be in force ten years, similar in its nature to the third article of the convention of October, 1818, now subsisting between the two former powers; and, secondly, that the United States would stipulate not to make any settlements on that coast north of the fifty-first degree of latitude, provided Great Britain would stipulate not to make any south of 51° or north of 55°; and Russia not to make any south of 55°.
“Mr. Canning expressed no opinion on the above proposition further than to hint, under his first impressions, strong objections to the one which goes to limit Great Britain northward to 55°. His object in wishing to learn from me our propositions at this point of time, was as I understood, that he might better write to Sir Charles Bagot on the whole subject to which they relate.” Again:
Same to same, December 19, 1823. “And secondly, that the United States were willing to stipulate to make no settlements north of the 51st degree of north latitude on that coast, provided Great Britain stipulated to make none south of 51 or north of 55; and Russian t make none south of 55.” Again: Same to same, same date.
“That they (the United States) were willing, however, waiving for the present the full advantage of these claims, to forebear all settlements north of 51, as that limit might be sufficient to give them the benefit of all the waters of the Columbia river; but that they would expect Great Britain to abstain from coming south of that limit or going above 55; the latter parallel being taken as that beyond which it was not imagined that she had any actual settlements.”
On Friday, Mr. Presidnet, I read one passage from the documents of 1823, to let you see that fifty-four forty (for that is the true reading of fifty-five) had been offered to Great Britain for her northern boundary; to-day I read you six passages from the same documents to show the same thing. And let me remark one more – the remark will bear eternal repetition – these offers were made by the men who had acquired the Spanish title to Oregon! And who must be presumed to know as much about it as those whose acquaintance with Oregon dates from the epoch of the Baltimore convention – whose love for it dates from the era of its promulgation as a party watchword – whose knowledge of it extends to the luminous pages of Mr. Greenhow’s book!
Six times Mr. Monroe and his cabinet renounced Frazer’s river and its valley, and left it to the British! They did so on the intelligible principle that the British and discovered it, and settled it, and were in actual possession of it when we got the Spanish claim; which claim Spain never made! Upon this principle, New Caledonia was left to the British in 1823. Upon what principle is it claimed now!
This is what Mr. Monroe and his cabinet thought of our title to the whole of Oregon or none, in the year 1823. They took neither branch of this proposition. They did not go for all or none, but for some! They took some, and left some; and they divided by the line right in itself, and convenient in itself, and mutually suitable to each party. This president and his cabinet carry their “unquestionable right” to Oregon as far as 49, and no further. This is exactly what was done six years before. Mr. Gallatin and Mr. Rush offered the same line as being the continuation of the line of Utrecht, (describing it by that name in their dispatch of October 20th, 1818,) and as covering the valley of the Columbia river, to which they alleged our title to be indisputable. Mr. Jefferson had offered the same line in 1807. All these offers leave Frazer’s river and its valley to the British, because they discovered and settled it. All these offers hold on to the Columbia river and its valley, because we discovered and settled it; and all these offers let the principle of continuity work equally on the British as on the American side of the line of Utrecht.
This is what the statesmen did who made the acquisition of the Spanish claim to Oregon in 1819. – In four years afterwards they had freely offered all north of 49 to Great Britain; and no one ever thought of arraigning them for it. Most of these statesmen have gone through firey trials since, and been fiercely assailed on all the deeds of their lives, but I never heard one of them being called to account, much less lose an election, for the part he acted in offering 49 to Great Britain in 1823, or at any other time. – For my part, I thought they were right then, and I think so now; I was a senator then, as I am now. I thought with them that New Caledonia belonged to the British; and thinking so still, and acting upon the first half of the great maxim – ask nothing but what is right – I shall not ask them for it, much less fight them for it now.
I come now to the third geographical division of the contested country; purposely reserved for the last, because it furnishes the subject for the application of the second half of the great maxim: Submit to nothing that is wrong. I come to the river Columbia, and its vast and magnificent valley. I once made a description of it, with an anathema against its alientation. I described it by metes and bounds – by marks and features – and then wrote its name in its face. The fifty-four forties got hold of my description – rubbed out the name – obliterating the features – expanded the boundaries – took in New Caledonia, and all the rivers, lakes, bays, sounds, islands, valleys, forts, and settlements, all the way up to 54 40! And then turned my own anathema against myself, because their minds could not apply words to things. Well! I take no offense at this. There are some people too simple to get angry with. All we do with them in the West, is to have them “cut for the simples;” after which they are cured. They can perform this operation for themselves, or have it done. If by themselves, all they have to do is to rub their eyes, and read again: if by others, the operator must rend, and caution the listening patient to stick the word to the thing.
The valley of the Columbia is ours; ours by discovery, by settlement, and by the treaty of Utrecht! And has, too often, been so admitted by Great Britain to admit of her disputing it now. I do not plead our title to that great country. I did that twenty years ago, when there were few to repeat or applaud what I said. I pass over the ground which I trod so long ago, and which has been again so much trodden of late, and take up the question at a fresh place – the admissions of Great Britain! And show that she is concluded by her own acts and words from ever setting up any claim to the river and valley of the Columbia, or to any part of the territory south of the 49th degree.
I begin with Mr. Astor’s settlement on the Columbia, and rest upon it as a corner-stone in this new edifice of argument against Great Britain. What was the settlement? Not a mere trading post, for temporary traffic, down in a corner, and without the knowledge of nations or the sanction of his own government. On the contrary, it was the foundation of a colony, and the occupation of the whole valley of the Columbia, and the establishment of a commercial emporium, of which the mouth of the river was the seat, and the Rocky mountains on one hand and Eastern Asia on the other were the outposts. Great Britain saw it without objection – the United States with approbation; and every circumstance which proclaimed and legitimated a national undertaking signalized and commemorated its commencement, existence, and overthrow.
It was in the year 1810 – four years after the return of Lewis and Clarke’s expedition – that Mr. Astor, with the enlarged and comprehensive views of a “merchant prince,” projected from our eastern shore at the Atlantic this great establishment on the eastern coast of the Pacific ocean. A ship commanded by an officer of the United States navy, freighted with every thing necessary for the foundation of a colony, sailed from New York to double Cape Horn: an overland expedition of ninety men, led by a gentleman of New Jersey, proceeded from St. Louis to cross the Rocky mountains. In the spring of 1811 the two expeditions met at the mouth of the Columbia, and immediately proceeded to fulfill the intentions of the bold projector of the enterprise. Astoria was founded: its dependent post, the Okenakan, was established six hundred miles up the river: the Spokan, another dependant, was established two hundred miles higher up, and at the base of the mountains: a third, the Wahlamath, was established upon the river of that name, two hundred and fifty miles southeast of Astoria. Parties of traders and hunters covered all the waters of the Columbia river from head to mouth; fleets of bateaus, carrying up merchandize and bringing down furs, had their regular arrival and departure from Astoria. – Two more ships arrived from New York. Canton, the Sandwich Islands, New Archangel, the coast of California, were visited by Mr. Astor’;s ships. The Pacific Fur company was in full tide of success. – Astoria became the centre of an extended trade; her name became known to the world. This was notice to the world that an American colony was being founded on the Columbia, and no power in the wide world objected to it. It was before the Spanish treaty of 1819, and Spain did not object. It was after all the pretended claims of Great Britain, as now set up, and she did not object. Special notice had previously been given to the minister of Great Britain , and he had nothing to say against it. Special notice had already been given to the northwest company, and they invited to join in the enterprise as traders which they refused to do, because it was an American enterprise. Far from objecting to the settlement, they sent a special agent across the continent to stipulate with Mr. Astor’s agents that they should confine themselves to the valley of the Columbia, which arrangement was made. Special notice was given to our own government, its sanction obtained, and its protection solicited; and if protection, in the full sense of the word, was not promised, it was because it was felt to be impossible to send troops and ships there, in the event of a war, to prevent its falling into the hands of the British; but that it was to be protected, in the general sense of the word, was promised, as was proved at Ghent when peace came to be made.
Two years passed off in this way; Great Britain made no objection; her agent, the northwest company, agreed to our occupation of the whole valley; and acquiescence under these circumstances, becomes an admission of American title which forever closes the mouth of Great Britain.
In this manner the Columbia was settled by Mr. Astor; in this manner it was held by him for two years. Now for the manner in which it fell into the hands of Great Britain. Two years had eclipsed from the time of the foundation of Astoria, when intelligence arrived at that place with the news of war between the United States and Great Britain, and information of a departure of a ship of war from London to join the squadron under Commodor Hillyar, in the Pacific ocean, and proceed to capture Astoria as an important American colony. At the same time several partners of the Northwest company arrived at Astoria, confirmed the information of the British designs on the post, and offered to purchase all the stocks on hand, goods and furs, of Mr. Astor, as the only means of preventing them from becoming a prize of the British squadron. The agents of Mr. Astor sold under this duresse, receiving the fourth or fifth part of what the property was worth. Soon after a ship of war from Commodor Hillyar’s squadron arrived, took possession of the post without opposition, but with all the formalities of a British conquest, and with great shagrin to the officers at the loss of their expected booty. This is the manner in which the British got possession of Astoria, and with it the whole valley of the Columbia. As a British conquest they took it, as such they agreed to restore it under the treaty of Ghent. And thus, at the settlement of Astoria, and the occupation of the whole valley of the Columbia, the British government, by its silent acquiescence, admitted our unquestionable right to it. By seizing it as a British conquest; they admitted our right again. By agreeing to restore it under the treaty of Ghent, they admitted it a third time – three times in five years; and this ought to be enough, in all conscience, to preclude present claims, founded on previous stale and vague pretensions.
Now for the proof of all that I have said.
I happen to have in my possession the book, of all others, which gives the fullest and most authentic details on all the points I have mentioned, and written at the same time and under circumstances when the author (himself a British subject, and familiar on the Columbia) had no more idea that the British would lay claim to that river than Mr. Harmon, the American writer whom I am quoted, ever thought of our claiming New Caledonia. It is the work of Mr. Franchere, a gentleman of Montreal, with whom I have the pleasure of being personally acquainted, and one of those employed by Mr. Astor in founding his colony. He was at the founding of Astoria at the sale of the Northwest Company; saw the place seized as a British conquest; and remained three years afterwards in the country, in the service of the Northwest company. He wrote in French: his work has not been done into English, though it well deserves it, and I read from the French text. He first gives a brief and true account of the discovery of the Columbia. He says:
“In 1792, Captain Gray, commanding the ship Columbia, of Boston, discovered the entrance of a large bayin 46 degrees 19 minutes of north latitude. He entered it; and finding by the fresh water which he found at little distance from its mouth, that it was a large river, he ascended it eighteen miles, and cast anchor along the left bank, at the entrance of a deep bay. He there drew up a chart of what he had discovered of this river and of the neighboring country; and, after having trafficked with the natives, (the object for which he came upon these coast,) he regained the sea; and soon after met Capt. Vancouver, whoi was sailing under the orders of the British government in search of discoveries. Capt. Gray made known to him the discovery which he had made, and even communicated the chart of it which he had drawn up. Vancouver sent his first lieutenant, Broughton who ascended the river 118 miles; took possession of it in the name of his Britannic majesty; gave it the name of Columbia, and to the bay where Captain Gray had stopped the name of Gray’s bay. Since this period the country has been much frequented, especially by Americans.”
This brief and plain account of the discovery of the Columbia is valuable for showing: first, that we discovered the river; secondly, that we showed it to British navigators; and thirdly, that one of those to whom we showed it immediately claimed it as British property. We shall soon see that the British government, or its agents in these parts, the Northwest Company, gave no attention to this claim of Mr. Broughton, so little creditable to his candor and justice. Vancouver, like a man of honor, never claimed Capt. Gray’s discovery, but assigned to him the entire credit of it, with thanks for his communication of it to himself.
The design of Mr. Astor’s establishment is thus spoken of:
‘Mr. John Jacob Astor, merchant of New York, who carried on alone the trade in furs to the south of the great lakes Huron and Superior, and who had acquired by this commerce a prodigious fortune, believed he could yet augment his fortune by forming on the banks of the Columbia an establishment, of, which the entrepot should be at its mouth. He communicated his views to the agents of the Northwest Company; he wished even to make this establishment in concert with them; but after some negotiations, the wintering partners (les proprietaires hivernants) having rejected his propositions, Mr. Astor determined to make the attempt alone. It was essential to his successthat he should have persons long accustomed to trade with the Indians, and he did not delay to find them. Mr. Alexander McKay, (the same who had accompanied Sir Alexander Mackenzie in his voyages,) a man bold and enterprising, joined him; and, soon after, Messrs. Duncan McDougall, Donald Mackenzie, (heretofore in the service of the Northwest Company,) David Stuart, and Robert Stuart, all of Canada, did the same. Finally, in the winter of 1810, Mr. Wilson Price Hunt, of St. Louis, on the Mississippi, having also joined them, they determined that the expedition should take place the following spring.”
This shows a direct communication of Mr. Astor’s design with the Northwest Company, and of their refusal to act in concert with him, because of the American character of the enterprise; also the reason why he employed many Canadians in his service. It was for the sake of having experienced traders to assist in conducting his business. It shows also that, among other Canadian gentlemen, he had employed Mr. Alexander McKay, the faithful companion of Sir Alexander Mackenzie in his expedition to the Pacific Ocean in 1793. This gentleman knew where Mackenzie’s discoveries were, and whether Mr. Astor intended to trespass upon them. This then was the time to speak: on the contrary, the companion of Mackenzie goes on to assist in laying the foundation of the American colony on the Columbia.
Mr. Franchere proceeds:
“It is well to state that, during our sojourn in N. York, and before leaving that city, Mr. McKay believed it would be prudent to see Mr. Jackson, the minister plenipotentiary of his Britannic majesty, in order to inform him of the object for which he was about to embark, and to ask his advice as to what should do in case of a rupture between the two powers; intimating to him that we were all British subjects, and that we were going to trade under the American flag. After some moments’ reflection, Mr. Jackson said to him, ‘that we were going to form a mercantile establishment at the risk of our lives; that all he could promise us was, that in case of a war between the two powers, we should be respected as British subjects and traders.’ – This answer appeared satisfactory, and Mr. McKay believed that he had nothing more to fear from that quarter.”
This was in the year 1810 – seventeen years after the discoveries of Mackenzie, and eight years after Mr. Broughton took possession of the Columbia in the name of his Britannic majesty; and at this time the minister of Great Britain, on a special communicationmade to him of Mr. Astor’s design to occupy the Columbia, has not a word to say against it. Up to that time, it had not occurred to the British government that the Columbia river was theirs!
The ship Tonquin, carrying the maritime part of the expedition, arrived at the mouth of the Columbia, March 25th, 1811. The approaches to the coast revealed nothing but lofty ranges of mountains, white with snow, through a gap of which the great river of the west entered the sea. The weather was bad – the night dark – two boats had been swamped – no pilots, lights, or buoys – yet the captain (a rash man who afterwards blew up his ship at Nootka) entered safely, and anchored at midnight in a commodious harbor. On the 12th of April, after examining both sides of the bay for the best situation, a site was chosen on the south side, about four or five leagues from the sea, and the foundation of Astoria began – a name in itself the baget of American title. On the 15th of July, the young Astoria received an important visit, which is thus described:
“All was ready at the day appointed, (for an expedition to the interior,) and we were preparing to load the canoes when, towards mid-day, we saw a large canoe, carrying a flag, which was rounding the point called by us Tongue-Point. We were ignorant who they might be, for we did not look so soon for our people, who (as the reader may remember) were to cross the continent by the route which Captains Lewis and Clarke had followed in 1805, and winter for this purpose on the banks of the Missouri. Our uncertainty was soon banished by nearing of the canoe, which landed near a little quay which we had built to facilitate the unloading of our vessel. – The flag which this canoe carried was the British flag; and her crew amounted only to nine persons in all. A man, quite well dressed, and who appeared to command, leaped first to shore, and accosting us without ceremony, told us that he was named David Thompson, and was one of the proprietors of the Northwest Company. We invited him to ascend to our lodging, which was in one end of the shed, our house not yet being finished. After the usual hospitalities, Mr. Thompson told us that he had crossed the continent during the preceding winter; but that the desertion of a part of his men had abliged him to winter at the foot of the mountains near the head of the Columbia river; that in the spring he had built a canoe and had come to our establishment. He added that that the proprietors wintering in them had resolved to abandon all the posts which they had west of the mountains, rather than enter into competition with us, on condition that we would promise not to trouble them in the trade on the eastern side; and to sustain what he said, he produced a letter to Mr. William McGillivray to the same effect.
“Mr. Thompson kept, as it seemed to m, a regular journal, and traveled rather as a geographer than a trader in furs: he had a good quadrant; and during a sojourn of eight days, which he made at our establishment, he had occasion to make several astronomical observations.”
This was a visit of great moment in the history of Astoria, and in the consideration of the British claim to the Columbia, which has been lately brought forward. Mr. Thompson was one of the N.W. Company, its astronomer, a gentleman of science and character, to whom we are greatly indebted for fixing important geographical positions in the interior of North America. Ha had crossed the continent from Montreal simultaneously with Mr. Astor’s land expedition from St. Louis, but in a higher latitude, and arrived a few days before it. He came to the Columbia to give the information to Mr. Astor’s agents that the Northwest Company, to avoid competitions with them, would abandon all their establishment west of the mountains, provided Mr. Astor would not interfere with them in the east. This proposal was agreed to. The valley of the Columbia was left to the free enjoyment of the Americans; and the extensions of the posts to the mountains went on without question according to the original intention. The Northwest Company, at that time, no more then the British government, had happened yet to take it into its head that the Columbia River, or any part of it was British property!
Mr. Astor’s agent proceeded to the establishment of the interior posts, and the dispatch of parties to hunt and trade up the Columbia to the mountains. – The Okanakan, about six hundred miles up, on the north side of the rive, and at the mouth of the river of that name, was the most considerable, and was remarkable for being nearest to the British establishments in New Caledonia; for by that name the valley and district of Frazer’s river was then known; and that was ten years before Mr. Harmon published his book. The Spokane, two hundred miles higher up, and on the south side, was established at the same time. The post on the Wahlamath, two hundred and fifty miles southwest from Astoria, was established the next year and of all these establishments Mr. Franchere gives a particular account, which is not necessary to read here. The country was, at the same time, completely penetrated by parties of traders and hunters, up to the headwaters of Clarke’s river, and Lewis’ river, and into the Rocky Mountains. Two years every thing had gone on without interruption, when two events occurred, in communicating which I will use Mr. Franchere’s own words:
“The 15th of January, 1813, Mr. Mackenzie arrived from his establishment, which he had abandoned after having cached part of his effects. He came to announce to us that war had been declared between Great Britain and the United States. This news had been brought to his post by some gentleman belonging to the Northwest Company, who had given him a letter containing the president’s proclamation to that effect.”
“On learning this news we strongly desired, that is, all of us at Astoria who were English and Canadians, to see ourselves in Canada: but we could not even permit ourselves to think of it, at least at present – we were separated from our country by an immense space, and the difficulties of travel were insurmountable at this season. We held then a sort of council of war, and, after having thoroughly weighed the crisis in which we found ourselves, after having considered seriously that although we were almost all British subjects, we nevertheless traded under the American flag, and that we could not expect assistance, all the ports of the United States being probably blockaded, we decided to abandon the establishment by the following spring, or in the beginning of the summer at furthest. We did not tell our engages of this resolve for fear that they might abandon thair work at once, but we stopped trading with the natives from that moment, as much because we were not provided with a large supply of merchandize, as that we had more furs than we could carry away.”
Here is as important fact stated, that of hearing of the war and despairing of protection from the United States. The agents of Mr. Astor, upon full consultation determined to abandon that country.
Mr. Franchere continues:
“Some days after Mackenzie’s departure, we perceived, to our great surprise, at the extremity of Tongue Point, two canoes carrying the British flag, and between them another bearing that of America. It was Mackenzie himself, who was returning with Messrs. J.G. McTavish and Angus Bethune, of the Northwest Company. He had met these gentlemen near the Rapids, and had determined to return with them to the establishment in consequence of the news which they had given him. They were on the light canoes, having left behind them Messrs. John Stuart and McMillan with a brgade of eight canoes loaded with furs.
“Mr. McTavish came up to our lodging and showed us a letter which had been written to him by Mr. A. Shaw, one of the agents of the Northwest Company. This gentleman announced to him in the letter that the ship Issac Todd had sailed from London in March in company with frigate Phoebe, and that they were coming by order of the government to take possession of our establishment – this establishment being represented to the lords of the admiralty as an important colony founded by the American government.
“The eight canoes which had been left behind having joined the first, a camp of nearly seventy-five men was formed at the little bay near our establishment. As they were without provisions we furnished them with what they needed; nevertheless we kept our guard for fear of some surprise from them, for we were much inferior to them in number.
“The season advancing, and their vessel not arriving caused them to find their situation very disagreeable; without provision and without merchandize to procur